Suppression of Λ(1520) resonance production in central Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV

Suppression of (1520) resonance production in central Pb-Pb collisions at √

s

= 2 . 76 TeV

S. Acharyaet al.^∗ (ALICE Collaboration)

(Received 31 May 2018; revised manuscript received 19 September 2018; published 8 February 2019) The production yield of the (1520) baryon resonance is measured at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at √

sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The measurement is performed in the(1520)→pK⁻(and charge conjugate) hadronic decay channel as a function of the transverse momentum (pT) and collision centrality. The ratio of thepT-integrated production of(1520) baryons relative to baryons in central collisions is suppressed by about a factor of 2 with respect to peripheral collisions.

This is the first observation of the suppression of a baryonic resonance at the LHC and the first 3σ evidence of (1520) suppression within a single collision system. The measured(1520)/ratio in central collisions is smaller than the value predicted by the statistical hadronization model calculations. The shape of the measured pT distribution and the centrality dependence of the suppression are reproduced by the EPOS3 Monte Carlo event generator. The measurement adds further support to the formation of a dense hadronic phase in the final stages of the evolution of the fireball created in heavy-ion collisions, lasting long enough to cause a significant reduction in the observable yield of short-lived resonances.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevC.99.024905 I. INTRODUCTION

High-energy heavy-ion collisions provide an excellent means to study the properties of nuclear matter under ex- treme conditions and the phase transition to a deconfined state of quarks and gluons (quark-gluon plasma, QGP [1]) predicted by lattice QCD calculations [2]. The bulk properties of the matter created in high-energy nuclear reactions have been widely studied at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and are well described by hydrodynamic and statistical models. The initial hot and dense partonic matter rapidly expands and cools, eventually undergoing a transition from the QGP to a hadron gas phase [3]. The relative abundances of sta- ble particles are consistent with chemical equilibrium and are successfully described by statistical hadronization mod- els (SHMs) [4–6]. They are determined by the “chemical freeze-out” temperatureTch and the baryochemical potential μB[4,7], reflecting the thermodynamic characteristics of the chemical freeze-out. In the final stage of the collision, a dense hadron gas is expected to form and to expand until the system eventually decouples when elastic interactions cease. Hadronic resonances with lifetimes shorter than or comparable to the timescale of the fireball evolution (a few fm/c) are sensitive probes of the dynamics and properties of the medium formed after hadronization [8]. Within the SHM,

∗Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

they are expected to be produced with abundances consistent with the chemical equilibrium parametersTchandμB, but the measured yields might be modified after the chemical freeze- out by the hadronic phase. Because of their short lifetimes, resonances can decay within the hadronic medium, which can alter or destroy the correlation among the decay daughters via interactions (rescattering) with the surrounding hadrons, hence reducing the observed yield. Alternatively, an increase (regeneration) might also be possible due to resonance forma- tion in the hadronic phase [9]. The observed yield of hadronic resonances depends on the resonance lifetime, the duration of the hadronic phase, and the relative scattering cross section of the decay daughters within the hadronic medium.

Recent results from the ALICE Collaboration in Pb-Pb collisions at√

sNN=2.76 TeV [10] show that the production yields of the K^∗(892)⁰ resonance are suppressed in central collisions with respect to peripheral collisions and are over- estimated by SHM predictions. This phenomenon might be due to the short K^∗(892)⁰lifetime (τ ∼4 fm/c) and suggests the dominance of destructive rescattering over regeneration processes in the hadronic phase. No suppression is observed for the longer livedφ(1020) meson (τ ∼46 fm/c), indicating that it decays mostly outside the fireball. Both observations are in agreement with the calculations of EPOS3, a model that includes a microscopic description of the hadronic phase [11].

Within this model, the lifetime of the hadronic phase formed in central Pb-Pb collisions at√

s^NN=2.76 TeV is predicted to be ∼10 fm/c. The measurement of the production of the (1520) baryonic resonance, owing to its characteristic life- time (τ ∼12.6 fm/c), serves as an excellent probe to further constrain the formation, the evolution, and the characteristics of the hadronic phase.

In this article, we present the first measurement of(1520) production in Pb-Pb collisions at √

s^NN = 2.76 TeV. The

2) c (GeV/

MpK

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

)2cCounts / (7.5 MeV/

0 1 2 3 4 5

×10

c < 2.0 GeV/

pT

1.5 <

50-80%

data

(bkg. subtracted) global fit

(Voigt. + residual bkg.) residual bkg.

2) c (GeV/

MpK

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

)2cCounts / (7.5 MeV/

0 5 10 15

×10

c < 2.5 GeV/

pT

2.0 <

20-50%

+ cc.

pK−

→ (1520)

Λ |y| < 0.5

2) c (GeV/

MpK

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

)2 cCounts / (10 MeV/

0 5 10 15 20 25×10

c < 4.0 GeV/

pT

3.0 <

0-20%

ALICE = 2.76 TeV sNN

Pb-Pb,

3 3

3

FIG. 1. Example invariant-mass distributions of the (1520)→pK⁻ (and charged conjugate) reconstruction after subtraction of the mixed-event background. The solid line represents the global fit (signal+residual background) to the data while the dashed line indicates the estimated residual background. The error bars indicate the statistical uncertainties of the data.

measurement is performed at midrapidity,|y|<0.5, with the ALICE detector [12] at the LHC and is based on an analysis of about 15 million minimum-bias Pb-Pb collisions recorded in 2010. Previous results on(1520) production in high-energy hadronic collisions have been reported by STAR inpp,d-Au, and Au-Au collisions at√

s^NN=200 GeV at RHIC [13,14].

II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA ANALYSIS A detailed description of the ALICE experimental appara- tus and its performance can be found in Ref. [15]. The relevant features of the main detectors utilized in this analysis are outlined here. The V0 detector is composed of two scintillator hodoscopes, placed on either side of the interaction point, and covers the pseudorapidity regions 2.8< η <5.1 and

−3.7< η <−1.7, respectively. It is employed for triggering, background suppression, and collision-centrality determina- tion. The inner tracking system (ITS) and the time-projection chamber (TPC) provide vertex reconstruction and charged- particle tracking in the central barrel, within a solenoidal magnetic field of 0.5 T. The ITS is a high-resolution tracker made of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors. The TPC is a large cylindrical drift detector of radial and longitudinal dimensions of about 85< r <247 cm and−250< z <250 cm, respectively. Charged-hadron identification is performed by the TPC via specific ionization energy loss (dE/dx) and by the time-of-flight (TOF) detector. The TOF is located at a radius of 370–399 cm and measures the particle time of flight with a resolution of about 80 ps, allowing hadron identification at higher momenta. A minimum-bias trigger was configured to select hadronic events with high efficiency, requiring a combination of hits in the two innermost layers of the ITS and in the V0 detector. The contamination from beam-induced background is removed offline, as discussed in detail in Refs. [16,17]. The collision centrality is determined based on the signal amplitude of the V0 detector, whose response is proportional to the event multiplicity. A complete description of the event selection and centrality determination can be found in Ref. [18].

The (1520) resonance is reconstructed via invariant- mass analysis of its decay daughters in the hadronic decay channel(1520)→pK⁻(and charge conjugate, c.c.), with a branching ratio of 22.5±0.5% [19]. Particle and antiparticle states are combined to enhance the statistical significance of the reconstructed signal.(1520) refers to their sum in the following, unless otherwise specified. Candidate daughters are selected from tracks reconstructed by the ITS and TPC, are required to have pT > 150 MeV/c, and are restricted to the pseudorapidity range|η|<0.8 for uniform acceptance and efficiency performance. Furthermore, a cut on the impact parameter to the primary vertex is applied to reduce contam- ination from secondary tracks emanating from weak decays or from interactions with the detector material. Details on the track selection can be found in Ref. [10]. Kaons and protons are identified from the combined information of the track dE/dxin the TPC and the time of flight measured by the TOF.

The invariant-mass distribution of unlike-sign pairs of se- lected kaon and proton tracks is constructed for each centrality class andpTinterval. The rapidity of the candidate(1520) is required to be within|y|<0.5. A large source of background from random combinations of uncorrelated hadrons affects the invariant-mass spectrum. A mixed-event technique [20]

is employed to estimate the combinatorial background, using unlike-sign proton and kaon tracks taken from different events with similar characteristics. The background is normalized and corrected for event-mixing distortions using a fit to the mixed/same-event ratio of like-sign pairs. Figure 1 shows examples of the reconstructed invariant-mass distribution af- ter background subtraction. The (1520) raw yield is then extracted by means of a global fit, where a Voigtian function (the convolution of the nonrelativistic Breit-Wigner with the Gaussian detector resolution) is used to describe the signal.

The shape of the residual background resembles that of a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution; therefore the residual back- ground is fitted with a similar functional form,

fbackground(mpK)

=B

(mpK−mcutoff)ⁿC^3/2 exp[−C(mpK−mcutoff)ⁿ], (1)

TABLE I. Main contributions to the systematic uncertainty of the(1520)pT-differential yield in 0–20%, 20–50%, and 50–80%

centrality classes. The values are relative uncertainties (standard de- viations expressed in %). When appropriate, they are reported for the lowest and highest measuredpTbin. The total systematic uncertainty and the contribution uncorrelated across centralities (after removing the common uncertainties) are also reported.

0–20% 20–50% 50–80%

Signal extraction 12 11 9

Global tracking efficiency 10–10.5 10–10.5 10–10.5 TOF matching efficiency 1–6.5 1–6.5 0–6.5

Particle identification 3 3 3

Material and interactions 3.5–2.5 3.5–2.5 4.5–2.5 (1520) truepTdistribution 3.5–1 4.5–1 2.5–1

Normalization 0.5 1.5 4.5

Total 17–17.5 16.5–17 15.5–16.5

Uncorrelated 12–11.5 11.5–10.5 9.5–9.5

whereB(normalization),mcutoff(low-mass cutoff),C, andn are free parameters.

The raw yields are corrected for the decay branching frac- tion and for detector acceptance, reconstruction, track selec- tion, and particle-identification efficiency, evaluated through a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the ALICE detector.

Simulation events are produced using the HIJING Monte Carlo event generator [21] with the addition of (1520) signals (particle and antiparticle states). Particle transport is performed by GEANT3 [22].

The main sources of systematic uncertainty on the cor- rected yields are summarized in TableI. They include the sig- nal extraction procedures as well as the contributions related to the efficiency corrections (truepTdistribution of(1520), track selection, particle identification, material budget, and hadronic cross section) and event normalization. A significant fraction of this uncertainty, estimated to be about 12%, is common to all centrality classes.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The fully correctedpT-differential yields of(1520) mea- sured in|y|<0.5 are shown in Fig.2in the centrality classes 0–20%, 20–50%, and 50–80%. The spectral shapes are com- pared with predictions from the blast-wave model [23], which assumes particle production from thermal sources expanding with a common transverse velocity. The parameters of the model are the ones obtained from published results on pion, kaon, and proton production in Pb-Pb collisions [24]. The good agreement of the blast-wave predictions with the data is consistent with the scenario where(1520) undergoes a similar hydrodynamic evolution as pions, kaons, and protons with a common transverse expansion velocity that increases with centrality. The pT distributions are also compared to predictions of the EPOS3 model [11], a Monte Carlo gen- erator founded on parton-based Gribov-Regge theory, which describes the full evolution of a heavy-ion collision. The model employs viscous hydrodynamic calculations for the

description of the expansion of the bulk partonic matter.

EPOS3 incorporates the UrQMD [25,26] transport model to describe the interactions among particles in the hadronic phase in a microscopic approach. The results from the model are in rather good agreement with the measured (1520) spectral shapes in all centrality classes, but the model overesti- mates the yields in central (0–20%) and semicentral (20–50%) collisions.

The pT-integrated yield, dN/dy, and the average trans- verse momentum, pT, are computed by integrating the data and using extrapolations to estimate the yields in the unmeasured regions. The extrapolations are obtained using the best fit of the blast-wave function to thepT distributions.

Several other fit functions (Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, mT exponential, pT exponential) are employed to estimate the systematic uncertainties. The fraction of the yields in the extrapolated regions are 6.2%, 6.2%, and 10.4% for 0–20%, 20–50%, and 50–80% centrality events, respectively. The totaldN/dy systematic uncertainties are 17.2%, 16.5%, and 15.6%, with a significant contribution common to all central- ity classes of about 12%. The total systematic uncertainties onpTare 6.9%, 7.2%, and 6.9%. The values ofdN/dyand pTfor(1520) are reported in TableII.

The ratio of the pT-integrated yield of (1520) to that of its stable counterpart, , highlights the characteristics of resonance production directly related to the particle lifetime, as possible effects due to valence-quark composition cancel.

The yields of have been previously measured by ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at √

s^NN = 2.76 TeV [27]. Since the centrality classes for (1520) are different from those of the measuredyields, the latter has been interpolated from the measured values fitting their dependence on the number of participating nucleons in the collisions (Npart) with the empirical parametrization a+bNpart^c, where a, b, and c are free parameters. Moreover, the yield, which was not published in Ref. [27], has been assumed equal to that of, as expected at LHC energies [24]. In the following,refers to the sum of particle and antiparticle states, except for ALICE, where it is defined as 2. The yield ratios (1520)/ are reported in TableII.

Figures3and4, respectively, present thepTof(1520) and the (1520)/ yield ratios as a function of the cubic root of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity [17],dNch/dη^1/3. The latter is used as a proxy for the system radius to emphasize the system-size dependence of(1520) production, as suggested by femtoscopic studies using Bose- Einstein correlations [28]. The pT increases significantly with increasing charged-particle multiplicity, hence with in- creasing collision centrality (Fig. 3). The value in central (0–20%) collisions is 23% higher than the one in peripheral (50–80%) collisions. The measured pTis compared to the prediction from the blast-wave model discussed previously [23,24]. The good agreement confirms the consistency of the (1520) data with a common hydrodynamic evolution picture. The pT results also highlight the good agreement with the prediction from the EPOS3 [11] model. It is notewor- thy that EPOS3 fails to describe the data when the UrQMD transport stage is disabled, underlining the importance of

) c (GeV/

p

0 2 4 6 8

]

) c ) [(GeV/

p d y /(d N

d

−4

10

−3

10

−2

10

−1

10 1 10 102

(1520) + cc.

Λ

| < 0.5 y

|

0-20% (100x)

EPOS v3.107 /K/p) π Blast-Wave (

= 2.76 TeV sNN

ALICE, Pb-Pb,

(1520) + cc.

Λ

| < 0.5 y

|

20-50% (10x)

EPOS v3.107 /K/p) π Blast-Wave (

= 2.76 TeV sNN

ALICE, Pb-Pb,

(1520) + cc.

Λ

| < 0.5 y

|

50-80% (1x) EPOS v3.107

/K/p) π Blast-Wave (

= 2.76 TeV sNN

ALICE, Pb-Pb,

0 2 4 6

0.5 1 1.5

/K/p) π Blast-Wave (

= 0.646

T〉 β

〈 ) = 0.097 c (GeV/

Tkin

n = 0.722

0 2 4 6

0.5 1 1.5

= 0.608

T〉 β

〈 ) = 0.105 c (GeV/

Tkin

n = 0.831

0 2 4 6

0.5 1 1.5

= 0.508

T〉 β

〈 ) = 0.124 c (GeV/

Tkin

n = 1.220

0 2 4 6

d ata / mo d e l

0.5 1 1.5

EPOS v3.107

0 2 4 6

0.5 1 1.5

) c (GeV/

p

0 2 4 6

0.5 1 1.5

FIG. 2. (Left)pT-differential yields of(1520) at midrapidity,|y|<0.5, in the centrality classes 0–20%, 20–50%, and 50–80%. The solid and dashed curves represent predictions from the blast-wave model (normalization fitted to the data) and EPOS3, respectively. The horizontal error bars represents the width of the measuredpTinterval. (Right) Ratio of the data to the blast-wave and EPOS3 predictions.

the latter in the description of the evolution of heavy-ion collisions.

A gradual decrease of the (1520)/ yield ratio with increasing charged-particle multiplicity is observed from pe- ripheral to central Pb-Pb collisions (Fig. 4). The (1520) suppression in central Pb-Pb events with respect to peripheral events is measured as the double ratio

Rcp^∗/= [(1520)/]_0–20%

[(1520)/]_50–80%

=0.54±0.08(stat)±0.12(syst), (2) where common uncertainties cancel. (1520)/ in central collisions is about 45% lower than in peripheral collisions.

The result provides the first evidence for (1520) suppres- sion in heavy-ion collisions, with a 3.1σ confidence level.

The ratio is compared to grand-canonical equilibrium pre- dictions from the GSI-Heidelberg [4], THERMUS [29], and SHARE3 [30] models, whose parameters have been deter- mined from fits to stable particles [31]. The ratio is also compared to the nonequilibrium configuration implemented

in SHARE3, where the undersaturation (oversaturation) pa- rametersγs (strange) andγq (light quarks) are free [32]. All models describe the yield of stable hadrons well.(1520)/ in central collisions is lower than SHM predictions by values ranging from 37% to 52%, depending on the reference model.

Figure 4 also shows the data from the STAR Collaboration at RHIC in Au-Au,d-Au, and ppcollisions at√

s^NN =200 GeV [13,14]. The trend of the suppression is similar to the one seen from STAR data in Au-Au collisions at√

sNN=200 GeV. The current measurement of(1520) suppression has a higher precision at 3.1σ confidence level, as compared to the 1.8σ confidence level of STAR data in Au-Au collisions.

Finally, the multiplicity dependence of the(1520)/ratio is compared with the prediction from EPOS3 [11] (Fig. 4).

It is important to note that the model, although it system- atically overestimates the data, describes the trend of the suppression well. The double ratio Rcp^∗/ is in agreement with the data within the uncertainties, although the model is about 25% higher. This might hint to a longer lifetime of the hadronic phase than the value obtained from EPOS3 calculations (τhadr∼8.5 fm/c) or to an imprecise description

TABLE II. (1520) integrated yields,pT-integrated ratio of(1520)/,pTof(1520) production and corresponding uncertainties in 0–20%, 20–50%, and 50–80% centrality classes. The first and second uncertainties indicate the statistical and total systematic error, respectively. The values in parentheses show the systematic uncertainty excluding the contributions common to all centrality classes.

dN/dy (1520)/ pT(GeV/c)

0–20% 1.56±0.20±0.27 (0.19) 0.038±0.005±0.008 (0.006) 1.85±0.09±0.13 (0.10) 20–50% 0.70±0.06±0.12 (0.08) 0.044±0.004±0.009 (0.007) 1.76±0.06±0.13 (0.11) 50–80% 0.22±0.02±0.03 (0.02) 0.069±0.006±0.013 (0.010) 1.50±0.05±0.10 (0.07)

〉

η

ch

/d N

〈 d

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

) c (GeV/ 〉

p 〈

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

ALICE

= 2.76 TeV sNN

Pb-Pb, EPOS v3.107

EPOS v3.107 (UrQMD off) /K/p) π Blast-Wave (

(1520) + cc.

Λ

| < 0.5 y

|

FIG. 3. pT of (1520) as a function of dNch/dη^1/3. Sta- tistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as bars and boxes, respectively. The solid line shows the blast-wave predictions. The dashed lines show the predictions from EPOS3 with and without the hadronic phase (UrQMD off).

of the relevant hadronic cross sections in the transport phase.

These observations highlight the relevance of the hadronic phase in the study of heavy-ion collisions and the importance of a microscopic description of the late hadronic interactions.

〉

η

ch

/d N

〈 d

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Λ (1520) / Λ

0 0.05 0.1 0.15

ALICE

= 2.76 TeV sNN

Pb-Pb,

= 200 GeV sNN

STAR,

pp d-Au Au-Au

EPOS v3.107 = 2.76 TeV sNN

Pb-Pb,

= 156 MeV Tch

THERMUS GSI-Heidelberg SHARE3

= 2.08 γs

= 1.63, γq

= 138 MeV, Tch

SHARE3

FIG. 4. pT-integrated ratio of(1520)/production as a func- tion of dNch/dη^1/3. Predictions from several SHMs and from EPOS3 are also shown.

IV. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the first measurement of(1520) produc- tion in Pb-Pb collisions at√

sNN=2.76 TeV at the LHC has been presented. The spectral shapes and pT are consistent with the hydrodynamic evolution picture that describes pions, kaons, and protons, indicating that the (1520) experiences the same collective radial expansion, with a common trans- verse velocity which increases with collision centrality. The comparison of the pT results to EPOS3 predictions high- lights the relevance of the hadronic phase in the study of heavy-ion collisions and the importance of a microscopic de- scription of the late hadronic interactions. ThepT-integrated ratio (1520)/ is suppressed in central Pb-Pb collisions with respect to peripheral Pb-Pb collisions (first such evidence in heavy-ion collisions) and is lower than the value predicted by statistical hadronisation models. The measurement adds further support to the formation of a dense hadronic phase in the latest stages of the evolution of the fireball created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, lasting long enough to cause a significant reduction in the observable yield of short-lived resonances.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accel- erator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centers and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) Collaboration.

The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following fund- ing agencies for their support in building and running the AL- ICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Com- mittee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Min- istry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universi- dade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Min- istry of Science and Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Dan- ish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation, and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), and Centre National de la Recherche Sci- entifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung, und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH,

Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research, and Religions, Greece; Na- tional Research, Development, and Innovation Office, Hun- gary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC), and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, In- donesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Sci- ence and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Re- search Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and Na- tional Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and

Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics, and Roma- nian National Agency for Science, Technology, and Innova- tion, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia;

Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológ- icas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambien- tales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Re- search, Switzerland; National Science and Technology De- velopment Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Tech- nology (SUT), and Office of the Higher Education Com- mission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; and National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

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