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CIRCUMPOLAR S0

2

EMISSION SURVEY

Arne Semb

NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH

NIL U

ROYAL NORWEGIAN COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

CIRCUHPOLAR

S0

2

EHISSION SURVEY

Arne Semb

NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH P.O. BOX 130, N-2001 LILLESTRØM

NORWAY

SUHHARY

Sulphur dioxide emissions for Northern Asia has been estimated one the basis of fossil fuel combustion figures and other available information. These have been combined with emission surveys for Europe and North America, in a common grid with elements 300 x 300 km².

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SUMMARY . . . . 3

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 5

2 EUROPE . . . . 5

2 . 1 Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. 2 Spits bergen . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 NORTH AMERICA . . . • 6

3 . 1 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Canada, Northwest territories .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 7

4 USSR 7 5 THE FAR EAST . . . • . . . • . . . . 10

6 REFERENCES . . . . 10

CIRCUMPOLAR

50₂

EHISSION SURVEY

1 INTRODUCTION

In order to carry out model calculations of the atmospheric transport of sulphur compounds into the Arctic, emission estimates are needed for the Northern hemisphere down to ca 30°N, in individual grid squares of 300x300 km².

The survey is based on available data for

so

2 emission rates in Europe (1) and North America (2), and other relevant information. The latter is used particularly to estimate emissions which occur close to the Arctic Ocean. In the following, each area will be discussed separately.

2 EUROPE

The EMEP survey (1) cover the whole of Europe, including an estimated 68% of the emissions in the USSR. Most of the data are for 1976-1977. Recently, however, updated emission data have been received for Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. In addition the following countries have presented national emission figures to the ECE for 1980: Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy and Poland.

This information has been used to adjust the 1978 emission survey, with two exceptions: Emissions of the

so

2 in Romania has been estimated from fossil fuel consumption figures (3), and the distribution of

so

2 emissions in the USSR has been changed following the evaluation of emissions in the northern parts of USSR.

The EMEP grid squares are 150x150 km² and the emission figures were trans- ferred to the 300x300 km² grid simply by assuming uniform emission intensity in the 150x150 km² squares.

2 . 1 GREENLAND

Total consumption of liquid fuel was 170.000 tin 1981 (3). This figure pro- bably includes mainly gas oil (diesel) and gasoline. The proportions are not known, but the sulphur content of diesel oil may be assumed to< 0.3%, hence the emissions are less than 500 t

so

-S/a.

2

2.2 SPITSBERGEN

There are coal-fired power generation plants in the mining communities Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Pyramiden. All use local coal, with a sulphur content of ~1.4% S. The Longyearbyen plant has a capacity of 2x5 MW (7).

This corresponds to a fuel consumption of 7 t/h. Assuming 70% of maximum production gives a

so

2 emission of 600 t

so

2-S/a. The total emission of sulphur dioxide from stationary sources in Spitsbergen may be estimated to between 1000 and 2000 t

so

2-S/a.

3 NORTH AMERICA

Emissions of

so

2 (and N0

2) for individual states and provinces in USA and Canada are available from the USA-Canada bilateral memorandum of intent

(2). Transferring these emission figures to grid squares was carried out subjectively, using a geographic atlas to pinpoint smelters and population centres.

3 .1 ALASKA

The population is about 350.000. The two largest towns are Anchorage (46.000) and Fairbanks (16.000). The degree of urbanisation is low, and the emissions have been estimated to ~5000 t S0

2-S/a. Emissons in connection with oil extractionon the North Slope has been estimated to 450 t S0

2-S/a.

Emissions of S0

2 were 1545 t so

2/s in 1974 (5).

4 USSR

According to information given to ECE, the total emissions of so

2 in 1980 were 25 million tonnes, corresponding to 12.5 million tonnes as sulphur. In 1975 the emissions were 12 million tonnes as S (1). The breakdown of emis- sions in source categories was given for 1974 as follows (4):

~ emission

in

1974 ^{thousand

tonnes>

Power stations 11.800

Non-ferrous metallurgy 4.300 Iron and steel metallurgy 1.700 Chemical industry 1.900

Others 6.500

25.200

Of particular interest in this connection is the large emissions from non- ferrous metallurgy, an important fraction of which is associated with copper-nickel smelters in Nor'ilsk and on the Kola peninsula. The production of non-ferrous metals in the USSR were as follows (3):

1974 1980

Copper (primary) 110.000 1150.000 tonnes

Nickel 104.000 154.000 ^N

Lead 475.000 525.000 "

Zinc 680.000 785.000 "

The copper and nickel deposits in the Soviet Union are similar to the deposits in Canada. Nickel occurs as the sulphide pentlandite together with copper ferrosulphide and magnetic iron sulphide (pyrrhotite). Relatively large emissions occur in the initial roasting and smelting processes. In

1974 the primary copper and nickel productions in Canada were 821.000 and 269.000 tonnes, respectively (5). The associated

so

2 emissions were 3.15 million tonnes of S0

2. Assuming that the extraction processes are similar in the USSR, and that the emission factor for the extra copper production is 2 kg S0

2/kg copper produced, leads to inferred total

so

2 emissions from copper and nickel extraction of approximately 3.1 million tonnes. The largest copper-nickel smelter complex is at Nor'ilsk, not far from the outlet of R. Jenisej into the Kara Sea. Copper-nickel smelters are also located on the Kola peninsula (Nickel-Zapolyarni and Monchegorsk), and in Sverdlovsk. Copper is mined and processed at various other sites also (Djerkasgan, Balkasj, Fergana).

A suggested breakdown could be as follows:

Nor'ilsk Kola Ural 0th. USSR Copper production (tonnes) 330 80 160 580

Nickel ^{ff ff} 108 35 21

-

Sulphur dioxide emissions 1250 300 450 1150

The remaining ca 1.4 million tonnes of

so

2 emissions from non-ferrous metallurgical industry (allowing for production increases since 1974) may be associated with lead and zinc production, which is mined in Leninogorsk, Tekeli, and various other locations in the Oriental region. Another interes- ting area is the Kolyma valley in the far northeastern part of Siberia;

which contain lead ores, rich in tin and gold content. A recent survey of snow chemistry in the USSR identified this area with concentrations of sulphate exceeding 84 µ eq/1 - figure 1 (6).

It is reasonable to assign 0.4 million tonnes of S0

2 emissions due to non- ferrous metallurgy to this area, and to locate the remaining ca 1 million tonnes at Nor'ilsk (0.2 M tonnes) and in Leninogorsk, Djeskasgan and Novokusnetsk.

basin, at Nor'ilsk, Sangas and near Jakutsk and at Susuman and in the Kolyma Valley. Brown coal is found at Tiksi and Jakutsk.

The coal at Inta has a sulphur content of 3% (4). No data on sulphur con- tents are available for the other deposits.

Coals from Inta and Vorkuta are presumably used in thermoelectric plants located in Kola, White Sea, Pechora, and Yamal. The population in these districts is 3.5 million, or 1.3% of the total population of USSR.

Assuming that the electricity consumption per capita is higher by a factor of two than the USSR average, and a conversion efficiency of 31%, yields an annual consumption of 14 million tonnes of Inta/Vorkuta Coals, resulting in 0.84 million tonnes of

so

2 emissions. A further 0.4 million tonnes of

so

2

should be added to account emisisons of

so

2 related to other uses of fossil fuels, e.g. house heating, industrial heat consumption, transport, etc. The population in the Jakutsk autonomous region is only about 700.000, and the emissions from fossil fuel consumption (including electricity generation) should not exceed 0.2-0.3 Mt S0

2/a.

In the preparation of the EMEP emission survey (1) it was assumed that 2/3 of the USSR emissions occurred within the EMEP grid.

However, of the 4 million tonnes of

so

2

-s

assumed to be emitted outside the EMEP grid, 1.9 million tonnes of

so

2

-s

are associated with non-ferrous metallurgy. The remaining 2.1 million tonnes must have been assessed too low in view of the important Karaganda-Kusbas heavy industries, and the Fergana, Irkutsk, and Petrovsk industrial regions. The boundary of the EMEP grid transects the industrial region along the Ural, and a substantial part of the SO emissions from this region occur outside the EMEP grid. The emission

2

of sulphur dioxide from the part of USSR within the EMEP grid can be assumed to be about 6 Mt s/a. The emissions in the individual grid squares have been estimated to conform with this new assessment. A redistribution of emissions in the USSR within the EMEP grid follows also from the positioning of emis- sions in Kola, Archangelsk and Inta.

5 THE FAR EAST

Japan, Korea, and parts of China also fall within the circumpolar emission grid. For completeness, emissions in these countries have been estimated from fossil fuel consumption figures and assumed sulphur contents of these.

Solid fuel consumption Liquid fuel Estimated mill. tonnes %S mill. tonnes %S emissions mill. t S0

2-S

Japan 88 1 277 1. 6 3.9

N. Korea 42 2.5 3 1. 7 1.09

s.

^{Korea 21 1. 5 34 1. 9 0. 77}

China 433 2.5 114 0.6 11 . 2

The emissions have been subjectively located in grid squares within the densely populated and industrialized parts of the countries.

6 REFERENCES

Dovland, H. and Saltbones, J. (1978) Emissions of sulphur dioxide in Europe in 1978. Lillestrøm, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, (EMEP/CCC 2/79).

L.A. Barrie and J.M. Hales (1984) The spatial distributions of precipitation acidity and major ion wet deposition in North America. Tellus, 36B,

333-355.

United Nations (1983) 1981 Statistical Yearbook. New York.

Economic Commission for Europe (1976) The Second Seminar on Desulphurization of Fuels and Combustion Gases, Wash. D.C. 1975. Proceedings.

Environment Canada (1978) A Nationwide Inventory of Emissions of Air

Contaminants (1974). Ottawa, Environmental Protection Service, Department of the Environment, (EPS 3-AP-78-2).

pollution by sulphates in the territory of USSR. Meteorol. Hydrol., 1, 47-56.

Sivertsen, B. (1979) Vurdering av skorsteinshøyde for kullfyrt kraftverk i Longyearbyen. Lillestrøm (NILU OR 19/79).

• . • IJ

I

. . .

. . .

~v ^so:

^{(ueqr1)- ~}

^□

~,... r- ,__,

^{J >166 84-166 o-84}

Figure 1: Spatial distribution of sulphate in snow samples collected during spring 1982 in the Soviet Union (after Belikova et al.,

1984).

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wo ^{311, i"60} & ^{14,, 2m,}

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,tt

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-

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2,,-

'I t.o ti ~ ^{ilt3 2]l} 17S ^fli 11'! ^Si,

IU ~ ti,-,. flZ t3

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I I~ tz/Jt. m ~ ~ !"It .fa

23 ^21/

''-

^{SV ZI ')}

./f 3o

u

^{lnr 3}

Figure 2: Estimate~

so

2 emissions for individual grid squares.

Unit: 10 tonnes/a (as S).

Figure 3: The area covered by the grid.

POSTBOKS 130, 2001 LILLESTRØM (ELVEGT. 52), NORGE

RAPPORTTYPE RAPPORTNR. ISBN-82-7247-643-6

Oppdragsrapport OR 69/85

DATO ANSV. SIGN.~ ANT. SIDER PRIS

Desember 1985 14 kr 20,-

TITTEL PROSJEKTLEDER

Arne Semb Circumpolar S0

2 emission survey

NILU PROSJEKT NR.

0-8516

FORFATTER(E) TILGJENGELIGHET*

A

Arne Semb

OPPDRAGSGIVERS REF.

OPPDRAGSGIVER (NAVN OG ADRESSE) BP Petroleum Development Ltd.

P.O. Box 3077 Mariero N-4001 Stavanger

3 STIKKORD (a maks. 20 anslag) Sulphur dioxide

I Emission

I Fossil fuels REFERAT (maks. 300 anslag, 7 linjer)

Utslipp av S0

2 i de nordlige delene av Asia er anslått på grunnlag av oppgaver over forbruk av fossilt brensel og andre opplysninger.

Disse er sammenstilt med utslippsoppgaver for Europt og Nord-Amerika i et felles rutenett med rutestørrelse 300 x 300 km .

TITLE

ABSTRACT (max. 300 characters, 7 lines)

Sulphur dioxide emsission for Northern Asia has been esti~ated on the basis of fossil fuel combustion figures and other available information. These have been combined with emission surveys for Europe and N~rth America, in a common grid with elements

300 x 300 km .

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