To Remain or Not to Remain Silent: The Evolution of The Privilege against Self-
incrimination Ten Years After Marttinen v. Finland
TUOMAS HUPLI *
1. Introduction and Basic Problems
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This is an Open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0/), permitting all use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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2. The Moral Basis of the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
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3. Finnish Case Law and Legislation Before Marttinen v. Finland
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4. Direct Impact of Marttinen v. Finland on Finnish Case Law, Law Drafting and Legislation
4.1 The Reversal of the Prevailing Position of Case Law
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4.2 Legislative Options to Avoid Self-Incrimination in Concurrent Proceedings: The Silence Model and the Firewall Model
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5. Drawing the Line between Silence and False Statements
5.1 Starting Points
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5.2 Concurrent Proceedings, False Statements, and the Question of Criminal Liability
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$PVSUXJUIUIFQSFDFEFOU)%XIJDIDPODFSOFEUBYBVEJUTBOEUBYGSBVE At the same time as a pre-trial investigation was being conducted in respect of person A for tax fraud, the Tax Administration carried out a tax audit in the company. The pros- ecutor pressed charges for aggravated tax fraud on the grounds that A had given false
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information in the course of the tax audit, thereby causing or attempting to cause the business income tax to be set too low. The pre-trial investigation and tax audit targeted the same actions taken by A. In its reasoning, the Supreme Court held that A’s actions in connection with the tax audit could not be deemed punishable for reasons related to the privilege against self-incrimination. The charge for aggravated tax fraud was dismissed.
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The Court, accordingly, finds that the concerns for the effective functioning of the debt recovery procedure relied on by the Finnish Government cannot justify a provision which extinguishes the very essence of the applicant’s rights to silence and against self-in- crimination guaranteed by the Convention.
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Person A and person B had been heard in the district court as witnesses in a dispute that involved circumstances for which charges had been brought against both. Subse- quently, the prosecutor demanded that A and B be punished for giving false statements in court because of what they had told the district court without resorting to the right to refuse to testify.
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Person A had been personally heard in the district court in two disputes, both concern- ing the recovery to the bankruptcy estate. Before these hearings A had been heard as a suspect for a crime (the offences by a debtor), the circumstances of which were connect- ed to the two civil cases concerning the recovery to the bankruptcy estate. A was then charged for a fraud and aggravated fraud on the grounds that by telling against the truth in the said civil disputes in order to obtain unlawful financial benefit, A had mis- lead the district court and by that way caused that the claims of the bankruptcy estate had been dismissed, for which the estate had suffered damage. For reasons expressed in the Supreme Court’s decision, A’s privilege against self-incrimination had not been insulted. The alleged violation of the privilege was not a legal ground for dismissing the charges of fraud and aggravated fraud.
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6. Conclusions and a Look to the Future
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