• No results found

Bruk av tolk i barnevernsinstitusjoner og omsorgssentre for enslige mindreårige

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Bruk av tolk i barnevernsinstitusjoner og omsorgssentre for enslige mindreårige"

Copied!
134
0
0

Laster.... (Se fulltekst nå)

Fulltekst

(1)

Bruk av tolk i barneverns-

institusjoner og omsorgssentre for enslige mindreårige

Berit Berg, Joakim Caspersen, Marianne Garvik,

Veronika Paulsen og Stina Svendsen

(2)

ĞƌŝƚĞƌŐ͕:ŽĂŬŝŵĂƐƉĞƌƐĞŶ͕DĂƌŝĂŶŶĞ'ĂƌǀŝŬ͕

sĞƌŽŶŝŬĂWĂƵůƐĞŶŽŐ^ƚŝŶĂ^ǀĞŶĚƐĞŶ

ƌƵŬĂǀƚŽůŬŝďĂƌŶĞǀĞƌŶƐŝŶƐƚŝƚƵƐũŽŶĞƌŽŐ ŽŵƐŽƌŐƐƐĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĞŶƐůŝŐĞŵŝŶĚƌĞĊƌŝŐĞ

EdEh^ĂŵĨƵŶŶƐĨŽƌƐŬŶŝŶŐ

(3)

Postadresse: NTNU Dragvoll, 7491 Trondheim Besøksadresse: Dragvoll Allé 38 B

Telefon: 73 82 10 00 E-post: kontakt@samfunn.ntnu.no Web.: www.samforsk.no Foretaksnr. 12

NTNU Samfunnsforskning Mangfold og inkludering Juni 2018

ISBN 978-82-7570-546-2 (web) ISBN 978-82-7570-545-5 (trykk)

(4)

LLL

&ŽƌŽƌĚ

'HQQHUDSSRUWHQSUHVHQWHUHUUHVXOWDWHUIUDSURVMHNWHW©%UXNDYWRONLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJ RPVRUJVVHQWUHIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUHª3URVMHNWHWHUJMHQQRPI¡UWSnRSSGUDJIUD

%DUQH XQJGRPV RJ IDPLOLHGLUHNWRUDWHW %XIGLU L SHULRGHQ )RUPnOHW PHG SURVMHNWHW KDU Y UW n IUHPVNDIIH IRUVNQLQJVEDVHUW NXQQVNDS RP EUXN DY WRON L EDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQHU RJ RPVRUJVVHQWUH RJ YXUGHUH KYRUYLGW EUXN DY WRON SnYLUNHU RPVRUJVDUEHLGHWRJGHWPLOM¡WHUDSHXWLVNHDUEHLGHWLGLVVHLQVWLWXVMRQHQH.XQQVNDSHQRPEUXN DYWRONHUEHJUHQVHWRJV UOLJJMHOGHUGHWWHEUXNDYWRONLRPVRUJVVLWXDVMRQRJLG¡JQEDVHUWH LQVWLWXVMRQHU

1RH DY EDNWHSSHW IRU SURVMHNWHW HU DW DQWDOO EDUQ PHG LQQYDQGUHUEDNJUXQQ L EDUQHYHUQHW HU

¡NHQGH'HWWHKHQJHUVDPPHPHGIOHUHIRUKROGPHQHQYLNWLJnUVDNHUGHQVWHUNH¡NQLQJHQDY DQWDOOHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUHLSHULRGHQ%DUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHKDULNNH RSSOHYGGHVDPPHVYLQJQLQJHQHPHQ¡NQLQJLLQQYDQGUHUEHIRONQLQJHQKDUPHGI¡UWDWDQWDOOHW EDUQRJXQJHPHGPLQRULWHWVEDNJUXQQHU¡NHQGH,EHJJHW\SHULQVWLWXVMRQHUERUGHWEDUQRJ XQJHPHGEHJUHQVHGHQRUVNNXQQVNDSHUQRHVRPJM¡UDWVS¡UVPnOHWRPEUXNDYWRONKDUVWRU EHW\GQLQJLGHWGDJOLJHDUEHLGHW

5DSSRUWHQHUEDVHUWSnEnGHNYDQWLWDWLYHRJNYDOLWDWLYHGDWD'HWHUJMHQQRPI¡UWHQRPIDWWHQGH EUHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHYHGDOOHEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUHVRPRJVnKDUEHVWnWWDY YLJQHWWVWXGLHPHGEUXNDY)6$)DFWRULDO6XUYH\$SSURDFK,WLOOHJJHUGHWJMRUWLQWHUYMXHU PHGXQJGRPPHUDQVDWWHRJOHGHUHYHGEDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUH0RWVOXWWHQ DY SURVMHNWSHULRGHQ JMHQQRPI¡UWH YL RJVn HQ GLDORJNRQIHUDQVH PHG UHSUHVHQWDQWHU IRU GHW EDUQHYHUQIDJOLJH IO\NWQLQJIDJOLJH RJ WRONHIDJOLJH IHOWHW +HU EOH GHW SUHVHQWHUW IRUHO¡SLJH IXQQIUDSURVMHNWHWRJGHOWDNHUQHSnNRQIHUDQVHQELGURPHGYLNWLJHLQQVSLOORJGLVNXVMRQHUVRP KDUY UWQ\WWLJLVOXWWI¡ULQJHQDYUDSSRUWHQ

9LYLOWDNNHDOOHVRPKDUELGUDWWWLOJMHQQRPI¡ULQJHQDYGHWWHSURVMHNWHW+HOHQH9HGHOGRJ(OLQ +RUVGDO IUD %XIGLU UHIHUDQVHJUXSSD VRP KDU EHVWnWW DY .ULVWHQ *LJJL /DQJIHOGW ‘\VWHLQ 6WRNYROG)UDQN1HUKHLP&HFLOLD'LQDUGL7KRPDV-RKDQVHQ0RQD0\UDQRJ-¡UQ$UH$XQH 9LYLORJVnWDNNH0HOLQD5¡HVRP KDUGHOWDWWSnGDWDLQQVDPOLQJHQYHG RPVRUJVVHQWUHQH RJ 5DJQKLOG%2YHUODQGVRPKDUVSUnNYDVNHWRJNRUUHNWXUOHVWUDSSRUWHQ6LVWPHQLNNHPLQVWYLO YLWDNNHXQJGRPPHUDQVDWWHRJOHGHUHYHGEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUHVRPKDU ODJWWLOUHWWHRJVWLOWRSSWLOLQWHUYMX

7URQGKHLPMXQL

%HULW%HUJSURVMHNWOHGHU

(5)

LY

(6)

Y

/ŶŶŚŽůĚ

)RURUGLLL

,QQKROGY

)LJXUHUYLL

7DEHOOHUYLLL

6DPPHQGUDJL[

,QQOHGQLQJ

(WWHPDWLVNEDNWHSSH

6SUnNNRPPXQLNDVMRQVDPKDQGOLQJ

5DSSRUWHQVRSSE\JJLQJ

%UXNDYWRON±WLGOLJHUHIRUVNQLQJ

6SUnNNRPPXQLNDVMRQVDPKDQGOLQJ

0DQJOHQGHEUXNDYWRON

8QGHUIRUEUXNRJVWUXNWXUHOOHXWIRUGULQJHU

%UXNDYWRONLRPVRUJVVHQWUHRJEDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQHU

*MHQQRPI¡ULQJRJPHWRGH

'HWNYDQWLWDWLYHPDWHULDOHW

'HWNYDOLWDWLYHPDWHULDOHW

(WLVNHYXUGHULQJHU

5HVXOWDWHU±GHWVWRUHELOGHW

%UXNXQGHUIRUEUXNRJPnWHUnEUXNHWRONSn

9XUGHULQJDYWRONHEHKRY±VHWWIUDDNW¡UHQHVVLGH

7RONHQHVNRPSHWDQVH

7RONHEUXNHUQHVNRPSHWDQVH

8WIRUGULQJHUSnXOLNHQLYn

9LJQHWWVWXGLHQ±)DFWRULDO6XUYH\$SSURDFK

'HWNYDOLWDWLYHPDWHULDOHW

7RONLEDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQ

7RONSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHQH

7RONIDJRJV\VWHP

2SSVXPPHULQJRJDQEHIDOLQJHU

(7)

YL

+RYHGSXQNWHUIUDUDSSRUWHQ

8WIRUGULQJHURJDQEHIDOLQJHU

5HIHUDQVHU

9HGOHJJ

%DNJUXQQVNMHQQHWHJQLEUHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ

6S¡UUHVNMHPD«««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

(8)

YLL

&ŝŐƵƌĞƌ

)LJXU+YRURIWHWRONEHQ\WWHVHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQ6LJQLILNDQWHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORP

LQVWLWXVMRQVW\SHNMLNYDGWDWWHVWS

)LJXU7LGVSXQNWSnGDJHQWRONEUXNHVHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQ VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOO

PHOORPLQVWLWXVMRQHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS0XOLJnYHOJHIOHUHDOWHUQDWLY )LJXU'DJHUGHWEUXNHVWRONHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQ VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORP

LQVWLWXVMRQHQHNMLNYDGWDWWHVWS0XOLJnYHOJHIOHUHDOWHUQDWLY )LJXU$QGHOVRPLVY UWVWRUHOOHUVWRUJUDGRSSJLUDWWRONEUXNHVLXOLNH

VLWXDVMRQHUHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQVW\SH$OOHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPJUXSSHUVLJQLILNDQWH

NMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU(UIDULQJPHGEUXNDYWRONHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQ3URVHQW)RUVNMHOOHQPHOORP

JUXSSHQHHUVLJQLILNDQWNMLNYDGUDWWHVW3

)LJXU2SSO ULQJLEUXNDYWRON3URVHQW VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORP

LQVWLWXVMRQVW\SHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU8WIRUGULQJHUDQVDWWHP¡WHULWRONHVLWXDVMRQHQ$QGHOVRPVYDUHULVY UW VWRUJUDGHOOHULVWRUJUDG VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORPLQVWLWXVMRQVW\SHQH

NMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU$QGHOVRPVYDUHUEHNUHIWHQGHSnDWGHWILQQHVUXWLQHUSnXOLNHRPUnGHU NQ\WWHWWLOWRONLQJ$OOHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPLQVWLWXVMRQHUVLJQLILNDQWH

NMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU+YHPNDQEHVWLOOHWRON(WWHULQVWLWXVMRQ$QGHOVRPVYDUHUMD

VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS )LJXU,QYROYHULQJDYEDUQHWLEHVOXWQLQJHQRPWRONVNDOEHQ\WWHV3URVHQW

)LJXU%UXNDYIUHPP¡WHWRONHOOHUIMHUQWRONLQJ3URVHQW

)LJXU+YRUGDQILQQHIUHPWLOWRONHQ"

)LJXU%UXNDYIRUPHOOXIRUPHOOWRON

)LJXU6LWXDVMRQHUGHUGHWEUXNHVLNNHSURIHVMRQHOOHWRONHUYHQQHUIDPLOLH DQVDWWHVRPVQDNNHUVDPPHVSUnN3URVHQW$QGHOVRPVYDUHUDOOWLGRIWHHOOHU QRHQJDQJHUVMHOGHQ VLJQLILNDQWHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVW

S9XUGHULQJDYWRONHEHKRY±VHWWIUDDNW¡UHQHVVLGH

)LJXU9XUGHULQJDYKYDVRPHUYLNWLJHWRONHRSSJDYHUILUHSnVWQDGHURP IRUNODULQJRJRPJMHQJHOLJKHW$QGHOVRPVLHU,VY UWVWRUJUDGHOOHU6WRUJUDG

VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS )LJXU9XUGHULQJDYKYDVRPHUYLNWLJHWRONHRSSJDYHUIHPSnVWDQGHURP

Q¡\WUDOLWHWRJSUHVLVMRQ$QGHOVRPVLHU,VY UWVWRUJUDGHOOHU6WRUJUDG,QJHQ

VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS )LJXU9XUGHULQJDYWRONHQVNRPSHWDQVHLVLVWHVLWXDVMRQGHEUXNWHWRON$QGHO

VY UWJRGJRG VLJQLILNDQWIRUVNMHOOPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS )LJXU9XUGHULQJDYWRONHQVDUEHLGPHGnIRUNODUHLVLVWHVDNDQGHO©LVY UWVWRU

JUDGª©LVWRUJUDGªVDPPHQOLJQHWPHGYXUGHULQJDYYLNWLJKHWIRUVDPPH

RPUnGHU

(9)

YLLL

)LJXU9XUGHULQJDYWRONHQVDUEHLGPHGRJQ¡\WUDOLWHWLVLVWHVDNDQGHO©LVY UW VWRUJUDGª©LVWRUJUDGªVDPPHQOLJQHWPHGYXUGHULQJDYYLNWLJKHWIRUVDPPH

RPUnGHU

)LJXU7\SHRSSO ULQJVRPHWWHUVS¡UUHV¡QVNHV

)LJXU+LQGULQJHUIRUEUXNDYWRON+HOWHQLJHQLJ

)LJXU8OLNHVLWXDVMRQHUGHUWRONEUXNHVIRUVMHOGHQ6Y UWVWRUVWRUJUDG )LJXU$OGHUVIRUGHOLQJYHGGHXOLNHLQVWLWXVMRQHQH3URVHQW6LJQLILNDQWH

IRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU8WGDQQLQJVEDNJUXQQHWWHULQVWLWXVMRQ3URVHQW6LJQLILNDQWHIRUVNMHOOHU

PHOORPJUXSSHQHNMLNYDGUDWWHVWS

)LJXU$QWDOOnUVHUIDULQJJMHQQRPVQLWWVDPWVWDQGDUGDYYLN VLJQLILNDQW

IRUVNMHOOLJMHQQRPVQLWWPHOORPJUXSSHQHWWHVWIRUXDYKHQJLJHXWYDOJS

dĂďĞůůĞƌ

7DEHOO8WIDOODYYLJQHWWHQHRJDQWDOOYLJQHWWHUYXUGHUW

7DEHOO)RUHQNOHWIUHPVWLOOLQJDYUHVXOWDWHQHIUDIOHUQLYnDQDO\VHDY)6$±

NMHQQHWHJQYHGEDUQRJVLWXDVMRQHU VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn

VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn

7DEHOO)RUHQNOHWIUHPVWLOOLQJDYUHVXOWDWHQHIUDIOHUQLYnDQDO\VHDY)6$±

NMHQQHWHJQYHGDQVDWWHRJLQVWLWXVMRQHU VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn

VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn VLJQLILNDQW25SnQLYn

7DEHOO3HDUVRQFKL 3U

7DEHOO$QWDOOEHERHUHSnLQVWLWXVMRQHQH3HDUVRQFKL 3U

7DEHOO,QVWLWXVMRQHQHVEHOLJJHQKHW3HDUVRQFKL 3U

7DEHOO5HJLRQDOWLOK¡ULJKHWWLOLQVWLWXVMRQHQH3HDUVRQFKL 3U

(10)

L[

^ĂŵŵĞŶĚƌĂŐ

'HQQHUDSSRUWHQKDQGOHURPEUXNDYWRONLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUHIRUHQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUHRJHUEDVHUWSnHQEUHGXQGHUV¡NHOVHEDVHUWSnXOLNHNYDQWLWDWLYHRJ NYDOLWDWLYH PHWRGHU 3URVMHNWHW HU JMHQQRPI¡UW Sn RSSGUDJ IRU %DUQH XQJGRPV RJ IDPLOLHGLUHNWRUDWHWLSHULRGHQ

dŽůŬĞďĞŚŽǀ

(W VHQWUDOW WHPD L UDSSRUWHQ HU KYRUGDQ GH XOLNH LQVWLWXVMRQHQH YXUGHUHU WRONHEHKRYHW 6RP IRUYHQWHWILQQHUYLVWRUHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPGHWRW\SHQHLQVWLWXVMRQHU(WPLQGUHWDOODYEDUQRJ XQJHSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQKDUPLQRULWHWVEDNJUXQQRJLI¡OJHGHDQVDWWHHUGHWInVRPKDU EHKRYIRUWRON'HDOOHUIOHVWHXQJGRPPHQHSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHVQDNNHUQRUVN±HQWHQ IRUGLGHHUI¡GWL1RUJHHOOHUIRUGLGHKDUERGGKHUOHQJHRJKDUXWYLNOHWJRGHQRUVNNXQQVNDSHU 3nRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHHUVLWXDVMRQHQKHOWDQQHUOHGHV+HUHUDOOHEHERHUQHHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH DV\OV¡NHUH 'H KDU NRUW ERWLG L 1RUJH RJ GH IOHVWH KDU VY UW EHJUHQVHGH QRUVNNXQQVNDSHU 7RONHEHKRYHWKHUHUULPHOLJYLVYHVHQWOLJVW¡UUHHQQLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH

,QJHQDYLQVWLWXVMRQHQHRSSOHYGHDWGHWEOHVDWWEHJUHQVQLQJHUSnWRONHEUXNHQIUDOHGHOVHHOOHU RSSGUDJVJLYHU'HIRUPLGOHWWYHUWLPRWDWEXGVNDSHWYDUDWGHWDOOWLGVNDOEHVWLOOHVWRONKYLVGHW YXUGHUHVDWGHWHUEHKRYIRUGHW(QVOLNEHKRYVYXUGHULQJYLOLPLGOHUWLGDOOWLGY UHEDVHUWSn VNM¡QQRJLVNM¡QQVYXUGHULQJHQYLOIOHUHIRUKROGVSLOOHLQQ6SUnNOLJHEHKRYYLOVHOYVDJWDOOWLG Y UHXWJDQJVSXQNWHWPHQLWLOOHJJYLOGHQDQVDWWHVNXQQVNDSHUIDULQJRJKROGQLQJHUVSLOOLQQ 'HUVRPGHQDQVDWWHKDUOLWHQHUIDULQJPHGnEUXNHWRONRJNDQVNMHRJVnKDUKDWWQRHQGnUOLJH HUIDULQJHUPHGnEUXNHWRONYLOGHWWHNXQQHSnYLUNHYXUGHULQJHQ'HIOHVWHVRPEUXNHUWRON EUXNHUWHOHIRQWRON7HOHIRQWRONHQHHUWLOJMHQJHOLJHRYHUKHOHODQGHWGHNRVWHUPLQGUHIRUGLGH LNNH KDU UHLVHWLG RJ GH HU VRP UHJHO WLOJMHQJHOLJ Sn NRUW YDUVHO 'H IOHVWH YXUGHUHU OLNHYHO IUHPP¡WHWRONVRPGHWIRUHWUXNQHPHQKHUHUPHQLQJHQHGHOWH

dŽůŬĞŶĞƐŬŽŵƉĞƚĂŶƐĞ

,YXUGHULQJHQHDYWRONHQHVNRPSHWDQVHOHJJHVGHWYHNWSnXOLNHIRUKROG'HWVSUnNOLJHHUHW KRYHGNULWHULXP IRU GH IOHVWH RJ GD KDQGOHU GHW EnGH RP QRUVNNXQQVNDSHU RJ NXQQVNDSHU L PLQRULWHWVVSUnNHW 0DQJH HU NULWLVNH WLO HQ GHO DY WRONHQHV VSUnNNXQQVNDSHU 'HWWH JMHOGHU L I¡UVWH UHNNH QRUVNNXQQVNDSHQH PHQ L GHQ GHO WLOIHOOHU KDQGOHU GHW L WLOOHJJ RP DW GH LNNH EHKHUVNHU PLQRULWHWVVSUnNHW JRGW QRN (WLNN HU RJVn HW NULWLVN SXQNW PHG HNVHPSOHU Sn DW WRONHQHEU\WHUWDXVKHWVSOLNWHQ)OHUHRSSOHYHUGHVVXWHQDWWRONHQHEODQGHUVHJLQQLVDPWDOHQDW GH LNNH RYHUVHWWHU DOW VRP EOLU VDJW HOOHU DW GH NRPPHU PHG HJQH V\QVSXQNWHU HOOHU WLOOHJJVLQIRUPDVMRQVRPLNNHHUDYNODUWPHGVDPWDOHSDUWHQH

'HWKDUIHVWHWVHJHWLQQWU\NNEODQWHQGHODQVDWWHRPDWGHWHUVY UWYDULDEHOWQLYnSnWRONHQH 'HWWH EHNUHIWHV RJVn DY EnGH 7RONHIRUHQLQJHQ RJ WRONHU VRP HU RSSI¡UW L GHW VHQWUDOH WRONHUHJLVWHUHWWRONHSRUWDOHQQR,RJPHGDWtolkLNNHHUHQEHVN\WWHWWLWWHONDQLSULQVLSSHW

(11)

[

KYHP VRP KHOVW NDOOH VHJ WRON 1nU GHW KHOOHU LNNH HU QRHQ NRQWUROO PHG WRONHILUPDHU VRP HWDEOHUHVULVLNHUHUPDQnInWRONHUVRPPDQJOHUGHQ¡GYHQGLJHNYDOLILNDVMRQHQH'HWWHHUHW SUREOHP7RONHXWYDOJHWSHNWHSnLVLQXWUHGQLQJRJGHWWHHUSUREOHPVWLOOLQJHUVRPHUGLVNXWHUWL ,0'LV UDSSRUWHU RP WRONLQJ L RIIHQWOLJ VHNWRU )RU WRONHU VRP KDU GH Q¡GYHQGLJH NYDOLILNDVMRQHQHRSSOHYHVGHWIUXVWUHUHQGHnP¡WHVNHSVLVIUDSUDNVLVIHOWHWIRUGLGHKDUGnUOLJ HUIDULQJPHGXNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHU

.ULWLNNHQPRWWRONHUVRPPDQJHRSSOHYHUVRPHQNULWLNNPRWHQKHO\UNHVJUXSSHPnVHVLO\V DYDWV\VWHPHWHUXUHJXOHUW+HUHUGHWEHKRYIRUHQRSSU\GGLQJ6DPWLGLJHWWHUO\VHVGHWHWEHGUH V\VWHP IRU EHVWLOOLQJ DY WRONHU VRP KDU WRONHXWGDQQLQJ RJ VRP HU NYDOLILVHUWH 'HWWH NUHYHU NRPSHWDQVHKRVGHDQVDWWHSnLQVWLWXVMRQHQH'HWWUHQJVPHGDQGUHRUGIRUEHGULQJHUEnGHSn LQGLYLGRJV\VWHPQLYn

dŽůŬĞďƌƵŬĞƌŶĞƐŬŽŵƉĞƚĂŶƐĞ

7RONHEUXNHUH HU HQ VDPPHQVDWW JUXSSH RJ EnGH EDNJUXQQ RJ HUIDULQJ YDULHUHU IUD ©LQJHQ HUIDULQJªWLO©HUIDUQHWRONHEUXNHUHª%nGHGHHUIDUQHRJXHUIDUQHHWWHUO\VWHPHURSSO ULQJLGHW n EUXNH WRON± Sn DOOH QLYn L XWGDQQLQJVV\VWHPHW 'H HWWHUVSXUWH L WLOOHJJ PXOLJKHWHU WLO n YLGHUHXWYLNOHNRPSHWDQVHQJMHQQRPHWWHURJYLGHUHXWGDQQLQJRJRSSO ULQJVWLOWDNNQ\WWHWWLO GHQHQNHOWHLQVWLWXVMRQ)OHUHDYLQVWLWXVMRQHQHKDUDOOHUHGHUXWLQHUSnGHWWHPHQGHWEOHHWWHUO\VW PHUV\VWHPDWLNNRJVW¡UUHRPIDQJ

9HGQRHQLQVWLWXVMRQHUP¡WWHYLDQVDWWHVRPYHJUHWVHJPRWnEUXNHWRONIRUGLGHPDQJOHWEnGH HUIDULQJRJRSSO ULQJ'HQQHYHJULQJHQIDQWYLLNNHEODQWDQVDWWHVRPKDGGHP\HHUIDULQJ'HW NDQLI¡UVWHRPJDQJIUDPVWnVRPJDQVNHRSSODJWDWGHVRPYHJUHUVHJLNNHEHVWLOOHUWRONPHQV GHVRPVHUEHKRYHWEOLUDNWLYHEUXNHUH0HQIXOOWVnHQNHOWIUDPVWRGHWLNNHLYLUNHOLJKHWHQ'HW KDQGOHWPHURPDWGHVRPYDUDNWLYHWRONHEUXNHUHKDGGHRSS¡YGHQNRPSHWDQVHLKYRUGDQPDQ NDQMREEHPHGWRON±HQNRPSHWDQVHGHDQGUHLNNHKDGGH7RONHEUXNHQEOHHQLQWHJUHUWGHODY VDPWDOHRSSOHJJHW HQ DQQHQ PnWH n XW¡YH IDJOLJKHW Sn 'HWWH VLVWH EOH GLVNXWHUW L HQ DY IRNXVJUXSSHQH PHG DQVDWWH YHG HQ DY EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH 'H HWWHUO\VWH PHU IRNXV Sn IDJXWYLNOLQJLHQIOHUNXOWXUHOONRQWHNVWGHUEUXNDYWRONLQQJnUVRPHQVHQWUDOGHO

>ŝŬĞǀĞƌĚŝŐĞƚũĞŶĞƐƚĞƌ

%UXNDYWRONKDQGOHURPUHWWHQWLOnIRUVWnRJEOLIRUVWnWW'HUVRPPDQPDQJOHUIHOOHVVSUnNYLO EUXN DY WRON UHSUHVHQWHUH HW YLNWLJ NRPPXQLNDVMRQVKMHOSHPLGGHO %UXN DY WRON KDQGOHU RP UHWWHQ WLO GHOWDNHOVH RP OLNHYHUGLJH WMHQHVWHU RJ RP n UHGXVHUH DYPDNW (Q VHQWUDO SUREOHPVWLOOLQJ L GHQQH UDSSRUWHQ HU KYRUGDQ PDQ YXUGHUHU WRONHEHKRY RJ EUXNHU WRON GHU RPVRUJVXW¡YHOVHXWJM¡UHQYLNWLJIXQNVMRQ%nGHEUHGGHNDUWOHJJLQJYLJQHWWVWXGLHLQWHUYMXHU RJIRNXVJUXSSHUEHNUHIWHUDWEUXNDYWRONLHQRPVRUJVLQVWLWXVMRQPnYXUGHUHVDQQHUOHGHVHQQ HQSODQODJWVDPWDOHSnHWNRQWRUKRVOHJHQHOOHULVDPPHQKHQJPHGLQIRUPDVMRQVIRUPLGOLQJ HOOHU NDUWOHJJLQJ , WLOOHJJ WLO GH SODQODJWH NRPPXQLNDVMRQVVLWXDVMRQHQH SHNHV GHW Sn DW NRQIOLNWKnQGWHULQJHUHQW\SHVLWXDVMRQVRPYLOXWO¡VHHWWRONHEHKRY'HWVDPPHJMHOGHUXOLNH

(12)

[L

W\SHU NULVHVLWXDVMRQHU .ULVHQ NDQ Y UH IRUnUVDNHW DY HW QHJDWLYW VYDU Sn DV\OV¡NQDGHQ KHQGHOVHU L KMHPODQGHW EHN\PULQJHU IRU VOHNW RJ YHQQHU NRQIOLNWHU Sn LQVWLWXVMRQHQ PY 2PVRUJVVHQWUHQHKDUGHVLVWHnUHQHRSSOHYGDWIOHUHDYXQJGRPPHQHKDUVHOYPRUGVWDQNHURJ GHW ILQQHV HNVHPSOHU Sn DW GH XQJH KDU IRUV¡NW n WD VLWW HJHW OLY 'HWWH HU YDQVNHOLJH NRPPXQLNDVMRQVVLWXDVMRQHUXDQVHWWRPGHWEHQ\WWHVWRONHOOHULNNH,VOLNHVLWXDVMRQHUNDQGHW Y UHYLNWLJnKDWRONHQWLOJMHQJHOLJcY UHWLOJMHQJHOLJEHW\ULNNHQ¡GYHQGLJYLVDWWRONHQVNDO Y UHWLOVWHGHHOOHUSnWHOHIRQKHOHWLGDPHQY UHLEHUHGVNDS

<ŽŵŵƵŶŝŬĂƐũŽŶǀŝĂƚŽůŬ

6SUnNEDUULHUHURSSOHYHVVRPHQXWIRUGULQJEnGHSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJSnRPVRUJVVHQWHU IRU HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJH 6W¡UVW HU XWIRUGULQJHQH Sn RPVRUJVVHQWUHQH VLGHQ GHWWH HU HQ W\SH LQVWLWXVMRQGHUDOOHEHERHUQHKDUPLQRULWHWVEDNJUXQQRJNRUWERWLGL1RUJH+HUEUXNHVGHWWRON QHVWHQGDJOLJ±LI¡UVWHUHNNHWHOHIRQWRON'HQJMHQQRPJnHQGHHUIDULQJHQHUDWGHWEUXNHVWRON YHG EHKRY PHQ GHW EOLU RJVn W\GHOLJ JMHQQRP SURVMHNWHW DW ©EHKRYª HU HQ VNM¡QQVPHVVLJ YXUGHULQJ9HGHQNHOWHDYLQVWLWXVMRQHQHHUGHWXWDUEHLGHWVNULIWOLJHUXWLQHUIRUEUXNDYWRONPHQ YLILQQHULQJHQVDPPHQKHQJQnUGHWJMHOGHUWRONHEUXNRJJUDGDYVNULIWOLJHUXWLQHU%UXNHQDY WRON HU VLWXDVMRQVDYKHQJLJ PHQ YL ILQQHU RJVn IRUVNMHOOHU PHOORP DQVDWWH QnU GHW JMHOGHU YXUGHULQJDYWRONHEHKRY,GHQGDJOLJHRPVRUJV\WHOVHQEHQ\WWHVGHWWRONEDUHXQQWDNVYLVPHQV GHWVRPUHJHOEUXNHVLSODQODJWHVDPWDOHURJDNXWWHVLWXDVMRQHUVRPLPSOLVHUHUNRQIOLNWHOOHU NULVH,DNXWWHVLWXDVMRQHUNDQGHWY UHYDQVNHOLJVNDIIHWRONPHQGHWHUHQJHQHUHOORSSIDWQLQJ DWGHWLVOLNHVLWXDVMRQHUHU¡QVNHOLJnNXQQHEUXNHWRON

(QWRONHWVDPWDOHYLODOOWLGSnYLUNHNRPPXQLNDVMRQHQ±XDQVHWWKYRUREMHNWLYRJQ¡\WUDOWRONHQ IRUV¡NHUnY UH6HOYHQJRGWRONNDQSnYLUNHVDPWDOHQQHJDWLYWIRUGLWRONHEUXNHUQHEOLUVWUHVVHW DYnKDHQWUHGMHSHUVRQWLOVWHGH6WUHVVRJXWU\JJKHWNDQKDQGOHRPHJQHHOOHUDQGUHWLGOLJHUH HUIDULQJHU'HWNDQIRUHNVHPSHOKDQGOHRPWRONHUVRPLNNHRYHUKROGHUWDXVKHWVSOLNWHQGHWNDQ Y UH HNVHPSOHU Sn WRONHU VRP EODQGHU VHJ LQQ L VDPWDOHQ HOOHU Sn DQGUH PnWHU IRUVW\UUHU NRPPXQLNDVMRQHQ'HWWHHUNODUHEUXGGSnJRGIRONHVNLNNPHQHQWHQGHWHUVHOYRSSOHYGHOOHU LNNH NDQ GHWWH SnYLUNH YXUGHULQJHQ DY RP GHW VNDO EHVWLOOHV WRON HOOHU LNNH 'HW Pn OLNHYHO XQGHUVWUHNHVDWEUXNDYWRONHUYLNWLJ±EnGHIRUnLYDUHWDLQIRUPDVMRQVIRUPLGOLQJELGUDWLOn XQQJn HOOHU RSSNODUH PLVIRUVWnHOVHU IRU n LYDUHWD UHWWVVLNNHUKHW RJ JMHQQRP GHWWH VLNUH OLNHYHUGLJH WMHQHVWHU 'HWWH XQGHUVWUHNHU EHW\GQLQJHQ DY EHGUH NYDOLWHWVVLNULQJ DY WRONHWMHQHVWHQH

^ƚƌƵŬƚƵƌĞůůĞƵƚĨŽƌĚƌŝŶŐĞƌ

'HWWRONHIDJOLJHIHOWHWKDUHWVYDNWUHWWVOLJJUXQQODJ)RUVODJHWWLOQ\WRONHORYOHJJHURSSWLOHQ VWHUNHUHORYUHJXOHULQJPHQGHWIRUHOLJJHULQJHQNODUUHWWLJKHWVIHVWLQJVOLNPDQIRUHNVHPSHOKDU IRUG¡YHRJK¡UVHOVKHPPHWH6YDNORYKMHPOLQJJM¡UDWGHWPDQJOHUNRQWUROOPHGKYHPVRPNDQ NDOOH VHJ WRONHU RJ WLOE\ WRONHWMHQHVWHU 0DQJH WRONHU HU DQVDWW L HQ WRONHWMHQHVWH HOOHU HW WRONHILUPD VRP YHUNHQ NUHYHU HOOHU RSSJLU KYLONH NYDOLILNDVMRQHU WRONHQH KDU 'HW JM¡U DW WRONHEUXNHUHRIWHLNNHYHWKYLONHNYDOLILNDVMRQHUWRONHQHKDU'HVHLQHUHnUHQHHUGHWHWDEOHUWHQ

(13)

[LL

UHNNHSULYDWHDNW¡UHUSnGHWWHPDUNHGHWLWLOOHJJWLODWPDQJHNRPPXQHURJDQGUHRIIHQWOLJH LQVWDQVHU OHQJH KDU KDWW VOLNH WMHQHVWHU 'H SULYDWH WRONHWMHQHVWHQH I\OOHU HW EHKRY IRU WRONHWMHQHVWHUPHQGHWHUHQVWRUXWIRUGULQJDWDQVDWWHLNNHYHWQRHRPWRONHQHVNYDOLILNDVMRQHU 'HHUIDUHURYHUWLGKYHPVRPHUJRGHRJPLQGUHJRGHWRONHUPHQGHWHUXWLOIUHGVVWLOOHQGHDW XWSU¡YLQJVNMHULIRUPDY©SU¡YLQJRJIHLOLQJª

0HUEUXNDYWHOHIRQRJVNMHUPWRONKDUELGUDWWWLODWWRONHQHVWLOJMHQJHOLJKHWKDUEOLWWEHGUH9L VHUGHVVXWHQHQ¡NWEHYLVVWKHWXWHLWMHQHVWHDSSDUDWHWQnUGHWJMHOGHUEHKRYHWIRUnEUXNHWRON

%nGHSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWHUEOHGHWXQGHUVWUHNHWDWGHWDOOWLGVNDOEUXNHV WRONGHUVRPGHWHUEHKRYIRUGHW9XUGHULQJHQDYEHKRYNDQVHOYVDJWYDULHUHPHQSRHQJHWHUDW YHUNHQ¡NRQRPLHOOHUGnUOLJWLGHUDNVHSWDEOHJUXQQHUWLOnXQQODWHnEHVWLOOHWRON,P¡WHUPHG DQVDWWHK¡UWHYLDOGULDWGHWEOHEUXNW¡NRQRPLVNHDUJXPHQWHUQnUWRONLNNHEOHEHVWLOW'HWWHEOH EHWUDNWHWVRPHQ©PnWMHQHVWHª

ŶďĞĨĂůŝŶŐĞƌ

'HW I¡UVWH RPUnGHW KDQGOHU RP VHOYH WRONHV\VWHPHW ± RP EHKRYHW IRU UHJXOHULQJ RJ IRUPDOLVHULQJ DY NUDY WLO WRONHU VRP EUXNHV DY GHW RIIHQWOLJH 'HW DQGUH KDQGOHU RP JMHQQRPI¡ULQJHQ DY GH WRONHGH VDPWDOHQH RJ RP IRUEHUHGHOVHU RJ WLOEDNHPHOGLQJ WLO EnGH WRONHURJWRONHILUPD'HWWUHGMHSXQNWHWKDQGOHURPNRPSHWDQVH.RPSHWDQVHEHKRYHWRPIDWWHU EnGHWRONHURJWRONHEUXNHUH

2SSVXPPHUW

x )RUPDOLVHUHNUDYWLOWRONHUVRPEUXNHVDYGHWRIIHQWOLJH o 6HUWLILVHULQJVV\VWHP

o 6WLOOHNUDYRPEUXNDYNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHU

x )RUEHUHGHOVHURJJMHQQRPI¡ULQJDYVDPWDOHUPHGWRON

o )RUEHUHGHWRONHQSnVDPWDOHQ±IRUPnOWHPDEHJUHSHUDQGUHKHQV\Q o $NWLYEUXNDY7RONHSRUWDOHQVUnGRJ©NM¡UHUHJOHUª

o (YDOXHULQJRJWLOEDNHPHOGLQJWLOWRONRJWRONHWMHQHVWH

x 2SSO ULQJDYDQVDWWHSnDOOHQLYn

o 7HPDLJUXQQXWGDQQLQJHU7LOEXGRPYLGHUHRJHWWHUXWGDQQLQJ o .XUVRSSO ULQJVSDNNHUSnDUEHLGVSODVVHQ

o 8WYLNOLQJDYVNULIWOLJPDWHULHOORJHNVHPSOHUSnQHWW

(14)

ϭ͘ /ŶŶůĞĚŶŝŶŐ

'HQQHUDSSRUWHQE\JJHUSnHWIRUVNQLQJVSURVMHNWRPEUXNDYWRONSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJ RPVRUJVVHQWHU IRU HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJH DV\OV¡NHUH 3URVMHNWHW HU JMHQQRPI¡UW Sn RSSGUDJ I

%DUQH XQJGRPV RJ IDPLOLHGLUHNWRUDWHW %XIGLU RJ KDU VRP IRUPnO n IUHPVNDIIH IRUVNQLQJVEDVHUW NXQQVNDS RP EUXN DY WRON L KHOG¡JQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU IRU EDUQ RJ XQJH

%DUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWHUIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHKDUXOLNHRSSJDYHUPHQKDU WLOIHOOHVDWGHHUKHOG¡JQVLQVWLWXVMRQHULUHJL DYEDUQHYHUQHW(QEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQKDUL WLOOHJJWLO RPVRUJVDQVYDUHW IRNXVSnEHKDQGOLQJ RJHQGULQJVDUEHLG3nHWRPVRUJVVHQWHUIRU HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJH KDQGOHU GHW L I¡UVWH UHNNH RP RPVRUJV\WHOVH RJ KMHOS WLO n WDNOH HQ Q\

KYHUGDJ L 1RUJH , WLOOHJJ KDU EHJJH LQVWLWXVMRQHU HQ YLNWLJ UROOH QnU GHW JMHOGHU n DYGHNNH KHOVHXWIRUGULQJHURJVLNUHQ¡GYHQGLJKHOVHKMHOS

(WVHQWUDOWVS¡UVPnOLSURVMHNWHWKDUY UWKYRUGDQVSUnNEDUULHUHUSnYLUNHURSSI¡OJLQJHQDYEDUQ RJXQJHRJLKYLONHQJUDGRJSnKYLONHQPnWHEUXNDYWRONNDQELGUDWLOnIUHPPHJRGRSSI¡OJLQJ DYEDUQRJXQJHSnLQVWLWXVMRQ5DSSRUWHQWDUIRUVHJI¡OJHQGHWHPD

x %UXNDYWRONLLQVWLWXVMRQ x .DUWOHJJLQJDYEHKRYIRUWRON

x 5HGHJM¡UHOVHIRUNRQVHNYHQVHUDYPDQJOHQGHEUXNDYWRON x )RUVODJWLOWLOWDNIRUnVW\UNHEUXNHQDYWRON

ƚƚĞŵĂƚŝƐŬďĂŬƚĞƉƉĞ

5DSSRUWHQ HU VNUHYHW L HQ SHULRGH SUHJHW DY VWRUH VYLQJQLQJHU L DQNRPVWHQH DY HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUH,RSSOHYGH1RUJHLOLNKHWPHGVWRUHGHOHUDY(XURSDIRU¡YULJ K¡\HDQNRPVWWDOODYHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH,O¡SHWDYQRHQInPnQHGHUNRPGHWRYHUIHPWXVHQ QRHVRPHUGREEHOWVnPDQJHVRPIRUULJHJDQJ1RUJHKDGGHUHODWLYWK¡\HDQNRPVWWDOOL ,VDQNDQWDOOHWWLORJLNRPGHWNXQHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHWLO1RUJH9LPn KHOWWLOEDNHWLOWDOOHWIRUnILQQHVnODYHDQNRPVWWDOO

'LVVHVYLQJQLQJHQHKDUSnYLUNHWVW¡UUHOVHQSnRPVRUJVDSSDUDWHWIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHRJKDU RJVn InWW EHW\GQLQJ IRU VDPPHQVHWWLQJHQ DY EDUQ RJ XQJH Sn GH RUGLQ UH EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH%UXNDYWRONHUHWVHQWUDOWWHPDLEHJJHW\SHULQVWLWXVMRQHUVHOYRP RPIDQJHWHUVW¡UVWSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHGHUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUHInUVLWWRPVRUJVWLOEXG PHQVGHYHQWHUSnnInVLQDV\OV¡NQDGEHKDQGOHW,YDUHQXYDQOLJK¡\DQGHODYGHHQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJHXQGHUnUPHUHQQHQIMHUGHGHO,UHJLDY%XIHWDWEOHGHWHWDEOHUWHQUHNNHQ\H

)RUPHUGHWDOMHUUXQGWVYLQJQLQJHQHLDQNRPVWHUDYHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH±VHEODQWDQQHW*DUYLN3DXOVHQRJ%HUJ 6YHQGVHQ%HUJ3DXOVHQ*DUYLN9DOHQWD

(15)

RPVRUJVVHQWHUIRUGHQQHJUXSSD±EnGHLVWDWOLJRJSULYDWUHJL'DDQNRPVWWDOOHQHVDQNL RJEOHHQUHNNHRPVRUJVVHQWHUDYYLNOHWQRHVRPUHVXOWHUWHLDWEDUQPnWWHIO\WWHRJDQVDWWH PnWWHVOXWWH6DPWLGLJILNNHQ¡NHQGHDQGHODYGHXQJHDYVODJSnVLQDV\OV¡NQDGHOOHUEHJUHQVHW RSSKROGIUDPWLOI\OWHnU%nGHVYLQJQLQJHULDQNRPVWWDOORJVW¡UUHXVLNNHUKHWUXQGWXWIDOOHW DYDV\OV¡NQDGHQVNDSWHP\HWXUEXOHQVRJVWRUXVLNNHUKHWEnGHIRUGHHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHRJ IRUDOOHUXQGWGHP

,HQVLWXDVMRQSUHJHWDYVWRUXVLNNHUKHWEOLUJRGNRPPXQLNDVMRQV UOLJYLNWLJ)RUEDUQRJXQJH VRPQHWWRSSKDUNRPPHWWLO1RUJHIUDNULJRJIRUI¡OJHOVHYLUNHUGHWJDQVNHRSSODJWDWWRONHU Q¡GYHQGLJIRUnVNDSHJRGNRPPXQLNDVMRQ1nUGXEnGHHUQ\L1RUJHRJEHILQQHUGHJLHQ VLWXDVMRQSUHJHWDYXVLNNHUKHWYLOLQIRUPDVMRQVEHKRYHWY UHVWRUW*DUYLNRJ9DOHQWD 0DQJHOSnIHOOHVVSUnNJM¡UDWEUXNDYWRONQ UPHVWYLOY UHHQIRUXWVHWQLQJIRUnIRUVWnRJEOL IRUVWnWW0HQRJVnEDUQRJXQJHVRPERUSnDQGUHW\SHUEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHUNDQRSSOHYH VSUnNOLJHEDUULHUHU$QWDOOEDUQPHGLQQYDQGUHUEDNJUXQQLEDUQHYHUQHWKDU¡NWGHVHLQHUHnUHQH

%HUJPIO'HWWHKDQGOHULI¡UVWHUHNNHRPDWLQQYDQGUHUDQGHOHQLEHIRONQLQJHQKDU¡NW PHQGHWVN\OGHVRJVnDWEDUQPHGLQQYDQGUHUEDNJUXQQHURYHUUHSUHVHQWHUWLYLVVHW\SHUWLOWDN )RUVNQLQJHQRPLQQYDQGULQJRJEDUQHYHUQKDULI¡UVWHUHNNHNRQVHQWUHUWVHJRPGHWNRPPXQDOH EDUQHYHUQHW1nUGHWJMHOGHULQVWLWXVMRQVRPVRUJHQYHWYLLPLGOHUWLGJDQVNHOLWHRPGHV UVNLOWH XWIRUGULQJHQHVRPP¡WHUEDUQRJXQJHPHGDQQHQVSUnNEDNJUXQQ'HWWHJMHOGHUEnGHEDUQRJ XQJHPHGLQQYDQGUHUEDNJUXQQVRPERUSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQ

^ƉƌĊŬ͕ŬŽŵŵƵŶŝŬĂƐũŽŶ͕ƐĂŵŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ

(QGUHWEHERHUVDPPHQVHWWLQJSnGHRUGLQ UHEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHRJIOHUHRPVRUJVVHQWUH IRU HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJH DV\OV¡NHUH JM¡U DW VS¡UVPnOHW RP WRON HU VWDGLJ PHU DNWXHOW L EDUQHYHUQHWV DUEHLG , WLOOHJJ YLVHU WLGOLJHUH XQGHUV¡NHOVHU DW GHW EUXNHV IRU OLWH WRON EnGH L EDUQHYHUQHW JHQHUHOW RJ Sn RPVRUJVVHQWUH VSHVLHOW ,0'L %HUJ 3DXOVHQ 7KRUVKDXJRJ%HUJ'HORLWWH%HUJRJ7URQVWDG9LYHWLPLGOHUWLGOLWHRP KYLONHYXUGHULQJHUVRPOLJJHUWLOJUXQQQnUGHWEHVWLOOHVLNNHEHVWLOOHVWRONKYLONHVLWXDVMRQHU VRPXWO¡VHUWRONHEHKRYYXUGHULQJHUDYNRPSHWDQVHKRVEnGHWRONHURJWRONHEUXNHUHRJKYLONH HUIDULQJHUEUXNHUHDQVDWWHRJWRONHUKDUQnUGHWJMHOGHUNRPPXQLNDVMRQVXWIRUGULQJHUJHQHUHOW RJEUXNDYWRONVSHVLHOW

1nUGHW JMHOGHUWRONHEUXNSnG¡JQLQVWLWXVMRQHUHUIRUVNQLQJHQVY UWEHJUHQVHW9LYHWPHG DQGUHRUGOLWHRPKYRUGDQEHERHUHRJDQVDWWHKnQGWHUHUVSUnNIRUVNMHOOHULGHWGDJOLJHRJKYD VRPDYJM¡URPGHWEHVWLOOHVWRONHOOHULNNH9LKDUKHOOHULNNHWLOVWUHNNHOLJNXQQVNDSRPWRONHQV UROOHSnHQG¡JQLQVWLWXVMRQ'HWWHHUVHQWUDOHWHPDLGHQQHUDSSRUWHQ,VWLNNRUGVIRUPKDQGOHU GHWRPWUHWLQJOmfanget DYWRONHEUXNutfordringerYHGEUXNDYWRONRJRPkonsekvenserDY PDQJOHQGH EUXN DY WRON L EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU RJ RPVRUJVVHQWHU IRU HQVOLJH PLQGUHnULJH

/HYHNnUVVWXGLHQRPDV\OEDUQ%HUJRJ7URQVWDGRJ(YDOXHULQJHQDYRPVRUJVUHIRUPHQ'HORLWWH NRPPHQWHUHUGHWWHPHGWRONHEUXNSnRPVRUJVVHQWHUPHQGHWILQVLNNHVWXGLHUPHGGHWWHVRPV UVNLOWIRNXV

(16)

DV\OV¡NHUH)RUnEHVYDUHGLVVHVS¡UVPnOHQHKDUYLODJWRSSWLOHQEUHGGDWDLQQVDPOLQJVRPGHW EOLUUHGHJMRUWQ UPHUHIRULPHWRGHNDSLWOHW6RPHQLQWURGXNVMRQWLOVHOYHWHPDHWYLOYLDOOHU I¡UVW VL QRH RP NXQQVNDSVVWDWXVHQ Sn IHOWHW 6HOY RP NXQQVNDSHQ RP n EUXNH WRON LQQHQ G¡JQEDVHUWH WMHQHVWHU HU EHJUHQVHW YHW YL HWWHU KYHUW HQ JRG GHO RP EUXN DY WRON LQQHQIRU YHOIHUGVVHNWRUHQJHQHUHOWRJLEDUQHYHUQHWVSHVLHOW,QHVWHNDSLWWHOYLOYLGHUIRUSUHVHQWHUHUQRH DYIRUVNQLQJHQSnGHWWHIHOWHW

ZĂƉƉŽƌƚĞŶƐŽƉƉďLJŐŐŝŶŐ

5DSSRUWHQHUGHOWLQQLnWWHNDSLWOHUKYRUKRYHGW\QJGHQHUEDVHUWSnUHVXOWDWHQHIUDGHNYDOLWDWLYH RJNYDQWLWDWLYHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQHVRPHUJMRUWLSURVMHNWHW(WWHUGHWWHLQQOHGQLQJVNDSLWOHWNDSLWWHO I¡OJHU HQ NXQQVNDSVJMHQQRPJDQJ RP EUXN DY WRON NDSLWWHO 'HQQH JMHQQRPJDQJHQ E\JJHUSnWLGOLJHUHIRUVNQLQJ±EnGHQDVMRQDOWRJLQWHUQDVMRQDOWVDPWRIIHQWOLJHXWUHGQLQJHURJ HUIDULQJVRSSVXPPHULQJHUVRPHUIRUHWDWWSnGHWWRONHIDJOLJHIHOWHW,NDSLWWHOJMHQQRPJnVGHW PHWRGLVNH RSSOHJJHW IRU XQGHUV¡NHOVHQH VRP HU JMHQQRPI¡UW .DSLWWHO SUHVHQWHUHU UHVXOWDWHU9LVWDUWHUPHGSUHVHQWDVMRQDYUHVXOWDWHQHIUDGHQNYDQWLWDWLYHGHOHQDYSURVMHNWHW

%UHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQRJGHQVnNDOWHYLJQHWWVWXGLHQHUKRYHGIRNXVLNDSLWWHORJ,NDSLWWHO SUHVHQWHUHV UHVXOWDWHU IUD GHQ NYDOLWDWLYH GHOHQ DY SURVMHNWHW± GHU LQVWLWXVMRQVEHV¡N RJ LQWHUYMXHU YHG KHQKROGVYLV EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU RJ RPVRUJVVHQWUH HU GH YLNWLJVWH GDWDNLOGHQH .DSLWWHO HU HW RSSVXPPHULQJVNDSLWWHO GHU YL GU¡IWHU UHVXOWDWHQH Sn WYHUV DY GDWDNLOGHURJSUHVHQWHUHUYnUHDQEHIDOLQJHUIRUP\QGLJKHWHURJSUDNVLVIHOW

(17)

Ϯ͘ ƌƵŬĂǀƚŽůŬʹƚŝĚůŝŐĞƌĞĨŽƌƐŬŶŝŶŐ

6SUnN RJ NRPPXQLNDVMRQVSUREOHPHU HU HQ NODU EDUULHUH L UHODVMRQHQ PHOORP QRUVNH YHOIHUGVWMHQHVWHU RJ PLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJH EUXNHUH RJVn L EDUQHYHUQHW 6OHWWHE¡ .UL] RJ 6NLYHQHV $DGQHVHQ %HUJJUDY 'HWWH KDQGOHU LNNH EDUH RP VSUnNOLJH XWIRUGULQJHU PHQ RP NRPPXQLNDVMRQ L EUHG IRUVWDQG 6WLNNRUG NDQ Y UH PDQJOHQGH IHOOHV UHIHUDQVHUDPPH XOLNH IRUVWnHOVHU DY NM¡QQVUROOHU RJ UHODVMRQHU PHOORP JHQHUDVMRQHU PDQJOHQGH LQIRUPDVMRQ RP NXOWXUHOO EDNJUXQQ RJ nUVDNHU WLO PLJUDVMRQ VDPW OLWH WLOSDVVHGH WMHQHVWHURJWLOWDN0DQJOHQGHIHOOHVVSUnNYDQVNHOLJJM¡UNRPPXQLNDVMRQHQRJEUXNDYWRONHU HWWDYGHYLUNHPLGOHQHVRPNDQUHGXVHUHNRPPXQLNDVMRQVXWIRUGULQJHQH0HQGHWnEUXNHWRON O¡VHU LNNH DOOH XWIRUGULQJHQH VRP NDQ RSSVWn L HQ NRPPXQLNDVMRQVVLWXDVMRQ RJ WRONHEUXN UHSUHVHQWHUHU RJVn HQ LQQJULSHQ L P¡WH PHOORP EUXNHU RJ V\VWHP 'HWWH HU QRH DY GHW IRUVNQLQJHQSnIHOWHWKDUIRNXVHUWSn

'HWWHNDSLWOHWHULNNHPHQWVRPHW©KHOGHNNHQGHWHSSHªQnUGHWJMHOGHUIRUVNQLQJSnEUXNDY WRONPHQWUHNNHURSSWHPDPHGV UOLJUHOHYDQVIRUGHWGHQQHUDSSRUWHQKDQGOHURP±EUXNDY WRONLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUHIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH6LGHQIRUVNQLQJHQSn GHW KHOW VSHVLILNNH EUXN DY WRON L G¡JQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU IRU EDUQ RJ XQJH HU EHJUHQVHW YLO NXQQVNDSVJMHQQRPJDQJHQ KD HW EUHGHUH IRNXV 'HQ JHQHUHOOH GHOHQ E\JJHU Sn NXQQVNDSVRSSVXPPHULQJHQVRPEOHJMRUWLSURVMHNWHWRPEDUQHYHUQRJLQQYDQGULQJ%HUJPIO *MHQQRPJDQJHQ HU VXSSOHUW PHG SXEOLNDVMRQHU VRP EHO\VHU VLWXDVMRQHQ Sn G¡JQLQVWLWXVMRQHUIRUXQJHGHULEODQWRPVRUJVVHQWUHIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH

^ƉƌĊŬ͕ŬŽŵŵƵŶŝŬĂƐũŽŶ͕ƐĂŵŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ

(W JRGW VDPDUEHLG PHOORP EUXNHU RJ VDNVEHKDQGOHU KHQJHU RIWH VDPPHQ PHG W\GHOLJ LQIRUPDVMRQ JRGH UHODVMRQHU DQHUNMHQQHOVH RJ JMHQVLGLJ UHVSHNW 'HW n VLNUH JRG NRPPXQLNDVMRQ RJ VDPKDQGOLQJ PHOORP EDUQHYHUQVDUEHLGHUH RJ EUXNHUH HU HW NMHUQHDQOLJJHQGH LQQHQ GHW IOHUNXOWXUHOOH EDUQHYHUQHW +ROP+DQVHQ PIO 9L YHW IUD DQQHQIRUVNQLQJ$DGQHVHQ+DXJHQPIODWJRGNRPPXQLNDVMRQRJVDPKDQGOLQJ HU YLNWLJ IRU n VNDSH IRUVWnHOVH RJ PXOLJKHWHU IRU PHGYLUNQLQJ 'HW OHJJHU RJVn HW YLNWLJ JUXQQODJ IRU GHQ YLGHUH SURVHVVHQ IRU VDPDUEHLGHW RJ UHODVMRQHQ PHOORP IDPLOLHQ RJ EDUQHYHUQHW 6OHWWHE¡ RJ IRU PXOLJKHWHQH IRU n VNDSH WLOOLW PHOORP EUXNHUH RJ EDUQHYHUQHW

dŝůůŝƚ

7LOOLWHUHWVHQWUDOWVWLNNRUGLDOOHEDUQHYHUQVVDNHUPHQNDQY UHHNVWUDXWIRUGUHQGHnHWDEOHUH QnU PDQ LNNH KDU IHOOHV VSUnN %HUJ PIO 'HW VRP JMHUQH RPWDOHV VRP ©)U\NWHQ IRU EDUQHYHUQHWª )\ONHVQHV ,YHUVHQ %M¡UNQHV RJ 1\JUHQ JM¡U GHW V UOLJ YLNWLJ n WD WLOOLWVXWIRUGULQJHQHSnDOYRURJKHUYLOEUXNDYWRONY UHHWYLNWLJYLUNHPLGGHO%HUJJUDY

(18)

SnSHNHU DW WLOOLWVNULVHQ PHOORP HQNHOWH PLQRULWHWVPLOM¡HU RJ EDUQHYHUQHW EOH VHWW Sn VRP HW YHVHQWOLJ KLQGHU IRU n In WLO HQGULQJ L IDPLOLHQH , WLOOHJJ RSSOHYHU VDNVEHKDQGOHUQH DW WRONHVLWXDVMRQHQYDQVNHOLJJM¡UHWDEOHULQJDYJRGHUHODVMRQHURJWLOOLW0¡WHWPHOORPLQQYDQGUHUH RJ EDUQHYHUQHW Pn IRUVWnV VRP QRH UHODVMRQHOW GHU IRUNODULQJHU Sn PLVWLOOLW NRQIOLNW HOOHU PLVIRUVWnHOVHULNNHEDUHPnV¡NHVKRVGHQHQHSDUWHQ'HWNDQWDWLGnHWDEOHUHHQJRGUHODVMRQ QRHVRPJM¡UGHQQHJUXSSHQHNVWUDVnUEDUIRUIRUDQGULQJHU

0DQJOHQGH IHOOHV VSUnN XWJM¡U HQ WLOOHJJVEDUULHUH RJ XWHQ IHOOHV VSUnN RSSVWnU GHW OHWW PLVIRUVWnHOVHU 0HQ RJVn EUXN DY WRON NDQ UHSUHVHQWHUH XWIRUGULQJHU 'HWWH KDU EODQW DQQHW ,UPHOLQ.MHODDVYLVWLVLQGRNWRUDYKDQGOLQJRPWRONHPHGLHUWHVDPWDOHUSnRPVRUJVVHQWHUIRU HQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH8WIRUGULQJHQHKDQGOHUEnGHRPDWVSUnNHWVRPEUXNHVLVDPWDOHQHRIWHHU NRPSOLVHUWGHOVDWWRONHQHLNNHKDUWLOVWUHNNHOLJNRPSHWDQVH±YHUNHQRPGHWEDUQHYHUQIDJOLJH HOOHUGHWWRONHIDJOLJH.MHODDV.RPSOLVHUWVSUnNHULI¡UVWHUHNNHGHDQVDWWHVDQVYDUPHQ RJVnWRONHUKDUHWDQVYDUIRUDWSDUWHQHLHQVDPWDOHIRUVWnUKYHUDQGUH,DUWLNNHOHQ©%DUQDV VWHPPHLWRONHPHGLHUWHVDPWDOHUªVRPHUVNUHYHWVDPPHQPHG.HWLO(LGHVNULYHUGHEODQW DQQHW

Vår analyse viser hvor vesentlig kvaliteten på tolkinga er for samtaleklimaet, for den gjensidige forståelsen mellom aktørene og for barnas mulighet til å bli hørt (…) Dette er viktig uavhengig av samtaletype og deltakere, men kan hevdes å være spesielt viktig i møte med barn generelt, og enslige mindreårige asylsøkere spesielt: Disse barna er spesielt sårbare, de har få forutsetninger for å forstå den institusjonelle konteksten de befinner seg i, de har ingen andre til å tale sin sak og står i spesielt stor fare for å bli overkjørt av det myndighetene beslutter og definerer. .M¡ODDVRJ(LGHV

(WVHQWUDOWSRHQJL.MHODDV¶VWXGLHHUDWEUXNDYWRONNDQIXQJHUHNRQIOLNWGHPSHQGH6DPWLGLJ HUKXQRSSWDWWDYVHOYHVDPWDOHIRUPDWHW,I¡OJH.MHODDVYLUNHUGHWVRPPLOM¡DUEHLGHUQHHUPHU RSSWDWWDYnI¡OJHVNMHPDHWHQQDYnHWDEOHUHHWJRGWVDPWDOHNOLPDVNDSHIRUVWnHOVHO\WWHWLORJ DQHUNMHQQHGHWEDUQDIRUWHOOHU'HWWHYLUNHUREMHNWLYHUHQGHRJIUHPPHGJM¡UHQGHSnEDUQDVRP KDUInIRUXWVHWQLQJHUIRUnIRUVWnVDPWDOHQHWHPDHQHRJSHUVSHNWLYHQHRJVRPRIWHHUXVLNUHSn GHYRNVQHUXQGWVHJRJSnGHQQ\HWLOY UHOVHQL1RUJH(WVHQWUDOWVS¡UVPnOHUGHUIRURP¡NWH NUDYWLOVWDQGDUGLVHULQJRJPLQGUHURPIRUSURIHVMRQHOWVNM¡QQNDQYLUNHIUHPPHGJM¡UHQGH± LNNH EDUH Sn EDUQEUXNHUH PHQ RJVn Sn SURIHVMRQVXW¡YHUH 'HWWH SnYLUNHU RJVn WRONHQHV KDQGOLQJVURP-R©VWLYHUHªHWVDPWDOHRSSOHJJHUMRYDQVNHOLJHUHYLOGHWY UHIRUWRONHQnVSLOOH HQDNWLYUROOHVRPVSUnNOLJEURE\JJHU1RHOLJQHQGHNRPIUHPLSURVMHNWHWP\WHURJUHDOLWHWHU

%HUJ PIO +HU NRP GHW IUDP DW PDQJH VDNVEHKDQGOHUH L EDUQHYHUQHW YDOJWH ERUW DUEHLGVPHWRGHU PHG K¡\ JUDG DY VWDQGDUGLVHULQJ 'HWWH EOH EHJUXQQHW PHG DW PHWRGHQH EOH YXUGHUWVRPYDQVNHOLJnEUXNHLVDPWDOHUSnWYHUVDYEnGHVSUnNRJNXOWXU

(19)

DĂŶŐůĞŶĚĞďƌƵŬĂǀƚŽůŬ

)UDIOHUHKROGSnSHNHVPDQJHOIXOOWRONHEUXNLEDUQHYHUQHW,0'L%DUQHRPEXGHW (QXQGHUV¡NHOVHIRUHWDWWDY,0'LYLVHUHWEHW\GHOLJXQGHUIRUEUXNDYSURIHVMRQHOOHWRONHU LEDUQHYHUQHWQRHVRPJM¡UDWHQVWLOOHUVS¡UVPnOYHGSDUWHQHVUHWWVVLNNHUKHW%ODQWDQQHWYLVHU UDSSRUWHQDWKYHUIMHUGHEDUQHYHUQVDQVDWWRSSOHYHUDWGHWEHQ\WWHVWRONIRUVMHOGHQLIRUKROGWLO GHWUHHOOHEHKRYHWRJHQIHPWHGHODYGHVSXUWHKDULNNHEHVWLOWWRONLWLOIHOOHUGHUGHKDUKDWW EHKRYIRUGHW$DGQHVHQSnSHNHUDWVDNVEHKDQGOHUQHLEDUQHYHUQHWKDUPDQJOHQGHUXWLQHU IRUnXQGHUV¡NHIRUHOGUHQHVVSUnNIHUGLJKHWHURJDWGHWLVWRUJUDGHURSSWLOGHQHQNHOWHnIRUHWD HQVNM¡QQVPHVVLJYXUGHULQJDYKYRUYLGWGHWVNDOEHQ\WWHVWRONLVDPWDOHQHOOHULNNH

3nWURVVDYDWRIIHQWOLJHHWDWHUHUIRUSOLNWHWWLOnEHQ\WWHVHJDYNYDOLILVHUWWRONLVLWXDVMRQHUGU EUXNHUHQ DY WMHQHVWHQ LNNH IRUVWnU QRUVN RJ KYRU GHWWH EOLU WLO KLQGHU IRU IRUVYDUOLJ NRPPXQLNDVMRQHUWRONHWMHQHVWHUUHODWLYWOLWHXWEUHGWLGHWNRPPXQDOHDSSDUDWHW7KRUVKDXJ 9DOHQWDRJ %HUJ ,0'L %UXNHQDY ©XIRUPHOOHWRONHUªHUGHULPRW PHUXWEUHGW V UOLJLVPnNRPPXQHUKYRUEDUQDUEHLGVNROOHJDHURJYHQQHUEHQ\WWHVVRPWRONHU6WXGLHUIUD 6YHULJHYLVHUDWEnGHVRVLDOWMHQHVWHQERIHOOHVVNDSKHOVHWMHQHVWHURJVNROHQLNNHEHQ\WWHUWRONL WLOVWUHNNHOLJJUDGRYHUIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHIO\NWQLQJHU'HWWHNREOHVEnGHWLOSUREOHPHUPHG n In WDN L WRON PDQJHO Sn DXWRULVHUWH WRONHU RJ YXUGHULQJHU DY XQJGRPPHQV EHKHUVNHOVH DY PDMRULWHWVVSUnNHW6RFLDOVW\UHOVHQ

,,0'LVVWXGLHIUDRSSJLUKDOYSDUWHQDYEDUQHYHUQVDQVDWWHDWGHKDUUXWLQHUYHGEUXNDY WRON5XWLQHQHJnULPLGOHUWLGSnEHVWLOOLQJRJEHWDOLQJPHQVGHPDQJOHUUXWLQHUNQ\WWHW WLO n VMHNNHWRONHQVNYDOLILNDVMRQHU'HWWHVDPWLGLJVRPQHVWHQKDOYSDUWHQDYGHVSXUWHRSSOHYGHDW HQVDPWDOHPHGEUXNHUHEOHYDQVNHOLJJUXQQHWWRONHQVPDQJOHQGHIHUGLJKHWHU,0'L, WUnGPHGGHWWHIDQW‘UYLJDWDQVDWWHLVRVLDOWMHQHVWHQYHJUHWVHJIRUnEUXNHWRONQRHVRP I¡UWHWLODWHWQLVNHPLQRULWHWHUYHUNHQILNNWLOVWUHNNHOLJLQIRUPDVMRQHOOHUJRGHQRNPXOLJKHWHU WLO n XWWDOH VHJ RP VLQ HJHQ VDN 2JVn 2OVHQ IDQW L VLQ VWXGLH DW GHW YDU RSS WLO KHOVHV¡VWUHQHRPWRONVNXOOHEHQ\WWHVRJDWHWQLVNHPLQRULWHWVP¡GUHLP¡WHPHGKHOVHVWDVMRQHQ RSSOHYGHVSUnNOLJHEDUULHUHUVRPJMRUGHGHWYDQVNHOLJnIRUPLGOHHJQHI¡OHOVHURJEHKRY'H KDGGHRJVnEHJUHQVHWPXOLJKHWWLOnILQQHXWRPNYLQQHQHKDGGHIRUVWnWWEXGVNDSHWULNWLJ

hƚĨŽƌĚƌŝŶŐĞƌǀĞĚďƌƵŬĂǀƚŽůŬ

,WLOOHJJWLOPDQJOHQGHEUXNDYWRONIRNXVHUHVGHWLIOHUHVWXGLHUSnNYDOLWHWHQSnWRONHDUEHLGHW,

$DGQHVHQV VWXGLH XWWU\NNHU KXQ XVLNNHUKHW PHG KHQV\Q WLO RP IRUHOGUHQH KXQ KDU LQWHUYMXHWKDUIRUVWnWWLQIRUPDVMRQHQEDUQHYHUQHWKDUJLWW6RVLDODUEHLGHUQHLVWXGLHQWLO.UL]RJ 6NLYHQHV RSSOHYGH DW WRONHQ LNNH RYHUVHWWHU ULNWLJ RJ DW RUGHQH VRP EUXNHV LNNH HU NRUUHNWHQRHRJVnVDNVEHKDQGOHUQHL%¡VLQVWXGLHXWWU\NWHXVLNNHUKHWUXQGW7RONHQH

)RUPXOHULQJHQ©XIRUPHOOHWRONHUªHURPVWULGWIRUGLGHWWHMRLNNHHUVQDNNRPWRONHULRUGHWVUHWWHIRUVWDQG'HWWH HUSHUVRQHUVRKDUWRVSUnNOLJNRPSHWDQVHRJVRPEOLUEUXNWVRPNRPPXQLNDVMRQVKMHOSLXOLNHW\SHUVLWXDVMRQHU 1nUYLKDUEUXNWEHJUHSHWLUDSSRUWHQHUGHWLGHQQHEHW\GQLQJHQ2IWHEHQ\WWHVIDPLOLHHOOHUYHQQHULVOLNHUROOHU

(20)

InULI¡OJH5DQGDOJHQHUHOWP\HNULWLNNLEDUQHYHUQIHOWHWSnNYDOLWHWHQSnVHOYHWRONLQJHQ .ULWLNNHQDYWRONLQJHQNQ\WWHVEODQWDQQHWWLOKYRUGDQGHWHUVHJLWRONHUROOHQ&KDQGRJ WRONHQV PDQJOHQGH LQQVLNW L ©VRVLDODUEHLGHUVSUnNHWª .UL] RJ 6NLYHQHV 7RONHQV PDQJOHQGHLQQVLNWLEDUQHYHUQVV\VWHPHWRJEHJUHSHUI¡UHUWLODWVRVLDODUEHLGHUQHRSSOHYHUDWGH LNNHInUXWWU\NWGHWGH¡QVNHUnIRUPLGOHWLOIDPLOLHQHRJDWGHLNNHKDUWLOOLWWLOLQIRUPDVMRQHQ GH InU YLD WRONHQ .UL] RJ 6NLYHQHV PHQHU GHWWH I¡UHU WLO GHW GH YHOJHU n NDOOH kommunikativ usikkerhetKYRUEnGHVRVLDODUEHLGHUHIRUHOGUHRJEDUQI¡OHUVHJXVLNUHSnEnGH RUGPHQLQJHURJLQWHQVMRQHU

‘UYLJIDQWRJVnDWEUXNDYWRONYDUHQXWIRUGULQJSnVRVLDONRQWRU+XQHURSSWDWWDYDW JRG WRONLQJ KDQGOHU RP PHU HQQ GHQ YHUEDOH RYHUVHWWHOVHQ RJ DW GHW QRQYHUEDOH VSUnNHW SnYLUNHU VDPWDOHQ EOLNN NURSSVVWLOOLQJ DQVLNWVXWWU\NN RJ Vn YLGHUH 'HWWH Pn EnGH VRVLDODUEHLGHURJWRONIRUKROGHVHJWLOSnHQNRPSHWHQWPnWHIRUDWNRPPXQLNDVMRQHQVNDOEOL HIIHNWLY‘YULJDUJXPHQWHUHULWUnGPHGGHWWHIRUDWWRONLQJLNNHEDUHKDQGOHURPGHQNRQNUHWH RYHUVHWWHOVHQDYRUGHQHPHQRPenbredere kulturoversettelse-DUHJRJ3HWWHUVHQHU LQQHSnP\HDYGHWVDPPHQnUGHGHILQHUHUWRONLQJVRPen trofast overføring av budskapet mellom mennesker som mangler felles språk 9HG n IRNXVHUH Sn EXGVNDSHW LNNH RUGHQH W\GHOLJJM¡UHVGHNXOWXUHOOHRJVDPIXQQVPHVVLJHDVSHNWHQHLVHOYHWRONHVLWXDVMRQHQ

5¡NHQHVOLVWHURSSHQUHNNHNUDYWLOWRONHQIRUnVLNUHHQJRGNRPPXQLNDVMRQVSUnNOLJH IHUGLJKHWHUWRONHWHNQLVNHIHUGLJKHWHUHYQHWLOLQQOHYHOVHRJGLVWDQVHWnOPRGLJKHWHYQHWLOn WnOH VWUHVV ± L WLOOHJJ WLO JHQHUHOW JRGH NRPPXQLNDVMRQVIHUGLJKHWHU %HUJ XQGHUVWUHNHUL WLOOHJJGHQHWLVNHGLPHQVMRQHQ(WLNNHQHU YLNWLJL VHJVHOYPHQKDUNDQVNMH V UOLJEHW\GQLQJIRUnVNDSHWLOOLW%HJJHSDUWHULHQWRONHWVDPWDOHPnNXQQHVWROHSnDWWRONHQ IDNWLVN RYHUVHWWHU GHW VRP EOLU VDJW RJ Pn VHOYVDJW RJVn NXQQH VWROH Sn DW LQIRUPDVMRQ IUD VDPWDOHQ LNNH EOLU PLVEUXNW 7LOOLW NDQ KDQGOH RP IOHUH WLQJ , WLOOHJJ WLO GH PHU GLUHNWH NRPPXQLNDWLYH XWIRUGULQJHQH VRP YL DOOHUHGH KDU EHO\VW EXQQHW XWIRUGULQJHQH RJVn L XOLNH RSSIDWQLQJHUDYV\VWHPHWRJEDUQHYHUQHWVIXQNVMRQXOLNKHWHULYHUGLV\QRJXOLNWV\QSnKYRUGDQ IDPLOLHU E¡U OHYH RJ RSSGUD EDUQ %HUJ .RPPXQLNDVMRQVSUREOHPHQH JMRUGH VDNVEHKDQGOHUQH XVLNUH Sn KYRUYLGW GHUHV YXUGHULQJHU DY IDPLOLHQHV EHKRY YDU JRGH QRN KYRUGDQGHVNXOOHJnIUHPIRUnE\JJHWLOOLWVIXOOHUHODVMRQHURJKYRUYLGWEDUQDEOHLYDUHWDWWSn HQJRGQRNPnWH

,WUnGPHGGHWWHDYGHNNHW,0'LVXQGHUV¡NHOVHDWGHWHUHWVWRUWEHKRYIRURSSO ULQJL NRPPXQLNDVMRQYLDWRONRJnEHGUHUXWLQHUIRUnNYDOLWHWVVLNUHWRONHDUEHLGHW

<ŽŶƐĞŬǀĞŶƐĞƌĂǀŵĂŶŐůĞŶĚĞƚŽůŬĞďƌƵŬ

.UL]RJ6LYHQHVFXQGHUVWUHNHUDWXWIRUGULQJHULWRONHEUXNNDQJLNRQVHNYHQVHUIRUEDUQD RJIRUHOGUHQHLIRUPDYDWGHLNNHInUWLOJDQJWLOWMHQHVWHUWLOEXGRJWLOWDNGHNXQQHKDWWEHKRY IRU0DQJOHQGHWRONHEUXNNDQLI¡OJHVDNVEHKDQGOHUQHI¡UHWLODWIDPLOLHQHUHQWIDJOLJLNNHEOLU

+¡JVNROHQL2VORRJ$NHUVKXVDUUDQJHUHUGDJVNXUVLNRPPXQLNDVMRQYLDWRON

(21)

JRGWQRNLYDUHWDWW$DGQHVHQ)RUnVLNUHDWIRUHOGUHIRUVWnULQIRUPDVMRQVRPJLVPHQHU VDNVEHKDQGOHUQH L $DGQHVHQV VWXGLH DW GH Pn KD PHU WLG HQQ GH WUH PnQHGHQH GH L XWJDQJVSXQNWHWKDUWLOGLVSRVLVMRQLHQXQGHUV¡NHOVHVVDN'HWWHVW¡WWHVRJVnDYDQQHQIRUVNQLQJ EODQWDQQHWDY.UL]RJ6NLYHQHVDVRPEHVNULYHUDWVDNVEHKDQGOHUQHRSSOHYHUDW GHPLVWHUEnGHLQIRUPDVMRQRJWLGLGLVVHVDNHQH'HUYLVNDGLFSnSHNHUDWGHWWHVN\OGHV DWPLQRULWHWVIDPLOLHQHVNXOWXUVSUnNRJPDQJOHQGHNMHQQVNDSWLOGHWQRUVNHV\VWHPHWI¡UHUWLO DWSURVHVVHQHWDUOHQJHUWLG,WLOOHJJYHWYLDWVDPWDOHUPHGEUXNDYWRON¡NHUWLGVEUXNHQDWGHW E¡UEUXNHVPHUWLGWLOIRUEHUHGHOVHULIRUNDQWDYVDPWDOHQHRJDWGHWNDQY UHVW¡UUHXWIRUGULQJHU NQ\WWHWWLOnInSnSODVVDYWDOHU%¡

,I¡OJH)\ONHVQHVRJ1HWODQGLQGLNHUHUIOHUHXQGHUV¡NHOVHUDWOLNHYHUGLJHWMHQHVWHUIRU HWQLVNHPLQRULWHWHUIRUXWVHWWHUPHUDYVDWWWLGWLOJMHQJHOLJKHWRJHQPHUXWIRUVNHQGHRJVHQVLWLY NRPPXQLNDVMRQVVWUDWHJL IUDVDNVEHKDQGOHUQHVVLGHPHQ DW GHW VDPWLGLJHU JUXQQWLO nWURDW HWQLVNHPLQRULWHWHUInUPLQGUHDYGHWWHVDPPHQOLJQHWPHGHWQLVNQRUVNHIDPLOLHU6OHWWHE¡

.UL]RJ6NLYHQHV%¡%¡YLVHUWLODWVRVLDODUEHLGHUQHLKHQQHVVWXGLHV\QWHVGHWYDU EHNODJHOLJ DW GHW LNNH YDU UHVVXUVHU WLO n RYHUVHWWH YHGWDNVEUHYHQH WLO HW VSUnN VRP PLQRULWHWVEUXNHUHIRUVWR7LGVSUHVVHWI¡UWHRJVnWLODWIOHUHDYVRVLDODUEHLGHUQHLNNHKDGGHWLGWLO RPVWHQGHOLJHIRUNODULQJHUDYLQIRUPDVMRQHQLYHGWDNVEUHYHQHQRHVRPI¡UWHWLODWEUXNHUHPHG GnUOLJHQRUVNNXQQVNDSHUKDGGHYDQVNHOLJKHWHUPHGnIRUVWnYXUGHULQJHQHVRPYDUJMRUWLVLQ HJHQVDN

%HUJRJ6|GHUVWU|PXQGHUVWUHNHUDWXQGHUIRUEUXNDYWRONKDQGOHURPEnGHVWUXNWXUHOOH IDNWRUHUVRPPDQJOHQGHWLOJDQJPDQJHOSnUHJXOHULQJRJUHWWLJKHWVIHVWLQJRJRPLQGLYLGXHOOH IDNWRUHUVRPPDQJOHQGHEHYLVVWKHWRPWRONLQJHQVEHW\GQLQJIRUnRSSQnOLNHYHUGLJHWMHQHVWHU

$QVDWWHRSSOHYHUDWPDQJOHQGHEUXNDYWRONNDQInXOLNHQHJDWLYHNRQVHNYHQVHUEODQWDQQHWDW IDPLOLHQ LNNH InU LQIRUPDVMRQ GH KDU NUDY Sn RJ DW NYDOLWHWHQ Sn VDPDUEHLGHW PHG IDPLOLHQ IRUULQJHV 6DPWLGLJ XQGHUVWUHNHV GHW DW EUXN DY WRON RJVn NDQ Y UH XWIRUGUHQGH 6DNVEHKDQGOHUQHL.UL]RJ6NLYHQHVVLQXQGHUV¡NHOVHRSSOHYGHDWEUXNDYWRONYDUWLO KLQGHUIRUnHWDEOHUHJRGHUHODVMRQHUEODQWDQQHWIRUGLEUXNDYWRONUHGXVHUWHPXOLJKHWHQIRU NRQWDNWPHOORPDYWDOWHP¡WHURJIRUGLIRUHOGUHQHRIWHLNNHKDGGHWLOOLWWLOWRONHQ,PRWVHWQLQJ WLOGHWWHYLVHU)\ONHVQHVRJ1HWODQGLVLQVWXGLHDWGHUPDQEHQ\WWHUVDPPHWRONRYHUWLG RJGHUWRONHQXWYLVHUIOHNVLELOLWHWXWYLNOHUGHWVHJHWWLOOLWVIRUKROG'HWWHYLVHUDWEUXNDYWRONL VHJVHOYLNNHHUHWKLQGHUIRUUHODVMRQVE\JJLQJPHQDWGHWHUPnWHQGHWWLOUHWWHOHJJHVIRUJRG WRONHEUXNVRPHUDYJM¡UHQGH

)RUnVLNUHHWJRGWWRONHDUEHLGKDU.ULVRJ6NLYHQHVI¡OJHQGHDQEHIDOLQJHU%UXNDY VHUWLILVHUWHWRONHUVRPNMHQQHUWLOEDUQHYHUQWMHQHVWHQVRUJDQLVHULQJRJEHJUHSHU7UHQLQJIRU VRVLDODUEHLGHUH L n YXUGHUH NYDOLWHWHQ Sn WRONQLQJHQ RJ KYRUGDQ GH EHVW NDQ EHQ\WWH VHJ DY WRONHWMHQHVWHQH.ODUKHWLHWLVNHUHJOHUNRQILGHQVLDOLWHWRUGUHWWRYHUVHWWHOVHREMHNWLYLWHWRJ JRGLQIRUPDVMRQRPGHWWHWLODOOHSDUWHUVRPVNDOGHOWDLVDPWDOHQ'HWHUQHSSHQRHQIDJOLJ XHQLJKHW RP GLVVH DQEHIDOLQJHQH ,QNOXGHULQJV RJ PDQJIROGVGLUHNWRUDWHW ,0'L KDU JLWW OLJQHQGHDQEHIDOLQJHUWRONHSRUWDOHQQRRJGHVDPVYDUHUJRGWPHGUHWQLQJVOLQMHQH%XIGLUKDU XWDUEHLGHW IRU EUXN DY WRON L EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU RJ RPVRUJVVHQWHU +HU VNULYHU GH EODQW DQQHW

(22)

Hovedformålet med retningslinjene er å sikre riktig bruk av tolketjenester.

Retningslinjene skal bidra til å sikre at barneverninstitusjoner og omsorgssentre for mindreårige oppfyller sin veilednings- og informasjonsplikt, og sørge for at en sak er så godt opplyst som mulig før vedtak treffes. Riktig bruk av tolk vil ivareta hensynet til forsvarlig saksbehandling, barnets rettssikkerhet og sikre at barn og familier får et forsvarlig og godt tilbud. Bruk av tolk vil bidra til likeverdige tjenester til barn, unge og familier, uavhengig av etnisk eller språklig bakgrunn. %XIGLU GHVHPEHU

6HOYRPDQEHIDOLQJHQHHUNODUHYLVHUIRUVNQLQJHQDWGHWNDQY UHYDQVNHOLJnRSSI\OOHNUDYRJ UHWQLQJVOLQMHU(QXWIRUGULQJVRP JnULJMHQHUWLOJDQJHQSnWRONHU'HW NDQY UHYDQVNHOLJn ILQQHNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHUSnHQGHOVSUnN±V UOLJ©Q\HªVSUnNVRPHUDNWXDOLVHUWJMHQQRPPRWWDN RJERVHWWLQJDYQ\HLQQYDQGUHUJUXSSHU,WLOOHJJYHWYLDWGHWJHQHUHOWNDQY UHYDQVNHOLJnIn IUDPP¡WHWRONPDQJHVWHGHULODQGHW$YVWDQGHQPHOORPLGHDOHURJUHDOLWHWHUNDQGHUIRUY UH JDQVNHVWRU1nUYLLWLOOHJJYHWDW©UHWWWLOWRONªKDUHWVYDNWMXULGLVNKMHPPHOVJUXQQODJEOLU GHWWHLPDQJHNRPPXQHUHQVDOGHULQJVSRVW‘UYLJ7KRUVKDXJPIO%HUJRJ$VN .LWWHOVDDRJ%HUJ%HUJ'HWJM¡URJVnDWGHWEDUHXQQWDNVYLVE\JJHVRSS VSLVVNRPSHWDQVH Sn IRU HNVHPSHO EDUQHYHUQ LQQDG L WRONHWMHQHVWHQH 8WHQ WRONHU VRP ©NDQ EDUQHYHUQª HU GHW JUXQQ WLO n WUR DW GHW OHWW RSSVWnU PLVIRUVWnHOVHU PHOORP WRON RJ EDUQHYHUQDQVDWWH VRP YLO IRUSODQWH VHJ WLO EDUQHYHUQHWV EUXNHUH PHG \WWHUOLJHUH WLOOLWVSUREOHPHUVRPUHVXOWDW

>ŝŶŬĂƌďĞŝĚ

/LQNDUEHLG HU HQ RUGQLQJ GHU GHW WLOUHWWHOHJJHV IRU P¡WHU PHOORP WMHQHVWHDSSDUDWHW RJ PLQRULWHWVIDPLOLHUYHGKMHOSDYNXOWXUIRUPLGOHUHHOOHUPHJOHUHSnHQJHOVNRIWHEHWHJQHWVRP

©FXOWXUDO EURNHUVª HOOHU ©OLQNZRUNHUVª +ROP+DQVHQ PIO $DGQHVHQ 3URED VDPIXQQVDQDO\VH2UGQLQJHQKDUOLWWXOLNXWIRUPLQJUXQGWRPLODQGHWPHQKRYHGSRHQJHW PHG OLQNDUEHLG HU DW GHW RIIHQWOLJH HQJDVMHUHU SHUVRQHU VRP NDQ IXQJHUH VRP VSUnNOLJH RJ NXOWXUHOOHEURE\JJHUHLP¡WHPHGPLQRULWHWVEHIRONQLQJHQ1RHQVWHGHUEUXNHV©OLQNDUEHLGHUª VRP EHWHJQHOVH $QGUH VWHGHU KDU PDQ YDOJW n NDOOH GHW ©EURE\JJHUHª HOOHU

©PLQRULWHWVUnGJLYHUHª/LQNDUEHLGHUHUHNUXWWHUHVRIWHPHGEDNJUXQQLVSUnNOLJHOOHUNXOWXUHOO NXQQVNDSNQ\WWHWWLOEnGHPDMRULWHWVRJPLQRULWHWVJUXSSHURJWUHQJHULNNHnKDXWGDQQHOVHLGHW DNWXHOOHIDJIHOWHW6DXV

, VLQ NXQQVNDSVRYHUVLNW IUHPKROGHU +ROP+DQVHQ PIO DW HQ E¡U YXUGHUH SRWHQVLDOHW XOLNHIRUPHUIRUOLQNDUEHLGNDQKDLEDUQHYHUQHWRJKYRUYLGWNXOWXUHOORYHUVHWWHOVHVNXQQVNDS E¡ULQWHJUHUHVLVRVLDODUEHLGHUUROOHQ6DPWLGLJXQGHUVWUHNHVGHWDWOLQNDUEHLGKDUIOHUHXEHVYDUWH VS¡UVPnOEODQWDQQHWNQ\WWHWWLOVNLOOHOLQMHUPHOORPWRONLQJRJIRUWRONLQJ+ROP+DQVHQPIO 6DXV0HQVWRONHUVNDOIRUHWDHQREMHNWLYVSUnNOLJRYHUVHWWHOVHVNDOOLQNDUEHLGHUH JM¡UHHQNXOWXUHOORYHUVHWWHOVH6HOYRPGHWWHLSULQVLSSHWHUWRKHOWDWVNLOWHUROOHUHUGHWOHWWnVH IRUVHJVLWXDVMRQHUGHUUROOHQHJnURYHULKYHUDQGUHRJKYRUGHWNDQRSSVWnXNODUKHWHU6SUnNHU DOOWLGXWYLNOHWLHQNXOWXUHOORJVDPIXQQVPHVVLJNRQWHNVWRJODUVHJYDQVNHOLJO¡VULYHIUDGHQQH

(23)

NRQWHNVWHQ(QHUIDUHQWRONYLOIRUV¡NHnWDK¡\GHIRUGHWWHLVHOYHNRPPXQLNDVMRQVVLWXDVMRQHQ QRHVRPDYRJWLOYLOLQQHE UHDWGHJnUXWRYHUVLQUROOHVRPHQUHQVSUnNOLJRYHUVHWWHU%HUJ RJ6|GHUVWU|PcIRUNODUHKYRUGDQRUGRJEHJUHSHUVNDOIRUVWnVLHQQRUVNNRQWHNVWNDQ Y UH KHOW Q¡GYHQGLJ IRU n IRUPLGOH HW EXGVNDS , VOLNH VLWXDVMRQHU EOLU WRONHQ HQ IRUP IRU NXOWXUWRON 3n WLOVYDUHQGH PnWH NDQ HQ OLQNDUEHLGHU XWIRUGUH IRUKROGHW PHOORP WRON RJ OLQNDUEHLGHUYHGDWGHLPDQJHWLOIHOOHURJVnIXQJHUHVRPVSUnNOLJHRYHUVHWWHUH

hŶĚĞƌĨŽƌďƌƵŬŽŐƐƚƌƵŬƚƵƌĞůůĞƵƚĨŽƌĚƌŝŶŐĞƌ

,128RPEUXNDYWRONLRIIHQWOLJVHNWRUVOnVGHWIDVWDWXWIRUGULQJHQHSnGHWWHIHOWHWHU RPIDWWHQGHDet er både underforbruk av tolker, manglende kvalifikasjonskrav og mangelfulle rutiner for bestilling LELGV. 8WUHGQLQJHQKDUHQUHNNHNRQNUHWHIRUVODJWLOWLOWDNKYRUGHW PHVWRPIDWWHQGHIRUVODJHWHUnLQQI¡UHHQHJHQWRONHORYVRPUHJXOHUHURIIHQWOLJVHNWRUVSOLNWWLO nEUXNHNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHU,XWUHGQLQJHQEHKDQGOHVRJVnEUXNDYWRONLEDUQHYHUQHW+HUGU¡IWHV EODQW DQQHW nUVDNHU WLO DW EDUQHYHUQHW LNNH EUXNHU NYDOLILVHUWH WRONHU RJ KHQYLVHU L GHQQH VDPPHQKHQJHQ WLO ,0'LUDSSRUWHQ IUD 6WXGLHQ YLVHU HW EHW\GHOLJ XQGHUIRUEUXN DY SURIHVMRQHOOH WRONHU L EDUQHYHUQHW QRH VRP JM¡U DW HQ VWLOOHU VS¡UVPnO YHG SDUWHQHV UHWWVVLNNHUKHW ,I¡OJH VWXGLHQ KDQGOHU XQGHUIRUEUXNHW RP IOHUH WLQJ 2YHUYXUGHULQJ DY QRUVNNXQQVNDSHUKRVGHPLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJH¡QVNHIUDPLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJHRPLNNHnKDPHG WRON L VDPWDOHQ L WLOOHJJ WLO YDQVNHU PHG n VNDIIH WRON L DNXWWH VLWXDVMRQHU %ODQW DQQHW YLVHU UDSSRUWHQDWKYHUIMHUGHEDUQHYHUQVDQVDWWRSSOHYHUDWGHWEHQ\WWHVWRONIRUVMHOGHQLIRUKROGWLO GHWUHHOOHEHKRYHWRJHQIHPWHGHODYGHVSXUWHKDULNNHEHVWLOWWRONLWLOIHOOHUGHUGHKDUKDWW EHKRYIRUGHW6DPWLGLJRSSJLUKDOYSDUWHQDYEDUQHYHUQVDQVDWWHDWGHharUXWLQHUYHGEUXNDY WRON5XWLQHQHJnULPLGOHUWLGSnEHVWLOOLQJRJEHWDOLQJPHQVGHPDQJOHUUXWLQHUNQ\WWHW WLO n VMHNNH WRONHQV NYDOLILNDVMRQHU 8QGHUV¡NHOVHQ YLVHU RJVn DW QHVWHQ KDOYSDUWHQ DY GH DQVDWWH RSSOHYGHDWPDQJHWRONHUKDGGHIRUGnUOLJNRPSHWDQVH±EnGHVSUnNOLJRJWRONHIDJOLJ

6RPHQLQWURGXNVMRQWLOVHOYHORYIRUVODJHWXQGHUVWUHNHVGHWDWHQKRYHGPnOVHWWLQJIRURIIHQWOLJ VHNWRUHUnVLNUHUHWWVVLNNHUKHWRJOLNHEHKDQGOLQJ9LGHUHVOnVGHWIDVWDWdette ikke er situasjonen i dag. )RUVODJHWRPnLQQI¡UHHQHJHQWRONHORYEHJUXQQHVDOWVnPHGDWEUXNDYNYDOLILVHUWH WRONHUPnORYKMHPOHV,ORYWHNVWHQVNLOOHVGHWPHOORP ©E¡UªRJ©VNDOªVLWXDVMRQHU6DPWLGLJ SUHVLVHUHUXWYDOJHWat forvaltningenalltid bør vurdere behovet for tolk, ikke bare i de tilfellene der det foreligger en plikt til å bruke tolk LELG V 'HWWH EHJUXQQHV EnGH PHG KHQVLNWVPHVVLJKHW RJ PHG NRVWQDGVHIIHNWLYLWHW 7LOOHJJVDUJXPHQWHU L WUnG PHG IRUVNQLQJVOLWWHUDWXUHQ Sn IHOWHW HU DW GHWWH RJVn KDQGOHU RP NYDOLWHWHQ Sn WMHQHVWHQH %nGH IRUYDOWQLQJVORYHQRJV UORYHULQQHQKHOVHRJEDUQHYHUQXQGHUVWUHNHUEHW\GQLQJHQDYLQIRUPHUWH EUXNHUHIRUnVLNUHNYDOLWHWRJOLNHYHUGLJEHKDQGOLQJ%UXNDYWRONNDQLHQVOLNVDPPHQKHQJ Y UHGHWVRPVNDOWLOIRUnXQQJnnVHWWHEUXNHUHDYRIIHQWOLJHWMHQHVWHULHQDYPHNWLJSRVLVMRQ

6HOYRPRIIHQWOLJHHWDWHUHUIRUSOLNWHWWLOnEHQ\WWHNYDOLILVHUWWRONLVLWXDVMRQHUGHUEUXNHUHQDY WMHQHVWHQ LNNH IRUVWnU QRUVN RJ KYRU GHWWH EOLU WLO KLQGHU IRU IRUVYDUOLJ NRPPXQLNDVMRQ HU WRONHWMHQHVWHUUHODWLYWOLWHXWEUHGWLGHWNRPPXQDOHDSSDUDWHW7KRUVKDXJ9DOHQWDRJ%HUJ ,0'L %HUJ RJ 6|GHUVWU|P PHQHU DW XQGHUIRUEUXN DY WRON KDQGOHU RP EnGH

(24)

strukturelle IDNWRUHUVRPPDQJOHQGHWLOJDQJPDQJHOSnUHJXOHULQJRJUHWWLJKHWVIHVWLQJRJRP individuelle IDNWRUHU VRP PDQJOHQGH NRPSHWDQVH RJ HWLVN EHYLVVWKHW 6YDNW MXULGLVN KMHPPHOVJUXQQODJJM¡UDWXWJLIWHUWLOWRONLQJNDQRSSIDWWHVVRPHQVDOGHULQJVSRVW‘UYLJ 7KRUVKDXJPIO%HUJRJ$VN.LWWHOVDDRJ%HUJ'HWSnYLUNHUYXUGHULQJHQDY RPGHWVNDOEUXNHVWRONHOOHULNNHRPGHWVNDOEUXNHVIUDPP¡WHWRONHOOHUWHOHIRQWRONRJRP WLGVSXQNWSnG¡JQHWGHWHUDNVHSWIRUnEHVWLOOHWRONGDJWLGNYHOGVWLGKYHUGDJKHOJ

dŝůŐĂŶŐŽŐŬǀĂůŝƚĞƚƉĊƚŽůŬĞƚũĞŶĞƐƚĞŶĞ

7LOJDQJHQSnNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHUHURJVnHQEHJUHQVHQGHIDNWRU'HWWHJMHOGHUV UOLJSnHQGHO

©Q\Hª VSUnN VRP HU DNWXDOLVHUW JMHQQRP PRWWDN RJ ERVHWWLQJ DY Q\H LQQYDQGUHUJUXSSHU 'H VWRUHDQNRPVWHQHDYHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHDV\OV¡NHUHLKDUVNDSWHWEHW\GHOLJWRONHEHKRY LQQHQIRU VSUnN VRP GHW DOOHUHGH L XWJDQJVSXQNWHW YDU NQDSSKHW Sn 'HWWH VNDSHU VHOYVDJW XWIRUGULQJHUIRURPVRUJVVHQWUHQHVRPHUI¡UVWHVWRSSHVWHGIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHXQGHUnU

%HUJRJ7URQVWDG2JVnIRUEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHNDQGHWWHVNDSHSUREOHPHUIRUGL HWWHUVS¡UVHOHQHWWHUWRONHUSnVSUnNVRPEODQWDQQHWDUDELVNSDVKWRWLJULQMDRJVRPDOL¡NHU 'HWWHHUVSUnNVRPVQDNNHVDYVWRUHGHOHUDYPLQRULWHWVEHIRONQLQJHQPHGNRUWERWLGL1RUJH .DSDVLWHWVSUREOHPHQH HU VWRUH L KHOH ODQGHW PHQ L PLQGUH NRPPXQHU XWHQIRU GHW VHQWUDOH

‘VWODQGHW HU GHW V UOLJ YDQVNHOLJ n VNDIIH IUDPP¡WHWRON ,0'L 128 7LOJDQJVSUREOHPHQH IRUVWHUNHU XQGHUIRUEUXNHW DY NYDOLILVHUWH WRONHU , VWHGHW EHQ\WWHV

©XIRUPHOOHWRONHUªVRPIHNVEDUQDUEHLGVNROOHJDHURJYHQQHU%ORP%UXNDYEDUQVRP WRONKDUOHQJHY UWLVWULGPHGUHWQLQJVOLQMHQHIRUJRGWRONHVNLNNYHGWDWWDY.RPPXQDORJ UHJLRQDOGHSDUWHPHQWHW L KWWSVZZZWRONHSRUWDOHQQRQR)RUWRONHU7RONHQV

\UNHVHWLNN , MXQL NRP GHW HQ Q\ EHVWHPPHOVH L IRUYDOWQLQJVORYHQ RP EUXN DY PLQGUHnULJHVRPWRONSXQNW†H'HWWHORYIRUEXGHWELGUDUWLOHQORYUHJXOHULQJDYGHOHUDY IHOWHWPHQIRUWVDWWKDUUHWWHQWLOWRONHWVYDNWMXULGLVNKMHPPHOVJUXQQODJ

%UXN DY WRON YLO O¡VH PDQJH DY GH VSUnNOLJH XWIRUGULQJHQH VDPWLGLJ VRP EDUQHYHUQDQVDWWH XWWU\NNHUDWGHWRSSVWnUXWIRUGULQJHURJVnLJMHQQRPI¡ULQJHQDYVDPWDOHUPHGWRON3DXOVHQPIO 6SUnNHUXWYLNOHWL HQVDPIXQQVPHVVLJ RJNXOWXUHOONRQWHNVWQRHVRP JM¡UDW RUGRJ EHJUHSHUNDQY UHYDQVNHOLJnRYHUVHWWH.UL]RJ6NLYHQHVPHQHUGHWWHI¡UHUWLOGHWGH YHOJHUnNDOOHkommunikativ usikkerhetKYRUEnGHVRVLDODUEHLGHUHIRUHOGUHRJEDUQI¡OHUVHJ XVLNUHSnEnGHRUGPHQLQJHURJLQWHQVMRQHU‘UYLJDUJXPHQWHUHULWUnGPHGGHWWHIRUDW WRONLQJ LNNH EDUH KDQGOHU RP GHQ NRQNUHWH RYHUVHWWHOVHQ DY RUGHQH PHQ RP HQbredere kulturoversettelse. -DUHJRJ3HWWHUVHQHULQQHSnP\H DYGHW VDPPHQnUGHGHILQHUHU WRONLQJVRPen trofast overføring av budskapet mellom mennesker som mangler felles språk.

9HG n IRNXVHUH Sn EXGVNDSHW LNNH RUGHQH W\GHOLJJM¡UHV GH NXOWXUHOOH RJ VDPIXQQVPHVVLJH DVSHNWHQHLVHOYHWRONHVLWXDVMRQHQ%HJJHSDUWHULHQWRONHWVDPWDOHPnNXQQHVWROHSnDWWRONHQ IDNWLVN RYHUVHWWHU GHW VRP EOLU VDJW RJ Pn VHOYVDJW RJVn NXQQH VWROH Sn DW LQIRUPDVMRQ IUD VDPWDOHQ LNNH EOLU PLVEUXNW )OHUH XQGHUV¡NHOVHU YLVHU DW OLNHYHUGLJH WMHQHVWHU IRU HWQLVNH PLQRULWHWHU IRUXWVHWWHU DW GHW VHWWHV DY PHU WLG WLO VDPWDOHQH± EnGH Sn JUXQQ DY VSUnNOLJH XWIRUGULQJHULQIRUPDVMRQVXWIRUGULQJHURJNXOWXUHOOHIRUVNMHOOHU.UL]RJ6NLYHQHV %¡

(25)

%HUJ)\ONHVHVQHVRJ1HWODQG$DGQHVHQ'HUYLVNDGLF3DXOVHQ PIO3DXOVHQ0LFKHOVHQRJ%URFKPDQQ

ƌƵŬĂǀƚŽůŬŝŽŵƐŽƌŐƐƐĞŶƚƌĞŽŐďĂƌŶĞǀĞƌŶŝŶƐƚŝƚƵƐũŽŶĞƌ

,0'LVXQGHUV¡NHOVHIUDYLVHUDWGHWHUVW¡UUHEHYLVVWKHWUXQGWEUXNDYWRONLGHQNRPPXQDOH EDUQHYHUQWMHQHVWHQHQQLQQHQIRUEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH'HDQVDWWHLQQHQIRUGHQNRPPXQDOH EDUQHYHUQWMHQHVWHQKDUIOHUHUXWLQHUNQ\WWHWWLOEHVWLOOLQJDYWRONRJHULVW¡UUHJUDGEHN\PUHWIRU GH QHJDWLYH NRQVHNYHQVHQH UXQGW PDQJOHQGH EUXN DY WRON HQQ DQVDWWH L EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH(YDOXHULQJHQDYRPVRUJVUHIRUPHQIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH'HORLWWH YLVHU GHW VDPPH ELOGHW +HU NRPPHU GHW IUDP DW WRON NXQ EHQ\WWHV QnU DQVDWWH KDU LQIRUPDVMRQGH¡QVNHUnIRUPLGOH/HYHNnUVVWXGLHQRPEDUQLDV\OV¡NHUIDVHQ%HUJRJ7URQVWDG WHJQHUHWQRHPHUQ\DQVHUWELOGH3nRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHVRPLQQJnULVWXGLHQEOLUGHWRIWH EUXNWWRONIUDPP¡WHWRONHOOHUWHOHIRQWRONRJGHHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHVRPEOHLQWHUYMXHWJDRJVn XWWU\NNIRUDWGHILNNWRONQnUGHEDRPGHWPHQDWGHWVRPUHJHOYDUWHOHIRQWRON6WXGLHQYLVHU DWGHHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJHJMHUQHNXQQHWHQNWVHJPHUEUXNDYIUDPP¡WHWRONIRUGLQ UKHWHQWLO WRONHQJM¡UGHWOHWWHUHnI¡UHHQYDQOLJVDPWDOH)UDDQVDWWHEOHGHWLHQGHOWLOIHOOHUDUJXPHQWHUW VWLNNPRWVDWW±DWGHWNDQY UHOHWWHUHnVQDNNHXIRUVW\UUHWKYLVWRONHQLNNHHUWLOVWHGHRJGHWHU OHWWHUH n VLNUH NRQILGHQVLDOLWHW 9HG IOHUH RPVRUJVVHQWHU KDU PDQ DQVDWW PLOM¡DUEHLGHUH VRP VQDNNHUXQJGRPPHQHVVSUnN'HWWHUHGXVHUHUEHKRYHWIRUWRONVHOYRP GHWOLNHYHOYLOY UH VLWXDVMRQHU GHU DQGUH DQVDWWH NDQ KD EHKRY IRU n NRPPXQLVHUH GLUHNWH RJ GHUIRU YLO Y UH DYKHQJLJDYnEUXNHHQSURIHVMRQHOOWRON

,0'LVXQGHUV¡NHOVHIUDNRQNOXGHUHUPHGDWGHWHUEHKRYIRUHNVWUDRSSPHUNVRPKHWPRW EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHIUDPRYHU'HWXQGHUVWUHNHVDWGHWHUEHKRYIRUnJnPHULG\EGHQSn nUVDNHQ WLO DW EHKRYHW IRU WRON RSSOHYHV n Y UH Vn P\H PLQGUH LQQHQIRU LQVWLWXVMRQHQH HQQ LQQHQIRUGHWNRPPXQDOHEDUQHYHUQHW'HVWLOOHUI¡OJHQGHVS¡UVPnODreier det seg om et reelt mindre behov? Hva er i så fall årsaken til det? Kan det være at institusjonsansatte definerer behov på en annen måte enn kommunalt ansatte? ,0',V(QEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQ LQQHKROGHUHQUHNNHKYHUGDJVVLWXDVMRQHUVRPYDQOLJYLVLNNHJM¡UGHWQ¡GYHQGLJnEUXNHWRON PHQVDYWDOWHP¡WHUHQWHQGHWGUHLHUVHJRPEHKDQGOLQJLQIRUPDVMRQVIRUPLGOLQJNRQIOLNWO¡VLQJ HONDQVWnVRPHNVHPSOHUSnVLWXDVMRQHUVRPNDQXWO¡VHEHKRYIRUWRON

%UXN DY WRON L EHKDQGOLQJ V UOLJ YHG LQWHQVLYH EHKDQGOLQJVPHWRGHU HU RPGLVNXWHUW PHQ IRUVNQLQJHQ Sn IHOWHW JLU In KROGHSXQNWHU IRU HQ VOLN VNHSVLV 5¡NHQHV 7YHUW LPRW XQGHUVWUHNHVGHWDWEUXNDYWRONLWHUDSLRJDQQHQIRUPIRUEHKDQGOLQJNDQELGUDWLOnUHGXVHUH NRQIOLNWHU RJ RSSNODUH PLVIRUVWnHOVHU 'HWWH JMHOGHU L DOOH OHGG L HW EHKDQGOLQJVIRUO¡S IUD DYGHNNLQJ DY KHOVHXWIRUGULQJHU RJ GLDJQRVWLVHULQJ WLO EHKDQGOLQJ RJ IDJOLJ RSSI¡OJLQJ , LQVWLWXVMRQVRPVRUJHQYLOP\HDYGHWVRPRPWDOHVVRPEHKDQGOLQJKDQGOHRPPLOM¡WHUDSHXWLVN RSSI¡OJLQJRJVDPWDOHUPHGSV\NRORJHOOHUDQQHWKHOVHSHUVRQHOO6HOYRPNXQQVNDSHQRPEUXN DYWRONLGHQQHW\SHQRSSI¡OJLQJVRJEHKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHUEHJUHQVHWYLVHUQ\HUHIRUVNQLQJIUD IDPLOLHEHKDQGOLQJRJSV\NRVRVLDOWDUEHLGPHGIO\NWQLQJHUDWEUXNDYWRONNDQY UHDYJM¡UHQGH

(26)

IRU HW JRGW EHKDQGOLQJVUHVXOWDW 6YHDDVV RJ 5HLFKHOW 5976 +DXJHQ RJ %HUJ 'HQQH W\SHQ HUIDULQJHU YLO PHG VWRU VDQQV\QOLJKHW KD RYHUI¡ULQJVYHUGL RJVn WLO EDUQHYHUQVIHOWHW

cEUXNHNYDOLILVHUWHWRONHUHUGHUIRUYLNWLJEnGHIRUnVLNUHGHUHVJUXQQOHJJHQGHUHWWLJKHWHURJ EHKRYRJIRUnJLGHPPXOLJKHWWLOUHHOOGHOWDNHOVH%UXNDYWRONHUGHUIRUYLNWLJEnGHXWIUDHW rettssikkerhetsperspektiv,XWIUDHWtillitsperspektivRJIRUnVLNUHlikeverdige tjenester(QYLNWLJ IRUXWVHWQLQJIRUIRUVYDUOLJRPVRUJRJEHKDQGOLQJHUDWUHWWHQWLOnPHGYLUNHLYDUHWDV)RUnNXQQH PHGYLUNHHUEDUQHWDYKHQJLJDYnIRUVWnLQIRUPDVMRQVRPEOLUJLWWRJNXQQHJM¡UHVHJIRUVWnWW 'HUVRPEDUQHWHOOHUXQJGRPPHQLNNHNDQWLOVWUHNNHOLJQRUVNHUEUXNDYWRONQ¡GYHQGLJIRUn ELGUDWLO nVLNUHPHGYLUNQLQJ %nGHIRUYDOWQLQJVORYHQRJV UORYHULQQHQ KHOVHRJEDUQHYHUQ XQGHUVWUHNHUEHW\GQLQJHQDYLQIRUPHUWHEUXNHUHIRUnVLNUHNYDOLWHWRJOLNHYHUGLJEHKDQGOLQJ

%UXNDYWRONNDQLHQVOLNVDPPHQKHQJY UHGHWVRPVNDOWLOIRUnXQQJnnVHWWHEUXNHUHDY RIIHQWOLJHWMHQHVWHULHQDYPHNWLJSRVLVMRQ+ROP+DQVHQPIO%HUJ%HUJRJ 6|GHUVWU|P$DGQHVHQ+DQGXOOH3DXOVHQPIO

(27)

ϯ͘ 'ũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌŝŶŐŽŐŵĞƚŽĚĞ

)RUPnOHWPHGSURVMHNWHWHUnInPHUNXQQVNDSRP EUXNDYWRONLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJ RPVRUJVVHQWUHIRUHQVOLJHPLQGUHnULJH3UREOHPVWLOOLQJHQHLSURVMHNWHWIRUXWVHWWHUEUXNDYEnGH NYDQWLWDWLYH RJ NYDOLWDWLYH PHWRGHU PHG IRNXV Sn NDUWOHJJLQJ YXUGHULQJHU RJ UHIOHNVMRQ 8WIRUPLQJHQDYEnGHNDUWOHJJLQJVYHUNW¡\VDPWDOHJXLGHURJWHPDHUIRUJUXSSHVDPWDOHUKDUWDWW XWJDQJVSXQNWLDWGHWWHHULQVWLWXVMRQHUVRPKDUXOLNHPnOJUXSSHURJIRUPnO9nUWXWJDQJVSXQNW KDUY UWDWGHWWHYLOKDEHW\GQLQJIRUEnGHWRONHEHKRYRJWRONHEUXNQRHYLRJVnKDUInWWEHNUHIWHW JMHQQRPVWXGLHQ2PVRUJVVHQWUHQHVNLOOHUVHJRJVnXWYHGDWEHERHUQHKDUNRUWERWLGL1RUJH RJ PHU EHJUHQVHGH QRUVNNXQQVNDSHU 'H KDU IO\NWQLQJEDNJUXQQ QRH VRP L VHJ VHOY HU HQ VnUEDUKHWRJJM¡UDWPDQJHNDQKDVHLQYLUNQLQJHURJSV\NLVNHKHOVHSODJHU

2JVn XQJGRP VRP ERU Sn EDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQ HU L HQ VnUEDU VLWXDVMRQ )OHUH KDU KDWW XWIRUGULQJHULRSSYHNVWHQRJGHWHUGRNXPHQWHUWDWHQK¡\DQGHOEDUQPHGWLOWDNIUDEDUQHYHUQHW KDUK¡\IRUHNRPVWDYSV\NLVNHOLGHOVHU.D\HGPIO3nRUGLQ UHEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHU KDU EHERHUQH OHQJUH ERWLG L 1RUJH HQQ Sn RPVRUJVVHQWUHQH QRH VRP QRUPDOW YLO WLOVL EHGUH QRUVNNXQQVNDSHU)OHUHDYEHERHUQHPHGPLQRULWHWVEDNJUXQQNDQRJVnKDIO\NWQLQJEDNJUXQQ PHQ JUXSSD LQNOXGHUHU L WLOOHJJ DQGUH LQQYDQGUHUNDWHJRULHU EDUQ DY DUEHLGVLQQYDQGUHUH IDPLOLHJMHQIRUHQWH QRUVNI¡GWH PHG LQQYDQGUHUEDNJUXQQ )OHUH DY GHP VRP ERU Sn EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQKDUKDWWWLOWDNLEDUQHYHUQHWHQVWXQGI¡UGHKDUNRPPHWWLOLQVWLWXVMRQHQ RJKDURIWHHWGHILQHUWEHKDQGOLQJVEHKRY'HWWHVNLOOHUGHPNODUWIUDRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHRJNDQ JM¡UHWRONHEHKRYHWDQQHUOHGHV

ĞƚŬǀĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƚ

'HW NYDQWLWDWLYH PDWHULDOHW EHVWnU DY EUHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHU WLO DQVDWWH Sn RPVRUJVVHQWUH RJ EDUQHYHUQLQVWLWXVMRQHURJHWYLJQHWWVWXGLH,GHWI¡OJHQGHYLOYLSUHVHQWHUHUGHVLJQRJPHWRGH IRUEnGHGHQNYDQWLWDWLYHRJNYDOLWDWLYHGHOHQDYXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ

ƌĞĚĚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƆŬĞůƐĞŶĞ

%UHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQHEOHJMHQQRPI¡UWHOHNWURQLVNSHUHSRVWRJPnOHWPHGXQGHUV¡NHOVHQYDU VSHVLHOWNQ\WWHWWLOGHWI¡UVWHWHPDHWLSURVMHNWHWBruk av tolk i institusjon(WVS¡UUHVNMHPDEOH XWDUEHLGHW DY SURVMHNWJUXSSHQ RJ GLVNXWHUW L UHIHUDQVHJUXSSHQ VDPW WHVWHW Sn HW OLWH XWYDOJ DQVDWWHLEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUH7HPDVRPEOHXQGHUV¡NWYDUEODQWDQQHW RPIDQJHWDYWRONHEUXNLKYLONHVLWXDVMRQHUWRONEUXNHVRJKYHPVRPEHVOXWWHUKYRUYLGWGHWVNDO EHQ\WWHVWRONGHQDQVDWWHEDUQHWXQJGRPPHQHOOHUDQGUH,WLOOHJJLQNOXGHUWHYLVS¡UVPnORP KYRUYLGWLQVWLWXVMRQHURJRPVRUJVVHQWUHEHQ\WWHUDQGUHVRPWRONKYHPGHWWHHYHQWXHOWHURJL KYLONHVLWXDVMRQHUGHWWHVNMHU6S¡UUHVNMHPDHWVRPEOHEUXNWLXQGHUV¡NHOVHQILQQHVVRPYHGOHJJ YHGOHJJ[

(28)

8QGHUV¡NHOVHQWLORPVRUJVVHQWUHRJEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHUEOHJMHQQRPI¡UWLDSULOPDLRJMXQL (SRVWDGUHVVHUWLODQVDWWHSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHRJEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHEOHKHQWHWLQQ JMHQQRP GLUHNWH NRQWDNW PHG VHQWUHQH 9L VDPOHW KHU LQQ DGUHVVHU WLO DOOH DQVDWWH 3n EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH VDPOHW YL LQQ DGUHVVHU WLO OHGHUH RJ IDJOHGHUH 7RWDOW VDPOHW YL LQQ HSRVWDGUHVVHUWLOSHUVRQHUKYRUDYDUEHLGHWSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHPHQVMREEHWSn EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH DY GH DQVDWWH Sn RPVRUJVVHQWUHQH NXQQH LGHQWLILVHUHV VRP DYGHOLQJVOHGHUYLUNVRPKHWVOHGHUIDJOHGHUHOOHUWLOVYDUHQGH

9HGXWVHQGLQJDYXQGHUV¡NHOVHQVRPEOHJMHQQRPI¡UWDY6HQWLR5HVHDUFK7URQGKHLPYDUGHW DYDGUHVVHQHVRPLNNHYLUNHWHOOHUVRPLNNHYDUNRUUHNWH'LVVHSHUVRQHQHYDUDOWVnLNNH NRQWDNWEDUH,WLOOHJJILNNYLXQGHUYHLVPHOGLQJRPDWIOHUHDYRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHEOHODJWQHG 'HWWHPHGI¡UWHDWWRWDOWDQWDOOPXOLJHUHVSRQGHQWHUYDUPHQGHWHUJUXQQWLOnWURDWGHWYDU HQGDIOHUHVHQWUHVRPYDUODJWQHGXWHQDWYLILNNPHOGLQJRPGHWWH7RWDOWILNNYLLQQVYDU QRHVRPLXWJDQJVSXQNWHWJLUHQVYDUSURVHQWSnSURVHQWPHQGHWHUDOWVnJUXQQWLOnWURDW GHQUHHOOHVYDUSURVHQWHQHUQRHK¡\HUHQnUYLWDUERUWQHGODJWHRPVRUJVVHQWUHYLLNNHYHWRP (WDQVODJYLOY UHDWVYDUSURVHQWHQEHILQQHUVHJHWVWHGPHOORPRJSURVHQW

7RWDOWVLWWHUYLLJMHQPHGVYDUIUDOHGHUHRJIDJOHGHUSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHUVRPVYDUWH SnXQGHUV¡NHOVHQRJVYDUIUDRPVRUJVVHQWUHQH$QWDOOVYDUSnGHHQNHOWHVS¡UVPnOHQHL XQGHUV¡NHOVHQYLORIWHY UHQRHODYHUHHQQGHWWHGDGHWYDUPXOLJnKRSSHRYHUVS¡UVPnO

sŝŐŶĞƚƚƐƚƵĚŝĞʹ&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ

6RPHQDYVOXWWHQGHGHODYXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ¡QVNHWYLnJnQ UPHUHLQQSnKYRUGDQbehovetIRU EUXNDYWRONvurderesLXOLNHVLWXDVMRQHU)RUnXQGHUV¡NHGHWWHKDUYLLXQGHUV¡NHOVHQEHQ\WWHW HQ YDULDQW DY YLJQHWWVWXGLH NDOW )DFWRULDO 6XUYH\ $SSURDFK )6$ :DOODQGHU :DOODQGHU /DDQHPHWV'HWILQQHVXOLNHW\SHUYLJQHWWVWXGLHeQW\SHHUNYDOLWDWLYRJ GUHLHU VHJ RP n SUHVHQWHUH HQ QHGVNUHYHW VLWXDVMRQ HOOHU OLJQHQGH IRU Vn n EUXNH GHWWH VRP XWJDQJVSXQNWIRUHWLQWHUYMXUXQGWLQIRUPDQWHQVUHIOHNVMRQHU(QDQQHQPnWHHUPHUNYDQWLWDWLY RJKDQGOHURIWHRPnYDULHUHpQYDULDEHOIRUnVHRPGHWJLUVHJXWVODJLVYDUHQHWLOGHQVRP YXUGHUHUYLJQHWWHQ(WHNVHPSHOSnGHWWHHUGLVNULPLQHULQJVVWXGLHULDUEHLGVOLYHWGHUPDQE\WWHU PHOORP HW QRUVN QDYQ RJ HW XWHQODQGVNNOLQJHQGH QDYQ L HQ FY IRU n VH RP GHQ EHVNUHYQH SHUVRQHQEOLULQQNDOWWLOLQWHUYMX0LGWE¡HQRJ5RJVWDG$OWDQQHWHQQQDYQHWYLOGDY UH OLNW(QXWYLNOLQJDYHQVOLNYLJQHWWPHWRGHHUnODIOHUHNRPSRQHQWHUHQQEDUHQDYQHWYDULHUHL YLJQHWWHQRJnJM¡UHGHWSnHQVOLNPnWHDWPDQNDQDQDO\VHUHGHQUHODWLYHEHW\GQLQJHQDYGHP LHWWHUWLG'HWHUGHWWHPDQJM¡UL)6$)RUW\GHOLJnInIUHPKYDGHQQHPHWRGHQLQQHE UHUL SUDNVLVVNDOYLLQQOHGQLQJVYLVJnJMHQQRPKYRUGDQ)6$HUXWIRUPHWRJKYDGHQEHW\ULGHWWH NRQNUHWHHNVHPSHOHW

)6$HUXWIRUPHWIRUHPSLULVNDQDO\VHDYSURIHVMRQHOOVNM¡QQVXW¡YHOVH(QYDQOLJYLJQHWWVWXGLH YLO EHQ\WWH YLJQHWWHU VRP EHVNULYHU XOLNH VLWXDVMRQHU HNVHPSHOYLV HQ DNXWW VLWXDVMRQ HQ

©GDJOLJGDJVªVLWXDVMRQRJHQEHKDQGOLQJVVLWXDVMRQ5HVSRQGHQWHQHVNDOGDYXUGHUHKYRUYLGWGH YLOOHEHQ\WWHWWRONRJRPGHYLOOHEHQ\WWHWRSSP¡WHHOOHUWHOHIRQWRONLGHQJLWWHVLWXDVMRQHQ, HQ)6$VWXGLHEOLURJVnUHVSRQGHQWHQHEHGWRPnYXUGHUHKYLONHWKDQGOLQJVDOWHUQDWLYGHYLOOH

(29)

YDOJWSnEDNJUXQQDYYLJQHWWHUPHQGLVVHYLJQHWWHQHODJHVWLOIHOGLJODQJVSnIRUKnQGGHILQHUWH DNVHU 0DQ OHJJHU DOWVn LQQ YDULDEOHU GLUHNWH L YLJQHWWHQH VRP Vn EOLU SUHVHQWHUW L WLOIHOGLJ UHNNHI¡OJH IRU UHVSRQGHQWHQH 'HQQH WLOIHOGLJKHWVPHNDQLVPHQ JM¡U GHW PXOLJ n KROGH IUD KYHUDQGUHGLPHQVMRQHUVRPYDQOLJYLVHUK¡\WNRUUHOHUWHRJGHUPHGHUYDQVNHOLJnXQGHUV¡NH KYHUIRUVHJ

)6$ HU DOWVn QRH DQQHW HQQ HQ WUDGLVMRQHOO VS¡UUHVNMHPDXQGHUV¡NHOVH VHOY RP GHQ NDQ NRPELQHUHV PHG WUDGLVMRQHOOH PHWRGHU )6$ HU RIWH EHVNUHYHW VRP HQ HNVSHULPHQWHOO HOOHU NYDVLHNVSHULPHQWHOOPHWRGH:DOODQGHUKYLONHWYLOVLDWPDQKDUPXOLJKHWHQWLO nPDQLSXOHUHYDULDEOHQHPDQYLOXQGHUV¡NHEHW\GQLQJHQDYRJVDPPHQOLJQHUHVXOWDWHQHIRU XOLNH JUXSSHU 2IWH HU )6$ DQVHWW VRP NRVWQDGVNUHYHQGH PHQ GHWWH VN\OGHV DW PDQ KDU JMHQQRPI¡UWXQGHUV¡NHOVHQYHGI\VLVNRSSP¡WHSnXOLNHLQVWLWXVMRQHU'HWWHYLOWLOVYDUHnP¡WH RSSSnHQLQVWLWXVMRQPHGVS¡UUHVNMHPDIRUnGHOHXWRJVLNUHVHJDWDOOHEHVYDUHUXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ

,GDJJMHQQRPI¡UHVVS¡UUHXQGHUV¡NHOVHURIWHVRPGLJLWDOHHSRVWXQGHUV¡NHOVHUVOLNGHWRJVnKDU EOLWWJMRUWLGHWWHSURVMHNWHW8OHPSHQPHGGHWWHHURIWHDWPDQInUODYHUHVYDUSURVHQWPHQV IRUGHOHQHUODYHNRVWQDGHU,VDPDUEHLGPHG6HQWLR5HVHDUFK1RUJHLQNOXGHUWHYLHQ)6$GHO Sn VOXWWHQ DY GHQ RUGLQ UH HOHNWURQLVNH XQGHUV¡NHOVH L GHWWH SURVMHNWHW 'HW HU HQ JU\HQGH LQWHUHVVHIRUNRPELQDVMRQHQDYVOLNHPHWRGHUVXUYH\HNVSHULPHQWHOHPHQWHUPHQGHWKDUL OLWHQJUDGEOLWWJMRUWQRUVNHVWXGLHUPHQQRHQILQQHVGHWVHIRUHNVHPSHO+\JJHQ)6$

PHWRGHQJM¡UGHWPXOLJPHGNDXVDOHIRUWRONQLQJHULRJPHGDWPDQKDUNRQWUROORYHURJNDQ PDQLSXOHUH VWLPXOL JMHQQRP EHVNULYHOVHQH VRP JLV +\JJHQ XQGHUVWUHNHU DW PHWRGHQ NRPELQHUHUVW\UNHQHYHGHNVSHULPHQWHOOPHWRGHRJPHUWUDGLVMRQHOOHVXUYH\XQGHUV¡NHOVHU9HG nKDPHGHNVSHULPHQWGHOHQRSSQnUPDQK¡\LQWHUQYDOLGLWHWPHQVVXUYH\HOHPHQWHQHVLNUHUK¡\

HNVWHUQYDOLGLWHW(QDQQHQPnWHnVLGHWSnHUDWWUDGLVMRQHOOHVS¡UUHXQGHUV¡NHOVHURIWHIRUV¡NHU nNDUWOHJJHKROGQLQJHUPHQV)6$VWXGLHUIRUV¡NHUnWDVNULWWHWRYHUWLOKDQGOLQJHURJWLORJPHG NREOHKROGQLQJHUWLOKDQGOLQJHU

,GHQQHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQKDUYLVNLOWPHOORPXOLNHW\SHUVLWXDVMRQHUKYRUGHWNDQHOOHULNNHNDQ Y UHDNWXHOWnEHQ\WWHWRON'LVVHVLWXDVMRQHQHHUEHVNUHYHWXQGHUPHGHNVHPSHOSnWHNVWHQ VRPUHVSRQGHQWHQKDUInWWOHVH

(30)

Beskrivelse av situasjon Type situasjon

‰†‘‡˜‹Ž‹‡˜§”‡‡†’¤†‡’ŽƒŽƒ‰–‡Š›––‡–—”‡‹Š‡Ž‰ƒǤ

•ƒ––‡’”Þ˜‡”¤ˆ‘”Žƒ”‡Š˜‘”ˆ‘”†‡––‡‡”‘‡ƒŽŽ‡•ƒŽ˜§”‡‡†’¤ǡ

‡—‰†‘‡‡–‡”Ž‹‡˜‡Ž‘‰˜‹ŽŠ‡ŽŽ‡”•–‹‡ƒ˜‡¤„Ž‹‡†Ǥ

‹–—ƒ•Œ‘‡‡†‡”‡†•‹‡ǡ‡–‰Žƒ••ƒ•–‡•‹˜‡‰‰‡‘‰—‰†‘‡

Ž¤•‡”•‡‰‹‡’¤”‘‡–•‹––Ǥ—‡”„‡›”‡–ˆ‘”Š˜ƒ•‘ƒ•Œ‡Ǥ

Akuttsituasjon dag

‰†‘‡‡”ˆ‘”–˜‹Ž‡–‘‰Ž‡‹•‡‰‘‰‰”¤–‡”‘‰ˆ¤”‹‡•‘˜‡’¤‰”—

ƒ˜–ƒ‡”‘‰•ƒ˜Ǥ Hverdagssituasjon natt

‡–Šƒ”›Ž‹‰„Ž‹––„‡•Ž—––‡–ˆŽ›––‹‰˜‹†‡”‡‹ˆ‘•–‡”ŠŒ‡‘‰†‡”‡•ƒŽ

¤‹ˆ‘”‡”‡‘†‡––‡‘‰‘Š˜ƒ•‘˜‹Ž•Œ‡ˆ”‡‘˜‡”Ǥ Informasjonsformidling

‡”‡Šƒ”Œ‡˜Ž‹‰‡•ƒ–ƒŽ‡”‘Š˜‘”†ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡•–”‹‰•Ǧ

•‹–—ƒ•Œ‘‡”ƒ„”—‡•‹†‡–†ƒ‰Ž‹‰‡‘‰†‡”‡•ƒŽ‹†ƒ‰Šƒ‡›

•ƒ–ƒŽ‡Ǥ

Avtalt møte

‡”‡•ƒŽÞ–‡ˆ‘”‡Ž†”‡‡‘‰—‰†‘‡ˆ‘”¤•ƒ‡‘Š˜‘”†ƒ

†‡–‰¤”„¤†‡’¤‹•–‹–—•Œ‘‡‘‰‹Š˜‡”†ƒ‰‡‡ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ

Dialog med barnets familie

‰†‘‡ Šƒ” ˜‡† ˆŽ‡”‡ ƒŽ‡†‹‰‡” „‡•”‡˜‡– •‡‰ •‡Ž˜ •‘

‡†•–‡–‘‰Ž‡‹•‡‰ǡ‘‰‡ƒ˜†‡ƒ†”‡—‰†‘‡‡’¤‹•–‹–—•Œ‘‡

Šƒ”ˆ‘”–ƒŽ–‘•ƒ‘¤–ƒ•‹––‡‰‡–Ž‹˜Ǥ—Šƒ”‹ƒŽ––‹Ž•ƒ–ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”

¤•ƒ‡‘Š‡˜‹•‹‰–‹ŽǤ

Behandlingssituasjon

 ƒ˜ —‰†‘‡‡ •–¤” ‘’’ ‹†– ’¤ ƒ––‡ ‘‰ ‡” –›†‡Ž‹‰ ˜‡Ž†‹‰

ˆ‘”–˜‹Ž‡–ǡ•‹‡”ƒ–‹‰‡„”›”•‡‰Ǥ‰†‘‡–”—‡”‡†¤–‡‡’¤

‹•–‹–—•Œ‘‡‘‰•–‹‡ƒ˜Ǥ—‘’’ˆƒ––‡”ƒ––”—•Ž‡‡‡””‡‡ŽŽ‡Ǥ

Akutt natt

‰†‘‡Šƒ”˜§”–’¤•‘Ž‡‘‰•‡”˜‡Ž†‹‰Ž‡‹•‡‰—–˜‡††ƒ‰‡•

•Ž—––Ǥƒ‰¤”Šƒ”‡––’¤”‘‡–‘‰Ž‡‰‰‡”•‡‰‹•‡‰‡Ǥ—’”Þ˜‡”¤

•ƒ‡ˆ‘”¤ŽÞ•‡‘’’•‹–—ƒ•Œ‘‡ǡ‡†—ˆ¤”„ƒ”‡–‹Ž„ƒ‡ƒ–‹‰‡

ˆ‘”•–¤”Ǥ—ˆÞŽ‡”†—‹‡‘‡”‘‡˜‡‹‡†•ƒ–ƒŽ‡Ǥ

Hverdagssituasjon dag

,WLOOHJJWLOnSUHVHQWHUHXOLNHVLWXDVMRQHUKDUYLYDULHUWQDYQHWSnEDUQHWXQJGRPPHQPHOORP -DNXE0RKDPPHG$PLU7DWLDQD6DPLDRJ)DWLPD'LVVHXOLNHQDYQHQHVNDOLQGLNHUHNM¡QQ RJRPUnGHLYHUGHQEDUQHWNRPPHUIUD-DNXE JXWW‘VW(XURSD0RKDPPHG JXWW‘VW$IULND

$PLU JXWW 0LGW‘VWHQ 7DWLDQD MHQWH ‘VW(XURSD 6DPLD MHQWH ‘VW$IULND )DWLPD MHQWH 0LGW‘VWHQ8WIUDGHWWHKDUYLLQNOXGHUWYDULDEOHUIRUNM¡QQRJDOGHULDQDO\VHQHYnUH9LKDU RJVnYDULHUWDOGHUPHOORPRJnUPHGEHJUHQVQLQJIRURPVRUJVVHQWUHQHRSSWLOnUIRU nNXQQHXQGHUV¡NHRPDOGHUVSLOOHUHQVHOYVWHQGLJUROOH9LKDU LWLOOHJJODJWLQQDWERWLGSn LQVWLWXVMRQHQ KDU YDULHUW PHOORP IHP XNHU HW KDOYW nU RJ HWW nU RJ Pn DQWDV n LQGLNHUH UHVSRQGHQWHQVNMHQQVNDSWLOEDUQHW

,LQWURWHNVWHQWLOYLJQHWWHQHKDUUHVSRQGHQWHQHInWWEHVNMHGRPDWEDUQHWXQJGRPPHQKDUHQYLVV IRUVWnHOVHDYQRUVNPHQDWUHVSRQGHQWHQHUXVLNNHUSnRPGHInUPHGVHJDOW'HWYLODOWVnY UH RSSWLOGHQHQNHOWHPHGDUEHLGHUnEHVWHPPHRPGHWVNDOWLONDOOHVWRONHOOHULNNHRJRPGHWVNDO EHQ\WWHVRSSP¡WHHOOHUWRONLQJSnWHOHIRQHOOHUVNMHUP

(31)

(QW\SLVNWLOIHOGLJJHQHUHUWYLJQHWWVLGHLXQGHUV¡NHOVHQYLOGHUPHGVHVOLNXW

8QGHUI¡OJHUQRHQXOLNHVLWXDVMRQHUGHUYLEHUGHJYXUGHUHRPGHWVNDOEHVWLOOHVWRON RJRPGHWVNDOJM¡UHVSHUWHOHIRQHOOHURSSP¡WH,DOOHVLWXDVMRQHQHWDUYLVRP

XWJDQJVSXQNWDWXQJGRPPHQEDUQHWKDUHQYLVVIRUVWnHOVHDYQRUVNPHQGXHU XVLNNHUSnRPGHInUPHGVHJDOOLQIRUPDVMRQ

9LOOHGXEHVWLOWWRON"-DPHGRSSP¡WH-DRYHUVNMHUP-DWRONRYHUWHOHIRQ1HL Mohammed er 14 år og har bodd på institusjonen i fem uker. Ungdommen har vært på skolen og ser veldig lei seg ut når han kommer hjem. Han går han rett på rommet og legger seg i sengen. Du prøver å snakke med han, men han sier bare at ingen forstår og du føler du ikke kommer noen vei med samtalen.

9LOOHGXEHVWLOWWRON"-DPHGRSSP¡WH-DRYHUVNMHUP-DWRONRYHUWHOHIRQ1HL Tatiana er 15 år og har bodd på institusjonen i fem uker. Ungdommen har ved flere anledninger beskrevet seg selv som nedstemt og lei seg, og en av de andre ungdommene på institusjonen har fortalt om snakk om å ta sitt eget liv. Du har innkalt til samtale for å snakke om henvisning til BUP.

9LOOHGXEHVWLOWWRON"-DPHGRSSP¡WH-DRYHUVNMHUP-DWRONRYHUWHOHIRQ1HL

Amir er 15 år og har bodd på institusjonen i fem uker. Ungdommen har vært på skolen og ser veldig lei seg ut når han kommer hjem. Han går han rett på rommet og legger seg i sengen. Du prøver å snakke med han, men han sier bare at ingen forstår og du føler du ikke kommer noen vei med samtalen

9LOOHGXEHVWLOWWRON"-DPHGRSSP¡WH-DRYHUVNMHUP-DWRONRYHUWHOHIRQ1HL

Tatiana er 17 år og har bodd på institusjonen i et halvt år. Ungdommen er fortvilet og lei seg og gråter og får ikke sove på grunn av tanker og savn.

9LOOHGXEHVWLOWWRON"-DPHGRSSP¡WH-DRYHUVNMHUP-DWRONRYHUWHOHIRQ1HL

Tatiana er 13 år og har bodd på institusjonen i ett år. Det har nylig blitt besluttet flytting videre i fosterhjem og dere skal nå informere om dette og om hva som vil skje fremover.

,XWJDQJVSXQNWHWVNXOOHUHVSRQGHQWHQHWDVWLOOLQJWLOVOLNHYLJQHWWHUKYHUPHQSnJUXQQDY WHNQLVNHXWIRUGULQJHUEOHGHWWHUHGXVHUWWLOnWWH

$QDO\VHQH DY YLJQHWWHQH JM¡U EUXN DY HQ VnNDOW IOHUQLYnPRGHOO 5DEH+HVNHWK 6NURQGDO 6QLMGHUV %RVNHU 'HWWH JM¡UHV IRUGL DOOH VYDU Sn YLJQHWWHQH EOLU VDPOHW

©FOXVWUHWªLQQHQIRUKYHUUHVSRQGHQWVRPLJMHQHUVDPOHWLQQHQIRUKYHULQVWLWXVMRQ'HNDQ GHUPHG LNNH YXUGHUHV VRP VWDWLVWLVN XDYKHQJLJH DY KYRUGDQ GH DQGUH DQVDWWH Sn VDPPH LQVWLWXVMRQKDUVYDUW6OLNHPHWRGHUHUYDQOLJHLIRUHNVHPSHOXWGDQQLQJVIRUVNQLQJGHUVYDUHQH WLOHOHYHUVRPJnULHQNODVVHNDQDQWDVnVWDWLVWLVNVDPYDULHUHPHGVYDUHQHWLOGHDQGUHHOHYHQH RJRJVnY UHSnYLUNHWDYKYLONHQVNROHGHIDNWLVNJnUSn

(32)

5HVSRQGHQWHQHLYLJQHWWHQHUGHVDPPHVRPKDUVYDUWSnGHQJHQHUHOOHEUHGGHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ )RUGDWDPDWHULDOHWVDPOHWKDUYLGDYLJQHWWHUVRPHUYXUGHUWDYWRWDOWSHUVRQHU YLJQHWWHUHUYXUGHUWDYDQVDWWHSnEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHUYLJQHWWHUHUYXUGHUWDY DQVDWWHSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHVRPDUEHLGHUSnIRUVNMHOOLJHHQKHWHU

6RPGHWIUHPJLNNDYSUHVHQWDVMRQHQWLGOLJHUHKDUYLSnRPVRUJVVHQWUHQHKHQWHWLQQLQIRUPDVMRQ IUDDQVDWWHRJOHGHUH+HUKDUYLRJVnLQIRUPDVMRQRPKYLONHWRPVRUJVVHQWHUGHWLOK¡UHUPHQYL KDU DOWVn LNNH GHQQH LQIRUPDVMRQHQ IRU EDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQH 'HWWH PHGI¡UHU DW YL IRU RPVRUJVVHQWUHQHNDQJMHQQRPI¡UHDQDO\VHUGHUYLVNLOOHUPHOORPEHW\GQLQJHQDYYDULDEOHUSn WUHXOLNHQLYnHUQLYn RUJDQLVDVMRQQLYn DQVDWWQLYn YLJQHWW)RUEDUQHYHUQVDQVDWWH NDQGHWJMHQQRPI¡UHVDQDO\VHUPHGWRQLYnHUQLYn DQVDWWQLYn YLJQHWW)RUnNODUJM¡UH ,WLOOHJJWLOnYXUGHUHGHQUHODWLYHEHW\GQLQJHQDYNMHQQHWHJQYHGYLJQHWWHQHVOLNGHWHUEHVNUHYHW RYHUNDQYLRJVnHVWLPHUHEHW\GQLQJHQDYKYRUUHVSRQGHQWHQHMREEHUKYLONHWRPVRUJVVHQWHU 9LKDULWLOOHJJODJWLQQHW\WWHUOLJHUHQLYnVRPVHUSnGHQUHODWLYHEHW\GQLQJHQDYNMHQQHWHJQ YHG GH VRP KDU VYDUW VOLN VRP HUIDULQJ XWGDQQLQJ RJ DQGUH NMHQQHWHJQ VRP HU KHQWHW LQQ JMHQQRPGHQWUDGLVMRQHOOHVS¡UUHVNMHPDXQGHUV¡NHOVHQ

)6$HUPHUVnUEDUHQQHQYDQOLJVS¡UUHVNMHPDXQGHUV¡NHOVHIRUPDQJOHQGHVYDUGDPDQRJVn VNDODQDO\VHUHYDULDVMRQSnXOLNHQLYnHULQVWLWXVMRQLQGLYLGYLJQHWW)RUnJM¡UHGHWWHSnHQ WLOIUHGVVWLOOHQGHVWDWLVWLVNPnWHWUHQJHUPDQVHOYVDJWWLOVWUHNNHOLJPHGVYDUSnKYHUWQLYnWLOn NDUWOHJJHYDULDVMRQ5HVXOWDWHQHLGHQQHXQGHUV¡NHOVHQOLJJHULQHGUHJUHQVHDYKYDPDQNDQ DQDO\VHUHGDGHWIRURPVRUJVVHQWUHQHNXQHUSHUVRQHUVRPKDUVYDUWYHGLQVWLWXVMRQHU SnGHWVRPNDOOHVQLYnRIWHVLHUPDQDWHWPLQLPXPVQLYnHURJGHWHUUHODWLYWInVYDUSHU LQVWLWXVMRQHQNHOWHVWHGHU$QWDOOUHVSRQGHQWHUSURPVRUJVVHQWHUHULJMHQQRPVQLWWPHQ YDULHUHUPHOORPRJ$QWDOOYLJQHWWHUYXUGHUWOLJJHUPHOORPRJ

9HGEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHKDUYLSHUVRQHUVRPKDUYXUGHUWYLJQHWWHURJDQWDOOYLJQHWWHU GHKDUYXUGHUWOLJJHUPHOORPRJ9HGEDUQHYHUQVLQVWLWXVMRQHQHHUGHWLNNHLQIRUPDVMRQRP LQVWLWXVMRQVWLONQ\WQLQJ7LOVDPPHQHUGHWDOWVnEHJUHQVHWPHGYDULDVMRQnDQDO\VHUHLPDWHULDOHW QRHVRPEODQWDQQHWJLUEHJUHQVQLQJHUSnDQWDOOYDULDEOHUVRPNDQLQNOXGHUHVLDQDO\VHQH

7LOWURVVIRUDWGDWDPDWHULDOHWL)6$GHOHQPnDQVHVVRPQRHVYDNHUHHQQ¡QVNHOLJKDUYLOLNHYHO YDOJWnWDPHGUHVXOWDWHQHDY)6$GHOHQLUDSSRUWHULQJHQDYSURVMHNWHW(QYLNWLJJUXQQWLOGHWWH HU DW YL DQVHU GHWWH VRP HQ YLNWLJ PHWRGHXWYLNOLQJVGHO LQQHQ VWXGLHU DY SURIHVMRQHOW VNM¡QQ JHQHUHOW RJ LQQHQ EDUQHYHUQ RJ WRONLQJ VSHVLHOW , WLOOHJJ KDU YL L DUEHLGHW PHG UDSSRUWHQ RSSOHYGDWGHXOLNHGDWDNLOGHQHVW¡WWHURSSXQGHUKYHUDQGUHQRHVRPJM¡UDWYLLVW¡UUHJUDGKDU WLOOLWWLOUHVXOWDWHQH

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

Opp lys nings plik ten gjel der både opp- drag og even tuelle un der opp drag og om fat- ter opp lys nin ger om ho ved opp drags gi ver i kontraktkjeden, samt li

I en slik situasjon, hvor varsleren virkelig må kjempe for eget liv og helt naturlig må innta en vaktsom og forsiktig holdning til sine omgivelser (også til dem som ikke direkte

Ved oppfølging av 146 leger utdannet i Bodø og som var ferdig med LIS1-tjenesten og hadde startet eller fullført spesialisering, fant vi at studiestedet Nordlandssykehuset Bodø

I en travel klinisk hverdag kan det være en hjelp med flytdiagrammer, men en forut- setning for å kunne anvende disse er at den enkelte må ha noe innsikt, kunnskap og erfaring.

Slik kan barn også bli hjulpet til å finne andre voksne å kny e seg til dersom egne foreldre er døde eller for traumatisert selv til å ta seg av barnet.. Mange barn kommer ut av

Ingen undersøkte faktorer ble funnet å ha noen statistisk signifikant sammenheng med median ventetid for elektiv innleggelse ved kirurgiske og ortopediske avdelinger, med unntak av

Helsefremmende arbeid søker å rette oppmerksomheten mer mot salutogenese, det vil si de faktorene som bidrar til at vi opprettholder god helse selv om vi utsettes for patogene

Vi skriver år 2000 og undrer oss over at en del lungeleger fortsa foretrekker å nedtone betydningen av røyking (aktiv som passiv) som hovedårsak til kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom