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Procedural Shape Generation for Multi-dimensional Data Visualization

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1 Introduction

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(2)

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3 Perceptually-based Mapping of Shape Attributes

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I^W)F`f)]^F0HI^UÈH^Fh:P>ý]Jôh:dQÔ:dH;":PQRfòF]

ð‘H^UZj I^W)F

õ

Q?e=_)W]\]^WD:P_DFZADcHJF(ñá:PI^IJFO=I^<?;"F]^WG:d_GFH^Fô0U

õ

Oò<RIJ<?U"On:PQ?QRUda]+Žfò<Rô(l:POD:dQ?e=]^<?]\Udð

]^WD:P_DF0]´:dOò>_)HJUd;Ž<?>)F0]f)]^F(ð‡f)Qv>)<?jÈFO)]^<?UZO)]ð‡U"HôUZj_)HJFW)FO)]J<?E)Q?FN;=<?]^fD:PQR<?ïh:PI^<?U"O—A

fòHf)]^FUdð

õ

Q?e=_)W)]\<?]yHJFQÔ:dI^F0>nIJUI^W)F<?>)Fh:#Udðjn:PH^l=]y:d]\I^WòF´jÈU"]JIy_)HJ<?j<?I^<?;"F\ôUZjñ

_DUZO)FO=IIJWD:dIôh:POFO)ôU=>)Ff)]^F(ð‡f)QD<?O=ð‡U"H^j*:dIJ<RUZOù0ü^A"@gFOD:,e_GU"<?O=I^]UZf)II^WD:PI]^WG:d_GF"L"]J<?ïF"L

I^Fÿ=IJf)H^F"LZU"HJ<?FO=IY:dIJ<?U"OvL,I^H(:dO)]J_D:dHJFO)ôe=LZWŽfòF"Ld]Y:PI^f)H(:dIJ<RUZOvLdE)HJ<

õ

W=I^O)F0]^]hL=:dOò>×IJHY:dOò]^_D:PH^FO)ô0e

:dHJF´HJFI^<?OD:PQB_)H^UZ_DF0H^I^<?F]UPð&jn:PH^l=]\I^WD:PIôh:dO*FO)ô0UŽ>òF<?O=ð‘U"HJjn:PI^<?U"O*ù?ú!=LBú,Pü^A-yFHJI^<?O*WD:d]

]^IJf)>)<?F>I^WòFNf)]JFNUdðvj*:dHJlŽ]—ð‘UZHIa\Udñ>)<?jFO)]J<?U"OD:PQ"I^WòFjn:PI^<?ôyj*:d_)]:PO)>

õ

<?;"F0]Fÿ):djÈ_)Q?F]

UdðBW)Udaé]JWD:d_GFNô,:dOEGFNj<?]Jf)]^F>`<?OI^W)FHJFO)>)F0H^<?O

õ

UdðvI^WòF]^Fjn:d_ò]ºù0ü^AOW)<?]F0ÿg:Pj_)Q?F],L

]^WD:P_DF0]º:PH^Ff)]JF>IJUH^F_òH^F]JFO=I_)f)H^F0QReô,:dI^F

õ

U"HJ<?ôh:dQG>D:dI(::dO)>vLPð‘UZH&IJW)<?]H^F,:d]^UZOvL=W)Ff)]JF]

:*]^j*:dQ?QôU"Q?Q?FôIJ<?U"OéUPðN>)<?]^IJ<ROòôI×<?ôUZO)]`]^f)ô(W :P]×]JIY:PHhLôHJU"]^],L].=fD:PH^F"L7ô<?H^ôQ?F"L—I^HJ<m:PO

õ

Q?F"L

:dO)>*]JUU"O—A-yFô,:df)]JFFh:dô(W<?O)>)<?;=<?>)fD:PQB]^WD:P_DF>òUŽF0]NO)UZINWD:,;ZF.:PO=e<?O)W)FHJFO=IjFh:PO)<?O

õ L

I^W)FHJFh:d>)F0H´<?]\ð‘UZH^ôF0>I^UôUZO=I^<?O=fD:dQ?Q?e×Q?U=U"lfò_I^W)F#]^WD:P_DF]jÈFh:dO)<?O

õ

<?O*I^W)Fjn:P_Q?F

õ ñ

FO)>vAZîW)Fjn:d<?O`>)<öóôf)Q?Ie`<R]7I^WD:PIº:ô0U"Q?Q?FôI^<?UZOUdð&:dHJE)<?I^H(:dH^e<?ôUZO)]\>)U=F]yOòU"IWD:,;ZF´:POŽe

O)FôF0]^]Y:PH^e;=<?]^fD:PQDUZH^>)F0HhL=:dO)>]JU×:dO=e×:P]^]^<

õ

O)jFO=IUdðB]^WG:d_GFNI^U#jFh:PO)<?O

õ

<?]F,=f)<?;":PQRF0OŽI,A

4 Procedural Shape Visualization

TF*WD:,;"F*Fÿ=_)Q?U"HJF>ÉIJW)H^FF >)<þFHJFO=I*_)H^U=ôF>òf)HY:PQ´IJFô(W)O)<%=f)F]ð‘U"HIJW)F

õ

F0O)FHY:PI^<?U"OUdð

õ

Q?e=_)W]JWD:d_GF/ò]^f)_GFH.=fD:P>)H^<?ô],LGð‘H(:dôI(:dQB>)FI(:d<?QLD:PO)><?j_òQR<?ô<?I]Jf)Hð:dôF],AGoNQ?QBI^W)HJFF`I^Fô(W=ñ

O)<%=f)F]f)]JF´:#_)H^U=ôF0>)f)HY:PQv:d_)_òH^UŽ:Pô(W`ð‘U"H

õ

Q?eŽ_òW>)F]^<

õ

OI^U]JU"Q?;"FI^W)FôU"jÈ_)Q?Fÿ_)HJU"E)Q?Fj

Udð)jF,:dO)<?O

õ

ð‘f)Q

õ

Q?e=_)W>òF]^<

õ

O—AÄcËH^U=ôF>)fòHY:dQò]^WD:P_DF

õ

FOòFHY:PI^<?U"OIJFô(W)O)<%=f)F]_òH^Ud;=<?>)F0DFÿZñ

<?E)<?QR<?Ie=L=>D:dI(:*:dE)]JI^HY:PôI^<?UZOvLv:dOò>ð‘HJFF>)UZj ð‘HJU"j ]^_GFô<Dôh:PI^<?U"OTUPðy>)FI(:d<?Q?F>T]^WD:P_DF0]ù10üáA

cH^U=ôF0>)f)HY:PQBI^Fô(W)Oò<2=f)F0]N:dQ?Q?Uda IJW)FN]JWD:d_GFI^U`EDFôU"O=IJH^U"Q?Q?F>ÈEŽe`W)<

õ

Wgñ÷Q?F;ZFQDô0U"O=I^HJU"QB_D:Äñ

HY:PjFIJFH^],AvîW)FÈf)]^F0HôYWG:dO

õ

F]I^W)F

õ

Q?e=_)Wé]JWD:d_GFð‡H^U"j : jUZH^F>)<?H^F0ôI^UZH^<Ô:dQL—<ROò>)<?H^FôI

:d]J_DFô0IhLGaW)FHJFW)FUZH]^W)F`<?]f)O=E)f)H^>òFO)F> ð‘H^UZj I^WòFð‘f)Q?QBFÿ=_)Q?<?ô<?I]^_GFô<Dôh:PI^<?U"O Udð>)F(ñ

IY:P<RQ?F>]JWD:d_GF],A

f)H

õ

U=:dQGð‘UZH

õ

Q?eŽ_òW>)F]^<

õ

Ona:d]\I^U:PQ?QRUda I^W)F:Pf)I^UZjn:dIJ<?ôjn:d_ò_)<?O

õ

Udð

>D:dI(:IJU]^WD:P_DF#<RO*:`ôU"jÈ_)H^F0W)FO)]J<REòQRFZL=Fh:d]J<RQ?eôUZO=I^H^UZQ?Qm:PE)Q?FNj*:dO)O)F0HhA

4.1 Fractal shape detail

O)FN]J<RjÈ_)Q?Fy_òH^U=ôF>)fòHY:dQ—I^Fô(W)Oò<2=f)FVð‘U"H\]^WG:d_GFN;=<?]^fD:PQR<?ïh:PI^<?U"O`<?]yIJU

õ

FO)FH(:dIJF´>ò<R]JI^UZH^I^F0>

;"FHJ]^<?U"Oò]´UPðº:EG:d]^<?ô`]^WD:P_DFZLB]^f)ô(Wé:P]´:Èôf)EGF"LBaW)F0H^FI^WòFs:PjU"fòOŽIUPðy>)F;=<Ô:dIJ<?U"O*ð‘HJU"j

I^W)FED:d]J<?ôN]^WG:d_GFN<?]y_òH^U"_GU"HJI^<?U"OG:dQ)IJU×IJW)FN>D:PIY:>ò<RjÈFO)]J<RUZOEDF0<RO

õ

;=<R]JfD:dQ?<?ïF> /"Q?Udaä>D:dI(:

;":dQ?f)F]a<?Q?Qjn:d_ I^U*I^W)FEG:d]^F]JWD:d_GF:dOò>TW)<

õ

W>D:PIY:*;":PQ?f)F]a<?QRQj*:d_IJUn;ZFH^e_GFHñ

I^f)HJEDF0>ý]JWD:d_GF]hA—9N<?]J_)QÔ:dôFjÈFO=Ijn:P_)_)<?O

õ

<R]f)]JF>I^Uô0H^Fh:PI^FI^WòF×>)F0;Ž<Ô:PI^<?U"OÈð‘HJU"j I^WòF

ED:d]JF×]JWD:d_GF"A TF×fò]^F>é:sð‘HY:PôI^<?U"OG:dQ3\H^UdaO)<Ô:POjUZI^<?U"O4?ð5ºS6ù70ü\I^f)HJE)f)Q?FO)ôF`ð‡f)O)ô(ñ

I^<?U"OI^U*ôHJFh:dIJF*I^W)F>)<?]J_)QÔ:dôFjÈFO=Ið‘H^UZjI^WòFU"H^< <ROG:dQ]^f)Háð÷:dô0F"AvîWòFjn:P<?On<?>)F,:*a<?I^W

(4)

õ

I^H(:dôIJ<RO

õ

ð‡H^U"j IJW)F`_DFHJôF_)IJ<?U"OTUdðI^WòF×Q?Uda2ð‘HJF,=f)FO)ôeED:P]^F]^WG:d_GF_DFHJôF_)IJ<?U"OvA—îW)<?]

:d>)>ò<RIJ<?U"O`Udð&Wò<

õ

W`ð‘H^F8ŽfòFO)ôe*<?O=ð‘UZH^jn:PI^<?U"O#>)U=F]O)U"I\>)FIJHY:PôI\ð‘H^UZj I^WòFNUd;"F0HY:dQ?QG]^_D:PI^<Ô:dQ

_D:dIJI^FHJO*UdðvI^WòF´>G:dIY:òL"aWò<Rô(WÈôh:dO*U=ôôf)H\ð‡H^U"j IJW)F

õ

FO)F0HY:dIJ<?U"O*UdðvO)UZO=ñH^FQÔ:dIJF>*]^WD:P_DF0]hA

—<

õ

f)H^Fú\]^W)Uda]7I^W)F\H^F]Jf)Q?I^]\UdðBI^W)<?]I^F0ôYWòO)<%ŽfòFN:d_)_)Q?<?F>`I^U:]^<?j_òQRF7HY:dOò>)U"jIJF]^I\>D:dI(:

]^FIaWòFH^FI^WòF´>G:dIY:.;":dQ?f)F]\O)Fh:PHïFH^U:PH^Fôf)EGU"<?>n:PO)>IJW)F"9ð‘f)ï0ïe-:×ôfòEDF]WD:,;"F>D:dI(:

;":dQ?f)F]\O)Fh:PHU"O)FZA

Fig. 1. Example fractal displacement of a base cube shape. The data values are a random data set, with values ranging from 0 (smooth cube) to 1 (fuzzy cube).

4.2 Procedural shape visualization using superquadrics

@=f)_GFH.=fD:P>)H^<?ô]:PH^F:OD:PI^f)H(:dQ=I^U=U"QPð‘U"H:df)IJU"j*:dI^<?ô]^WG:d_GFy;=<?]^fD:PQ?<Rï,:dI^<?UZONI^WG:dIôh:dO`:dQ?Q?Uda

ð‘H^UZj UZO)FIJU´Ia\U>D:PIY:>ò<RjÈFO)]J<RUZO)]BI^UEDF\;=<?]^fD:PQR<?ïF0>a<?I^W]JWD:d_GF"Ad@=f)_GFH.=fD:P>)H^<?ô],LGH^]^I

<?OŽIJH^U=>)f)ô0F>*I^UôUZj_)f)IJFH

õ

H(:d_)Wò<Rô0]NE=e:dHJHùRú%ü^L):dH^FFÿ=IJFO)]^<?UZO)]NUPð;=fD:P>)H^<?ô]^fòHð÷:PôF]

aW)FHJFI^W)FIJH^<

õ

UZO)U"jÈFI^HJ<RôIJFH^jÈ]Ë:PH^FFh:Pô(W×H(:d<?]^F>IJUFÿ=_DUZO)FO=I^],AŽ@=fò_DFH<=fD:d>)HJ<?ô]ôUZjF

<?O`ð‘U"f)H\jn:P<?Oð÷:Pj<?Q?<?F]!/,W=e=_DFHJEDUZQ?U"<?>UPð&U"OòFN]^WòFFIhLòW=eŽ_GFHJEDUZQRUZ<?>UdðvIa\U`]^W)FF0I^]hLGFQ?Q?<?_=ñ

]^UZ<R>—LÄ:PO)>`I^U"HJU"<?>vAòU"HU"f)H<?O)<?I^<Ô:PQŽ<?jÈ_)Q?FjFO=IY:PI^<?U"OayFWD:,;ZFyô(W)UZ]^FO]Jf)_GFH^FQ?Q?<?_)]^F0]y>)fòF

I^U`I^W)F0<RH\ð:dj<?Q?<Ô:dHJ<…Ie=LhEòf)II^W)F]JeŽ]JI^Fj ô,:dO*EDFFh:P]^<?Q?eFÿ=IJFO)>)F> I^U`f)]^FUZI^W)F0HIeŽ_GF]Udð

]^f)_GFH<ŽfG:d>)HJ<Rô0]N:d]\ayFQ?QD:P]yô0U"jE)<?OD:PI^<?U"O)]UPðvIeŽ_GF],A)UZHFÿ):djÈ_)Q?F"Ld]^fò_DFHJI^UZH^U"<?>)]ô0U"f)Q?>

EDFf)]JF>*ð‘UZHyOòF

õ

:PI^<?;"F;":dQ?f)F0]N:dO)>È]^f)_GFH^F0QRQ?<?_)]JU"<?>)]ð‡U"H\_DUZ]^<?I^<?;"F;":PQRfòF]hA

OI^W)Fôh:d]JFNI^WòFNUdðv]Jf)_GFH^FQ?Q?<?_)]^UZ<?>)]hLZI^W)FI^HJ<

õ

U"O)UZjFIJH^<?ô\I^FHJj]y:PH^F´:P]^]J<

õ

O)F>Fÿ=_GUdñ

O)FO=I^]N:P]\ð‘U"Q?Q?Uda]!/

=

?>@BA3C DEF

K

ôUZ]HGáKI>3ôU"]JG‘XKA

F X

ôUZ]HGáKI>3ôU"]JG‘XKA

F b

]J<?O GK

> LM

@NPORQ TSU>VS

ORQ

NWO

SXAZY\[]

îW)F]^F`Fÿ=_GU"O)FO=IJ]×:dQ?Q?Uda ô0U"O=I^<?O=f)U"fò]NôUZOŽIJH^UZQ&Ud;ZFHNIJW)F`ôYWG:dHY:PôI^F0H^<?]^IJ<Rô0]ÔIJW)F×ô0U"O=ñ

(5)

õ

I^<?U"O—A)UZHFÿ):djÈ_)Q?F"L^,úY ú:dO)>^JTY úV_)H^U=>)f)ô0F]ôf)EGU"<?>]^WG:d_GF]hL^,ú Y ú:dOò>^H _íú

_)H^U=>)fòôF]ôe=Q?<?O)>)H^UZ<?>T]^WD:P_DF],L^,úa`b U"Hc^Hd`b–_)H^U=>)f)ô0F]_)<?O)ô(W)F0> ]JWD:d_GF]aW)<?Q?F

^,úeCfUZHe^JcCg_)H^U=>)fòôF]#ð÷:dôF0I^F>]^WD:P_DF0]hABo]´ô,:dOEDF`]^FF0Oý<?O—<

õ

f)HJF'òLG;":dH^e=<?O

õ

I^W)FFÿ=_GU"O)F0OŽIJ]N:dô(W)<?F;ZF]]^jÈUŽUZI^WvLZf)O)>òFH^]JIY:dOò>D:dE)Q?FI^H(:dO)]J<?I^<?U"O)]<?OÈ]^WD:P_DF"AòîW)FHJF(ð‘U"HJF"L

jn:P_)_)<?O

õ

>D:dI(:N;":PQ?f)F]I^UI^WòFFÿ=_DUZO)FO=I^]_òH^Ud;=<?>)F]O)U"I7U"O)Q?e:ôU"O=I^<?O=f)UZf)]hLd:dfòI^U"j*:dIJ<Rô

ôU"O=IJH^U"Q—Ud;"FHI^W)F`]^WG:d_GF]NUd;"F0HY:dQ?Qh0þ:,;"UZHhL)Eòf)I´:ôU"jÈ_)H^FWòFO)]^<?E)Q?F]JWD:d_GF`jn:d_ò_)<?O

õ

:d]

ayF0QRQA

î&U _)H^U=>)f)ô0FnfòO)>)FHJ]^IY:PO)>D:PE)Q?F"L<?O=I^f)<?IJ<R;ZF]^WD:P_DF0]hLa\FHJFQ?eTU"O I^W)F*:dE)<?Q?<?IeýUPðN]^f=ñ

_DF0H.=fD:d>òH^<?ô]\I^UôH^F,:dI^F

õ

H(:d_)W)<?ôh:PQ?QRe#>)<?]^I^<?O)ô0Iºù?ú$)L)ú8,üáLPe"FIHJFQÔ:dIJF>]^WD:P_DF0]hA-TF\FO)ôU=>)F

IayU>D:PIY:>ò<RjÈFO)]J<RUZO)]<?O

õ

Q?e=_)W]^WD:P_DF<?O:jn:PO)O)FHI^WG:dI:dQ?Q?Uda]&IJW)FNF,:d]^e`]^F0_D:dH(:dI^<?UZO

UdðI^W)F]^WG:d_GFô(WD:dH(:dôIJFH^<?]^IJ<?ô]hA

4.3 Procedural shape visualization with implicit surfaces

j_)Q?<?ô<?I]Jf)Hð÷:PôF]:dH^F`:`_DUda\FHð‡f)Q

õ

FU"jÈFI^HJ<RôjÈUŽ>òFQ?<RO

õ

I^U=U"Q—aW)<?ô(Wnfò]^F×:POnfòO)>)FHJQReZñ

<?O

õ

>)F0O)]^<?Ie DF0QR>`I^UHJF_)H^F0]^FO=I\;"U"Q?f)jÈFI^HJ<?ô<?O=ð‘U"HJjn:PI^<?U"OvAJjÈ_)Q?<?ô<?IDIJFô(W)O)<%=f)F]\_)H^Ud;=<?>)F

]^jÈUŽUZI^WE)Q?FO)>ò<RO

õ

ð‘f)OòôI^<?U"Oò]Bð‘UZHv<?O)>)<?;=<?>)fD:dQZ<?j_)Q?<?ô<?I-DFQ?>`]^UZf)H^ôF0]Nù10üáA$]JU"]^fòHð÷:PôF

õ

FO=ñ

FHY:PI^<?U"O`I^F0ôYWòO)<%ŽfòF]º:PH^FI^W)FOfò]^F>ÈI^UôH^F,:dI^F:

õ

F0U"jF0I^H^<?ô\H^F_òH^F]JFO=IY:dIJ<?U"O*UdðBI^W)<?];ZU"Qöñ

f)jF0I^H^<?ô\>)FO)]J<?IeVDFQ?>vAZîW)<?]OD:dIJf)HY:PQL"]JjU=U"IJW×E)Q?FOò>)<?O

õ

UdðvjfòQRIJ<?_)Q?F<?j_)Q?<?ô<?Iv]JU"f)HJôF]

jn:Pl"F]<?jÈ_)Q?<Rô0<RI]Jf)Hð÷:PôF]:#OD:dIJf)HY:PQvô(W)U"<?ôFð‘UZH]^WD:P_DF;=<?]^fD:PQ?<Rï,:dI^<?UZOvA

Fig. 2. Example superquadric shapes cre- ated by varying each exponent from 0 to 4.

Fig. 3. Example implicit surface shape for a document on “Web-based Information Visualization.” The three main bulges correspond to the frequency of the terms

“web”, “visualization”, and “information”.

)UZH´<?jÈ_)Q?<Rô0<RI]JWD:d_GF;=<?]^fG:dQ?<?ïh:dIJ<RUZOvL)a\Fjn:P_f)_TIJU ú8>D:PIY:È>)<?jFOò]^<?U"O)]I^UfòO)<öñ

ð‘U"HJjQ?eN]J_D:dô0F>;ZFôI^UZH^]Fj*:dOD:PI^<?O

õ

ð‘H^UZj I^WòFNôFO=IJFHyUPð&:]^_òW)FH^FZA=îW)FQ?FO

õ

IJWUdðvFh:Pô(W

UdðyIJW)F]JF;"FôIJU"HJ]<?]N]^ô,:dQ?F>TED:P]^F>U"OIJW)F>D:PIY:;":PQ?f)FEGF<?O

õ

;Ž<?]JfD:dQ?<?ïF>vAGoII^WòF×FOò>

UdðvFh:Pô(WUdðvIJW)F]JF´;ZFôIJU"H^],L)a\FN_)QÔ:PôF´:fòO)<öð‘U"HJj _GU"<?O=I]JU"f)HJôFDFQ?>ð‘fòO)ôI^<?UZOvATFI^W)F0O

FOòFHY:PI^F:dOT<?]^UZ]^f)Háð÷:dô0F\¤Ie=_)<?ôh:dQ?Q?eŽL ijCûk1ð‘H^UZj3I^W)FÈH^F]Jf)Q?I^<?O >)FO)]J<RIedDFQ?>éIJU

(6)

õ õ õ

>)<?H^Fô0I^<?U"O`<?O)>)<?ôh:dIJ<?O

õ

QÔ:dH

õ

Fy>G:dIY:V;":dQ?f)F]—ð‘UZHvIJWD:dI>)<?jF0O)]^<?U"OUPðDI^W)F>G:dIY:òA,oNO`Fÿ):dj_òQRF

UdðI^W)F:`]^<?O

õ

Q?FNE)Q?U"EòEŽe

õ

Q?eŽ_òWnUPð&IJW)<?]IeŽ_GFôh:dO*EGF]^F0FO<?Om—<

õ

f)HJF)A

@=<?O)ôF]^<?ïF×:PO)>*]^_D:PI^<Ô:dQBQ?U=ôh:PI^<?U"O*:dH^F#jU"HJFN]J<

õ

O)<Dôh:POŽI\ôf)F0]´IJWD:dO*]JWD:d_GF"L)IJW)F<?jñ

_DUZH^I(:dO)ôFÈjn:P_)_)<?O

õ

UdðN>G:dIY:È;":PQRfòF]]^WòU"f)Q?>TEGF>)UZO)F<?O :*ô0U"H^HJF]^_GU"Oò>)<?O

õ

UZH^>)F0HhA O

>)FôHJFh:d]J<?O

õ

U"H^>òFHUdðy>D:PIY:<RjÈ_DUZH^I(:dO)ôFZLD>G:dIY:;":dQ?f)F]:dHJF×j*:d_)_GF>IJUQ?U=ôh:dIJ<RUZOvL)]J<?ïF"L

ôU"Q?UZHhL):dOò>]^WD:P_DFZAIO U"f)HFÿ=_GFH^<?FOòôF"L—]^WD:P_DF<?];"FHJenfò]^F(ð‘fòQvð‡U"HQ?U=ôh:dQ:dH^F,:ôUZj_D:PHñ

<?]^U"Oò]º:PjU"O

õõ

Q?e=_)W)]$/=]^FF<?O

õ

Q?UŽô,:dQB_D:PI^I^F0H^O)],L)HY:PI^F]UdðôYWG:dO

õ

F"L)UZf)I^Q?<?FH^],LD:PO)U"j*:dQ?<?F]hA

5 Implementation and Results

5.1 Information Visualization Results

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The Wall Street Journal

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Fig. 4. Three-dimensional visualization of 1833 documents’ relationship to gold prices, foreign exchange, the federal reserve, stock prices, and Manuel Noriega.

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gold prices

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foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar

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federal reserve

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(7)

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foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar

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federal reserve

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õ

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õ

foreign ex- change

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federal reserve

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stock prices

A

Fig. 5. Multiple documents term frequency visualized as implicit surface shapes. The document in the upper left and the upper right both have a high frequency of the term “information” (bulge to the right). The upper right blob is the same as that in figure 3

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Manuel Noriega

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(8)

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õ

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õ

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Manuel Noriega

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foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar

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õ

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õ

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õ

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õ

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5.2 Scientific Visualization Results

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Fig. 6. Visualization of a magnetohydrodynamics simulation of the solar wind in the distant

heliosphere showing both velocity components and vorticity components of 6 vortex tubes.

(9)

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õ

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õ

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õ

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Fig. 7. Visualization of a magnetohydrodynamics simulation of the solar wind in the distant heliosphere displaying 3 vortex tubes with positive j vorticity (cuboids and ellipsoids) and 3 vortex tubes with negative j vorticity (stars).

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õ

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6 Conclusions

TFyWG:,;"F\>)F;"F0QRUZ_DF0>]^F0;"FH(:dQGO)FaäI^Fô(W)Oò<2=f)F0]ð‘UZH<RO=IJf)<?I^<?;"F"L,ôUZj_)HJFW)FOò]^<?E)Q?FôH^F,:dI^<?UZO

Udð

õ

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õ

FO)FH(:dI^<?UZO

:dO)>*<?O)ôHJFh:d]JFI^W)F`O=f)jEGFHUdð>)<?jF0O)]^<?U"Oò]Udðy>D:PIY:`IJWD:dIôh:POEDF`ôUZj_)HJFW)FO)]J<?E)Q?e;=<öñ

]^fD:PQ?<Rï0F>ý<?OT:

õ

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]^f)Háð÷:dô0F×>)<?]J_)QÔ:dôFjÈFO=IhLG:dO)><?j_)Q?<?ô<?I]^fòHð÷:PôF]WD:,;ZF×EGFFO]^WòUdaOýIJUEGF×f)]JF(ð‘f)Q7I^Fô(W=ñ

O)<%=f)F]`ð‘UZHI^W)F:dfòI^U"j*:dIJ<Rô FOòFHY:PI^<?U"OäUdð Q?e=_)Wä]^WD:P_DF0]n:dOò> IJW)F;=<?]^fD:PQ?<Rï,:dI^<?UZOTUdð

(10)

;=<R]JfD:dQ?<?ïh:PI^<?U"O`UdðU"O)FI^U`Ia\U×>D:PIY:#>)<?jFOò]^<?U"O)],AòHY:dô0IY:dQB]Jf)Hð:dôF>ò<R]J_)QÔ:dôF0jFO=I]JFFj]

f)]^F%ð‘f)Qòð‘U"H]Jjn:PQRQòôh:dIJF

õ

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õ

Q?F>D:dI(:

>)<?jFOò]^<?U"O×:PO)>ôh:PO:dôIJfD:dQ?Q?eEGFN:d>)>)F0>I^UIJW)FNUZI^W)FH7IayUIJFô(W)O)<%=f)F]:d]y:]JFôU"Oò>D:dHJe

]^WD:P_DFô0f)F"Aj_)Q?<?ô<?IB]^f)Háð÷:dô0FNI^F0ôYWòO)<%ŽfòF]y]JW)Uda

õ

H^Fh:PI_)HJU"j<?]JFy<?O`;Ž<?]JfD:dQ?<?ï<?O

õ

EGFIa\FFO

F<

õ

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:dQ?Q?UdaTI^W)F<?O=I^fò<RIJ<?;"F\f)O)>)FHJ]^I(:dO)>)<?O

õ

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õõ

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<?O

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õ

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EDUZI^W*jf)Q?I^<öñ>)<?j×F0O)]^<?U"OG:dQ)<?O=ð‘UZH^j*:dI^<?UZOs:PO)>]Jô<?FO=I^<Dô;=<?]^fD:PQ?<Rï,:dI^<?UZOvA

References

ù?ú(üo×A-:dHJHhA@=f)_GFH<ŽfG:d>)HJ<Rô0]´:dOò>n:dO

õ

Q?F(ñ_)H^F]JFH^;=<?O

õ

IJHY:dOò]ð‘UZH^jn:PI^<?U"Oò]hAƒ…„3„3„f†3‡ˆ‰

ŠK‹-Œ5!ŽcyŽ<JŠ’‘“•”8–e—˜'™ŠŠš2“•”JŒ5“

‡

—-–

LBú^ú$,/?ú"úœ›’)LGú!pòú"A

ù,üiDAyFHJI^<?OvA@=F0j<?U"Q?U

õ

e×UPð

õ

HY:d_òW)<?ô]hLBú$pòA

ù,üÉ<?Q?QR<Ô:Pj @BA[\Q?F;"F0Qm:PO)>vA|

‘

„

š2

ˆ

$—Œ‚–

‡.ž

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