City of Walls

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I

Concentration and social mix until 1940

II

Centre-periphery 1940s-1980s

III

The City of Walls 1980s -

Brazil’s business capital São Paulo biggest city has through history had different phases of the organiza- tion of urban space that can be featured by three main settlement patterns, leading to the latest phase where the different social groups again are living close, but are segregated by walls and security technol- ogy. Residential as well as commercial, leisure and work spaces become privatized spaces, closed and monitored. Their main argument for justification is the fear of violent crime.

City of Walls

2004: max. wall hight from 3 to 4 meters

3m 4m maximum 25% of wall massive

In 2004, the permitted height of the walls and fences in São Paulo, increased from 3 to 4 meters.

In 2015 however, the city’s Master Plan (Plano Di-

reitor, 2015) only allows the wall to be maximum

25% massive, the rest should be transparent, as

metal grids or glass.

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Map of Walls 1:4000

Consolacão, central district of São Paulo

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ED.

ARCO

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TRIUNFO

ED.

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TRIUNFO

Along The Rails

The Well Dressed

The Heritage Orange Cake Don´t Sit On The Wall The Day Open The Short The Painted The Columned

Buenos Aires Park The Wired Corner Stone Papa Noel´s Furniture Jewish Tiles The Chat Sliding Doors The Consierge House

Synagogue Steel The Classic The Vivo Seller

ED.

ARCO

DO

TRIUNFO ED.ARCODOTRIUNFO ED.ARCODOTRIUNFO

The Exclusive Low Rise Resistance P, The View

5m 0 10m

How has people appropriated the walls in São Paulo, how are they used, what are they made from, what is “behind” the fence and what condition do the walls create?

24 walls and fences along Avenida Angélica have been collected and evaluated in a catalogue. The criterias, apart from facing a public sidewalk and the street, is that they together should make out an overview of the variation in the form, materials, use and situation. Wall Catalogue

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Wall morphology, São Paulo

“The Curved”

1:4000

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Wall morphology, São Paulo

“The Enclosed”

1:4000

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Wall morphology, São Paulo

“The Fragmented”

1:4000

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EXISTING WALLS

Avenida Angélica FUTURE POTENTIAL_01

full enclose

FUTURE POTENTIAL_02

remove, move and modify

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Map project area, 1:4000

Avenida Angélica and Higienópolis neighbourhood. Consolação district, São Paulo

Avenida Angélica, street of analysis

The Curved

Wall morphologies in area Metro station

Metro in construction (2018)

The Curved The Fragmented

A B C

1

2

3

4 C

A

B

5

6

7

8

9

10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pilot site for project proposals Synagogue

Higeniópolis Shopping mall (1999) Church

Brazilian Art Museum Buenos Aires Park (1937) Police Station

Architecture Faculty, São Paulo University

MacKenzie University (1968, originally MacKenzie College, founded in 1874)

Avenida Paulista, main business street

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Avenida Angélica stretches through the central neighbourhood of Higienópolis, and the street makes out an important transport route between the city centre and São Paulo’s main business street Avenida Paulista. 2100 cars pass per hour in rush hour and it’s also a busy commuting route by foot and bus. Higeniópolis has for long and still is regarded a noble area in the city, but also neighbours less valuated and central areas. For the wide range of housing blocks, offices and commercial services and the demographic and social mix, Avenida Angélica is in the project considered as representative for São Paulo.

Only around 12% of ground floor is accessible for the pedestrian - and there is no public space above or under ground level. Underground level is extensively used for car parking and many roof tops in the area are equipped with helicopter parking.

Avenida Angélica

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Metro Hig

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C o n s o l a c ã o C e m e t e r y f i r s t p u edifício

privatephilatropic hospitalhospital shop shop

shop

shop shop shop shop

shop

M I L I T A R Y P

O L I C E

shop shop

shopshop shop shop

shop shop

P PP

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“Knesset”

gym

shop shop

shop shop shopshop shop

shop gym not so high

sometim shees lter meetings

playgro und market

and groceryend

BrazilianArt Museum

square Louveira

b l i c g r a v e y a r d i n S ã o P a u l o 1 8 5 8 h o u s e s t o m b s o f n o b l e s

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Buenos Aires Park trees dog s fountain

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Synagogue jewish

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MAIN TYPOLOGIES: VILLA COMMERCIAL LOW RISE PARKING LOT HOUSING BLOCK OFFICE HIGH RISE PERIOD:

USE:

CHARACTERISTICS:

1890-1910

Commercial and private use originally housing for the elite and noble.

Eclectic and art noveau style, 1-3 floors. Low fence.

1920-1980+

Residential

Spacious apartments, pilotis and garden, roof top gardens, modern ideals and materials.

Mid 90s - today Commercial offices, few with service/

commerce on ground floor

Concrete and glass, Helicopter landing on roof, parking garage.

1950s - today

Banks, shops, medical centres, parking, cafes, snack bars, pharmacy.

1 floor (rearly 2). Some with fence and day open gates.

1950s - today

Commercial parking lots

Occupy the few open plots in the city.

Often enclosed by painted walls.

Historic map of Higienópolis, 1930. The map shows the historical property structure, typically narrow and deep, tracking back from the colonial time, referred to as a “typical São Paulo lot”.

Avenida Angélica and project’s pilot site in white.

Higeniópolis was the first neighbourhood in São Paulo to get piped water and draige system, and is why it got its name, meaning city of hygiene. It has historically been an area for the noble, the villas, some still remaining in the area, where the homes for the trades- men during Brazil’s “Coffee Cycle” (1800-1930). Avenida Angélica has always been an important transport route, historically with tram and horses.

Historiy and the five main building typologies found along today’s Avenida Angélica.

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What is the potential of the wall or the fence and how can the physical

division of spaceimply something enrichening to both private and public spaces?

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Map of use, Avenida Angélica

Avenida Angélica is daily used as a commuting route for people working in the area or as a passage to the main business street Avenida

Paulista. In addition It is used by the residentials for daily activites and occasionally for demonstations, carneval parades or other outdoor

and social events. In 2011 there were big “barbeque demonstrations” in the street for and against a new metro station in the area.

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Lisboa Grill Restaurante JJ Gourmet, restaurant and snack bar

Banco Bradesco parking

Espaço Quintal, wedding and events parking

HSA, print shop Planeta Doçe, candy shop

Tom Jazz, bar and venue closed in 2016 due to high rent print shop

Angélica, café and confectionery Quick Hair, hairdresser O Boticário, cosmetics shop

Samsung shop

Kilo Leve, corner restaurant Droga Raia, Pharmacy

Bradesco Bank Bradesco Bank

5áSec Laundry Service

Lanchonete Higeniópolis, snack bar

Prima Clean Angélica, Self Service Laundry Shell, Gas Station

Casa de Pão de Queijo, café Drogaria São Paulo, pharmacy

Drogasil, pharmacy Magic Animal, pet shop Angélica 2 Fitness, gym

Legenda Outlet, clothing shop Money Brasil, money exchange Customized, clothes shop Cacau Show, candy shop Casa das Furdas, uniform shop

Luar de Agosto, café kiosk

purse shop Safra Bank

Bradesco Bank

Swift Mercade de Carne, meat shop Language Center

parking Bit Car, car mechanic

Drogaria São Paulo Bradesco Bank

DryClean USA, laundry service Satander Bank Bradesco Bank

parking Ana Santos, Beauty SaloonApa, Real Estate Agency Farmacia de Manipulação, pharmacyEmpty. Former gym.

Flower Shop

Emagrecentro Higeniópolis, beauty saloon Toﬀer, Candy Chop

Baroque, hairdresser and beauty saloon Bar e Lances Floida, snack bar

Bonbonerie Arco-Iris, candy shop Higeniópolis Hotel Joy Restaurante

Angélica Grill, restaurant

commercial center

Military Police Station

Satander Bank Círculo Macabi, jewish sports and leisure club

Buﬀet França, french restaurant

PetroBras gas station

Día, grocery store

Angélyca Hair, hairdresser Droga Raia 24, pharmacy CCAA Angélica, language center

Lanchonete New York, snack bar

Itaú Bank

Ipiranga gas station

Floricultura Bandeirante, ﬂower shop Multicoisas, shop

Itaú Bank Paloma Herredas Moda, clothing shop

Happy Day, beauty saloon Lottery Pão de Açucar, grocery store

McDonalds

Terraço Angélica, snack bar

HSBC Bank Itaú Bank

Empório das Flores, ﬂower shop Doçeria Angélica, candy shop Vanessa, institute for depilation

Capricho Molduras, frame shop Empório Maria Flor, ﬂower shop

unknown commercial space

Villa Angélica restaurant Casa Quintal, wedding space

Banco do Brasil, bank Bradesco Bank

Bela Angélica, restaurant and snack bar

PagueMenos, pharmacy Satander Bank

parking

Steinway & Sons Piano shop Frans café Motorola shop Satander Bank Riviera, bar and restaurant

Avenida Grill, restaurant Onofre, pharmacy

Mundo Apple Higeniópolis, Apple shop

Lavoisier, diagnostic center

Ghelfond, health center dental center

Sabará Health Center

Notre Dame Intermédica, health center Medical Center

Colegio Oswaldo Cruz, school

União Park Centro, medical center

Óptica Exclusiva, optician

Onofre, pharmacy Panamericana, design and art school

Sabará, helth center for children

Post Oﬃce IPHAN_Institute of Historic and Artistic Patrimony

Praça Vilboim, square

Parque Buenos Aires, park

civil register oﬃce

Salomão Zoppi, health center

construction site, EVN Construction Company

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Knesset Israel, Synagogue

Unknown

0 200m

Lisboa Grill Restaurante JJ Gourmet, restaurant and snack bar

Banco Bradesco parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

Lisboa Grill Restaurante

JJ Gourmet, restaurant and snack bar Banco Bradesco

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

parking

Samsung shop

Bradesco Bank

Flower Shop

commercial center

Satander Bank

Círculo Macabi, jewish sports and leisure club

Día, grocery store

Itaú Bank

McDonalds

parking

housing

housing with commercial ground ﬂoor

oﬃce

commercial service

health and education public

other

abandoned villa

Catholic church

Unknown

0 200m

housing oﬃce

commercial

commercial ground ﬂoor health and education public

other

Program map, Avenida Angélica

The Buenos Aires Park and the neighbourhood square Vilaboim are the only fully

public, non-commercial places except the sidewalk along the street.

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0 200m

R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O R U A D A C O N S O L A C Ã O A V E N I D

A P A U L I S T A

“P A U L I S T A”

A V E N I D A P A C A E M B U A V E N I D A P A C A E M B U A V E N I D A P A C A E M B U A V E N I D A P A C A E M B U A V E N I D A P A C A E M B U

A V E N I D A S Ã O J O Ã O A V E N I D A S Ã

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R. DE S. P A U L O P A S S A L Á Q U A

AVENIDA ANGELICA

MAIN TRAFFIC ROADS COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL STREETS

MIX RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL

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1:500 (A3)

0 10m 50m

Office_

Housing_

Empty building Storage/light building

Parking Villa

Commercial service_

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1:1000 (A3)

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1:500 (A3)

0 10m 50m

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Increase offset between private property and street

What

Make cross quarter pedestrian passages

expropriate private open lots for public use

expropriate private parking garages for public use

Take in use flat roof tops for public use

Brigdes and tunnels wider sidewalk,

increase space for pedestrian why

increase connection cross quarters, make exclusive pedestrian paths

increase public space

cross road connections and space for pedestrians

01 Intervention priciples

02

03

04

05

06

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2004: max. wall hight from 3 to 4 meters

3m 4m

maximum 25% of wall massive

6 m.

^{4 m}

Service strip 0.75 m.

Free strip 1.20 m.

Access strip

no minimum

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Public space, accessible for pedestrian

Villaboim Square Buenos Aires Park

Laundry Wall Well Wall Gym Wall

Private space and road Existing walls and fences New accessibility map

1:4000

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Laundry Wall Well Wall Gym Wall Private space and road

Public space

Walls and fences Accessibility maps 1:1000

upper: existing situation

lower: new situation

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map of walls, São Paulo

1:10 0000

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wa t e rin _g p _la n _t ^bik e w a sh _c l e an ⁱ n g

s ho ^w er

drin ki ⁿ g _w at _er la undr ^y RAINWATER

POTABLE WATER

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OFFSET BUILDING - PROPERTY BORDER OFFSET BUILDING - PROPERTY BORDER AVENIDA ANGELICA

2100 car/hour in rush

SIDEWALK SIDEWALK

4m 12,2 m 4m 8,6m

6m

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Parking areas occupy spacious ground floor areas, some cutting through the quarters connecting parallell streets.

Flat roof tops, often light structures and an in-fill between high rises.

Some have no fences, but restricted access. Verticality, some have

helicopter parking on roof top.

A new building regulation for office blocks?

Open the roof (view) to the public.

Open the roof tops for the public?

Remove or modify building?

open and occupy for public space, make exclusive pedestrian passages.

The villas represent the city’s history and somewhat a collective and common memory of the city. Some are demol- ished or threatened to be, some are occupied for private use or commercial service.

re-program the houses for public or

semi-private use, open their outdoor areas as an extension of the street.

The gardens and shaded spaces of the pilotis housing blocks were originally open, now most are fenced and closed to the street.

re-open gardens for the public, common wells opens for watering.

POTENTIAL STRATEGY

COMMERCIAL LOW RISE PARKING LOTS HOUSING OFFICE HIGH RISE VILLA

0 500m 1km

Parking areas occupy spacious ground floor areas, some cutting through the quarters connecting parallell streets.

Flat roof tops, often light structures and an in-fill between high rises.

Some have no fences, but restricted access. Verticality, some have helicopter parking on roof top.

A new building regulation for office blocks?

Open the roof (view) to the public.

Open the roof tops for the public?

Remove or modify building?

open and occupy for public space, make exclusive pedestrian passages.

The villas represent the city’s history and somewhat a collective and common memory of the city. Some are demol- ished or threatened to be, some are occupied for private use or commercial service.

re-program the houses for public or semi-private use, open their outdoor areas as an extension of the street.

The gardens and shaded spaces of the pilotis housing blocks were originally open, now most are fenced and closed to the street.

re-open gardens for the public, common wells opens for watering.

POTENTIAL STRATEGY

COMMERCIAL LOW RISEPARKING LOTSHOUSINGOFFICE HIGH RISEVILLA

0 500m 1km

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“Futurama Quarter”

street elevation

BANCA ANGELICA BANCA ANGELICA

1:1000 (A3)

A A B

elevation A

elevation B

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