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This paper not be cited without prior reference to the CounCilx)

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

. C.M.1970/F:15

Demersal Fis~ (Northern) Committee

INTERIM REPORT OF THE NORTH SEA COD WORKING- GROUP

IX)General Secretary ICES

Charlottenlund Slot 2920 Charlottenlund Denmark

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

Interim Report of the North Sea Cod Working Group Explanatory Note

During the four days at its disposal, the Working Group reviewed what was known of the spawning and nurser,y grounds of the cod and

carried out a preliminar,y analysis of the very extensive cod tagging data available to the Group. As a result, it became clear that a further, and more comprehensive analysis of the tagging data would be neoessary, and this has subsequently been done using the computer at the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen.

This analysis has provided further information on the seasonal movements of tagged fish and on their degree of dispersion about their centres of density at different times after liberation. These data contain results of considerable interest, but their interpretation with respect to stock separation is something that cannot readily be done by correspondence. The Group therefore recommends that they meet again for a filrther two days before the next ICES meeting to examine and disouss the results of the further analysis of the tagging data.

Attaohed is an inoomplete report, dealing only with the survey of spawning and nursery grounds.

R. JONES Convener

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA Interim Report of the North Sea Cod Working, Group

The Working Group was set up at the 1969 ICES Meeting (C.Res.1969/2 t6) arid was 'convened ,at Charlottenlun,Q-, ffl?m : April ,14 to 17. ' ' , "', . ^{' d ,}

The following members participated:-

R. jones, United I\ingdom, Chairman C. Bannister, United Kingdom

O. Bagge, Denmark N. Daan, Netherlands G. Lefranc, France H. Lybaert, Belgium D'. Danielssen, Norway F. Lamp, Germany G. Wagner,Germany'

The resolution passed by ICES was that the Group should study, in the first instance, the interrelationships between the cod in different parts of ttle North Sea, with a view to reconsidering on a regional basiS, the assessments made by the "Working Group on Assessment of Demersal Stocks, in the North Sea", on the North Sea cod stooks as a whole.

The Group took, as its primary objective, a review of what was known of the spawning and nursery grounds of the cod and attempted, from the returns of tagging experiments, to assess the, interr,elationships petween the various spawning and juvenile stocks.

Spawning areas were reviewed on the basis of egg and. larval data, and on the distribution of' large, mature, cod during the spawning season.

Distribution of E~gs and Larvae

Spawning, oocurs from the beginning of January to April, vdth small variations in the time of peak of spa\ming in the different areas. ' According to Meek (1924), the eggs, which arepelagic, hatch iriabout 12 days at an average temperature ,of 5.5⁰C, although Wise (1961) gives 17 days at 5°C. 'The' larvae are pelagio and do' no't ,beoome demersal for,

about 2t months. ' ,

A difficulty' of using egg distribution data to determine the positions of'the main spa\ming grounds is that ood eggs, are· virtuallyindistinguish- able from haddock eggs until pigmentation develops just before' hatching (Graham, 1934). This means that only the 'distribution 'of the late stage eggs can be us~dto provide information about the, spawning regions ,of 'cod in the northerll North Sea where cod and haddock eggs areUable to be taken together. In the southern North Sea this pr6blemd0es not arise.

In division IVB, results obtained by earlier workers and in partioular those of Damas (1909) and Schmidt (1909) show, the ,ooourrence of 'larvae over a wide area of the eastern North Sea between latitudes 54° and, 57°N, becom- ing d\3nser from west to east. Larvae were found ,from March to August,

maximum numbers being taken in April and May. Graham (1934) gives a similar account and also refers to the occurrence of larvae at Flamborough and south of the Fisher Bank.

1

In the southern NorthSea,concentrations of ood eggs have been found in the White Bank area but very few in the southern Bight (Bdokman et al.

1955 and Aurich 1941). More recently, however, egg surveys carried-ou~by

Daan from January to, Mardh 19.70 indicated oonsiderable numbers of cod eggs in ooastal waters near Texel, and also near the Frendh ooast (Fig. 1).

orf ,the Danish North Sea coast"larvae have also been observed, although there the typioal situation is less certain. Poulsen (1931) found larvae around the Danish ooast in Maroh-April 1923 both in the North Sea and round into the Kattegat but with negative hauls in the northern Kattegat. In 1924 however, he found no larvae off the Danish North Sea ooast and in 1925 only a few were taken. Bagge (unpublished,data) 'foun~ larvae in April 1952 and 1953 in the North Sea (Fig. 2) and' in the Kattegat in Maroh-May 1960 (Fig. 3).

Lindquist (1970) states that vertioal Rensen net hauls off the Danish North Sea coast and in the north Skagerak in May gave negative results for cod although other species were present.

Off the Soottish north and north-west coast, clod larvae have been recorded by Schmidt (1909). More recently, Raitt (1967) has described the ocourrence of larvae in Scottish waters from suryeys made in the years 1953-1956. Larvae were found around the Scottish ooasts and over most of division. IVA. Maximwn larval oonoentrations in Marcli and April were dis- tributed in patches extending north-easterly from the Butt of Lewis and Scottish rtorth ooast (XX16 to ZZ17) to the north of the Shetlands (D20).

Conoentrations of larvae were also observed in the vicinity of the Moray Firth (B15). In May and June the larvae were mainly conoentrated to the.

east of the Greenwich meridian and south of latitude 59⁰N, although small patches of larvae were also found north and west of this region.

Distribution of Large Cod and Spavming Areas

Further evidence on the likely positions of the spawning grounds comes from the distribution of large, mature cod at spawning time during the early months of the year.

In the central North Sea, Graham (1924, 1934) identified four major, spawning areas from the distribution of high landings' per unit effort of mature cod (over 70 om in length) from English statistics .for the period 1920-1930. These, the Ling Bank, Fisher Bank, Forties and Flamborough . areas, are shovm in Figure 4. The members of the ,Group confirmed the importance of these as spawning grounds, as well as other gr0unds, includ- ing the Silver Pit (E7, G7), the Clay Deep (R7,8 and J7,8) and the Tail End (J9) which Graham also referred to but considered of less importanoe at the time. In addition to these grounds, spawning in the Southern Bight has been reported as long ago as 1902-1906 by Redeke (1909). More recent 'statistics (Bannister, personal Qommunication) are given in Figures 5-10 showing land- ings of large cod by EngliSh vessels during the spring of 1963. The landings are expressed as cv~ ·pe~ 10 hours' fishing and are given sepa~ately for

various'statistical :rectangles, mainly in division IVB. These confirm the importance of the 'area to the south-east of ·the Dogger Bank during February~

They also indioatea 'tendency.for the regions of greatest importance to move north and north-east during the period from February to April •

. There ·i s' evidence, too, of spawning as far south as Bassurelle at least until 1965. ' After 1967, French and Belgian observations suggel;lt that spawn- ing in this region may have ocourred further north off the Belgian c.oast •.

These' conclusions were based on th'e relatively high landings per unit effort by Frenoh ves sels working off the Belgian coast from January to May 1968,.

when many mature fish were captured. The possibility that this may,include

2

a spawning region is strengthened by Belgian data shQwing that the peroentage of cod over 70 cm in landings from this region was 8.4% in the winter and spring cOlnpared with 1.516 in the summer, from 1967 to 1969.

Off the Danish North Sea coast in the Skagerak there is no evidence of spawning. It was considered that larvae observed in the Kattegat were the products of spavming in the southern Kattegat and Belt Sea and formed part of a stock that was separate from that in the North Sea.

Spavming is knovm to occUr on the Norwegian Skagerak coast, but the stock there is considered to be independent of those on the Danish side of the Skagerak (Dahl 1906, Lpversen 1946 and Ruud 1939).

Off the Scottish north and east coasts, maximum landings per unit effort of large cod from January to April were observed as long ago as 1901 ... 6 by D'Arcy Thompson (1909). More recent statistics (West 1970) are given in Figures 11-18, showing the landings per unit effort of cod over 50 cm in length by Scottish vessels. Cod in Scottish waters begin to mature at about this length and it is oonsidered that a large proportion of the cod over 50 cm taken in the spring would consist of maturing fish.

These data show peak landings per.unit effort 9ff the Scottish north and east coasts, including the Moray Firth. Subsidiary concentrations were' noted in Gi8, FiB, Ei9 and E20. Concentrations were also noted in Gi3 and H13, Gi4, F14, oorresponding with Graham's Ling Bank area.

Nursery Grounds

According to Russell (1922), cod become demersal at an age of 2 to

2~ months and an average length of 2.5 cm, but observations by members of the Group suggested that this was probably the minimum length at which oodling ,took to the bottom and that ood spawned over deeper water were liable to take to the bottom at a larger size and after a longer period.

German catches of O-group cod in the German Bight shrimp fishery showed that the s.mallest cod were 4 cm with a mean of 5-6 cm. Scottish data of O-group cod taken pelagioally in division IVA in June 1969 showed that their lengths ranged from 2 to 10 om (Hislop, unpublished data).

According to Hjort and Petersen (1905), O-group cod were taken in quantities in the central North Sea, along the coasts in the neighbour- hood of large estuaries, and on banks as far north as the Great Fisher Bank. Further north, in deeper water, only single individuals were

encountered. More recently, Dutch and German data for 1966, 1968 and 1969 show that small numbers of O-group cod are found in the Silver Pit and considerable numbers, up to 2,400 per 105m2 fished along the Dutoh, German and Danish ooasts. O-group cod were also recorded in the mouths of the Schelde (20 per 105m2 fished) and in the Waddensea (up to 1,400 per 105m2 fished) and the occurrence and distribution of .young cod in the latter area have been described by Daan (1969) (Fig. 19). In the autumn of 1969, a small number of O-groupcod were taken by otter trawl' in Aberdeen l?ay (Jones, unpublished communication). . ..

The probability that many of the O-bTOUP cod north and east of the Dogger Bank come from the main spawning regions in division lVB as a result of larval drift is argued by Graham, Carruthe~s and Goodchild

(1926). Along the Norwegian Skagerak coast, Norwegian sampling in

September/October vdth a beach seine has yielded numbers of O-group cod, 4-12 Cln in length (Danielssen, unpublished communication).

3

For ,the I-group, information is available for the central North Sea from the results of the-International Young Herring Surveys carried out. in February and March 1965'-70. " These results show that, although the cone en ....

trations are again most marked along the Dutch and Danish coasts, ^ther~ are nevertheless some years when I-group cod a.re,'distributed over most of'

division IVB'to a depth of 80m' as far north as latitude 58~.

In February 1970 (Fig. 20) 'there were clearly secondary concentrations in the Clay D~ep (J9,10), the North West Rough (F9, G9, GB), the Norfolk Banks (F5) off Vlhitby and over a wide area from south of the Fladen to the Fisher Bank.

Data from the catches in a small meshed codend during recent English trawl surveys gave sindlar results (Bannister, unpublished communication).

The Group noted incidentally, 'the coincidence between the distribution of young ood and herring in the neighbourhood of the Dutch, ,German ~qd

Danish ooasts.

Between 1965 and 1967, I-group cod were found along the'~rench and Belgian coasts (Lefranc and Lybaert, unpublished communications).

In Scottish waters, small numbers of I-group cod are landGd by commer- cial vessels (Raitt and Symonds, 1967). The largest numbers of these,cQme from the Scottish north and east coasts, including the Moray Firth. From the more offshore grounds in division IVA the numbers of I-group fish are relatively small. The general distribution of 0- and I-group cod' is indicated in Figure 21.

Young codling, mainly 2 years of age, are taken extensively in the commercial trawl fisheries throughout the North Sea and off the Scottish north boast. Graham (1934) indicates a wide distribution of "small" cod (mainly 2 years of age) in the central North Sea, an interesting feature of his observations being that comparatively few "small" cod were taken off the Belgian and Dutch coasts where the greatest den si ty of I-group

fish had been observed.

German data showing that II-group cod are absent from the German Bight suggest that cod emigrate from that area before they become II-group. The emigration of I-group cod from the coast has been noted by Daan'(1969) in the case of the Dutch coast, and Lefranc (1970) in the case of the English Channel French coast.

Spawning Groun~

On the basis of the data described above, the overall picture of the major spawning grounds shown in Figure 22 was finally accepted by the Group.

This shows that the spawning grounds can be grouped into three main re'gions, oentredas follows: '

(a)

, '

(b)

in the central North Sea between latitude 54° and 58°30'N and west of lone?-tude 5oE,'

off the Dutch and Belgian coasts where sp'awning s.eems to have become relatively more important during tha 1960s, and (0) around the :Scottish east and nO:r'th coasts.

4

Meristic Fharacters

Variations in the mean number of vertebrae of cod from different regions were examined to see if these could be of any value for stock

separation. It was conclud~d, however, that insufficient data were available to enable valid conclusions to be drawn~

Referenoes Aurich', H. J.

Buckmalln, A..

Hempel, G!, Bohl, H.

& Mes,storff, J 1

Daan, N.

Dahl, K.

Damas, D.

Danielssen, D. S.

Graham, M.

Graham, M.,

Carruthers, J~ N.

& Goodchild, H. H.

Hjort, J. &

Petersen, C. G. J.

Lefranc, G.

Lindquist, A.

1941

1955

1969 1906

1909

Die Verbreitung der pelagischen Fischbrut in der sadlichen Nordsee w~hrend der Frahjahrs- fahrten 1926-1937der deutschen Forschungs- sehiffe flPoseidon" und flMakrele". !ielgol!lnder wise. Meeresunters, g(2):183-223.

Eggs and larvae of winter spawners in the southern North Sea. Annls bioI., Copenh., .J,2:90-92.

Some results of young cod research in the North Sea. ICES, C.M.1969/F:18~ (Mimeo)

Underspgelser over nytten af torskeudklaekning i pstlandske fjorde. Betenkning. Rrsberetn.

Norg. Fisk. 1906(1):3-97 and (Bilagene):33-115.

Contribution

a

la Biologie des Gadides. Rapp.

P.-v. Reun. Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 1 0(B3), 277 pp •

...,..

1969 On the migrations of the cod in the Skagerak shown by tagging experiments in the period 1954-1965. FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HavUnders., 15:331-338.

~

1924 The annual cyole in the life of the mature ood in the North Sea. Fishery Invest., Lond., Ser. ,2, 6( 6), 77pp.

1934 Report on the North Sea cod. Fishery Invest.,

-

Land., Ser. 2, ~(4), 160pp.

1938 1926 '

1905

1970

1970

Growth of cod in the North Sea and use of the information. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. perm.

into Explor. Mer, 108, pt. 1:57-66.

,

-

Th§l ',distribution of pelagic stages of the cod in the North Sea in 1924 in relation to the system of currents. Fishery Invest., Land., Ser. 2, 8( 6), 31pp.

Short review of the results of the international

-

fisheries investigations. Rapp. P.-v. Reun.

Cons. perm. into Explor. Mer, 3, App. G:1-43.

Contribution

a

la connaissance de la biologie

-

de la morue du sud de la Mer du Nord et de la Manohe orientale. Revue Trav. Inst. (Scient.

tech.) Peche marit. (In press).

Zur Verbreitung der Fischeier una Fischlarven im Skagerak in den Monaten Mai und Juni. Rep.

Inst. mar. Res. Lysekil, Ser. BioI., (19), 82pp.

5

Lr6versen, R.

Meek, A.

-

Poulsen, E. M.

Rai tt, D ~ F.S •

Rai tt, D. F. S. &

Symonds, D. J.

Redeke, H. C.

Russell, E. S.

Ruud, J. T.

Schmidt, J.

Thompson, D'Arcy W.

West, W. Q.-B.

Wise, J. P.

1946 1916 1924 1931

1967

Torskens vekst og vandringer p~ Sprlandet.

FiskDir. Skr. Sera HavUnders., 8(6):1-27.

-

The migration of fish. London:Arnoid,427pP.

The development of the, cod. Fishery Invest., Lond., Sera 2, 7(1), 26pp. '

.

--

Biological investigations upon the God in Danish waters. Meddr Kommn HavUnders. Ser.

Fiskeri., .2(1), 148pp.

Cod spawning in Scottish waters. Prelimin- axy investigation's. ICES, C.M.1967/F:29.

(mimeo)

1967 The Scottish cod fishe~. Mar. Res., 1967, No. 5, 24pp.

1909 Berichte aber die Holl&ndischen Arbeiten zur Naturgesichte der Gadiden im den Jahren 1902 bis 1906. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons.

,perm. into Explor. Mer, 10(B6), 25pp •

...

1922 Report on market measurements in relation to the English cod fishery during the years 1912-1914. Fishery Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, ..2(1), 55pp.

1939 Torsken i Oslofjorden. FiskDir. Skr. Ser.

HavUnders., 6(2): 1-71 • 1909

1909

1970 1961

,

-

The distribution of the pelagic fry and

·the spawning regions of the gadoids in the North Atlantic 'from Iceland to Spain.

Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. perm. into Explor.

Mer, 10(B4), 229pp.

On the statistics of the Aberdeen trawl-

-

fishery 1901-1906, with special reference to cod and haddock. Rapp. P.-v. Raun. Cons.

perm. into Explor. Mer, jQ(B2), 38pp.

The,spawning biology and feoundity ·of cod in Scottish waters. Ph.D. Thesis, Aberdeen University.

Synopsis of biological data on cod, Gadus morhua Linnaeus 1758. F.A.O. Fish. BioI.

Synopsis (21).

6

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FIG.I NUMBERS OF COD EGGS

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FIG.3 NUMBERS OF COD LARVAE

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FIG.4 COD SPAWNING AREAS IN THE

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· F"l.! MEAN CATCH Pm IOHOURS FISHING OF LARGE COO

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~IG.7 MEAN CATCH PEP. IOHRS FISHING OF LARGE COD

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FlG.9 MEAN CATCH PER 10 HOURS FISHING OF LARGE COO BY MOTOR SEINERS IN ENGLAND 1963

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FIG. 19

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No OF I-GROUP COD

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