Earthquake Damage and Loss Assessment – Predicting the Unpredictable

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Appendix 1: ELE software tools

The computation of losses of any type that result from the shaking effects of an earthquake basically requires software which is able to process available information on ground motion characteristics, inventory and building fragility. Nowadays, a large number of ELE software exists that make use of the different approaches as described before. Since the herein described loss computations are related to the mezo- and macrolevel, the combined use of loss computation software with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become common practice. Some of the existing ELE software are integrated in a GIS, while others are disconnected. An overview of available ELE software tools and their main characteristics is given in Molina et al. (2010)

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and Haldar et al. (2013). A complemented list of ELE software tools is provided in Table A1.

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Paper P3: Molina, S., Lang, D.H., and Lindholm, C.D. (2010). SELENA – An open-source tool for seismic risk and loss assessment using a logic tree computation procedure, Computers & Geosciences 36 (2010): 257–

269.

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97 Ta b le A1 . O ver view of a vai lab le ELE s o ftw are t o ol s an d th ei r m ain charact e ristic s (partly tak e n from M o lina et al. , 20 10 ; Haldar et al. , 20 13 ; Cro w le y et al., 20 10).

Tool (Institution) (Reference)Approach Type of analysisMethodology Output Open source Proprietary software required Integrated GIS interface Regional constrictions damage to buildings

damage to infra- structures economic loss human losses (casualties)

shelter estimates business disruption EQRM (Geoscience Australia)AD, P CSM (ATC 40, 1996) 9 – 9 – – – yes133 MATLAB, Python134flexible Australia SELENA (NORSAR) (Molina et al., 2009; 2010)A D, (P)135, R CSM, MADRS, I- DCM (both FEMA 440), inelastic spectrum9– 99(9)136 – yes137 MATLABflexible or RISe (Langet al., 2009a) flexible ELER138 (Kamer et al., 2009; Hancilar et al., 2010)

E, AD, PCSM, MADRS, DCM, Reduction Factor Method (Fajfar, 2000)9999 – –

no MATLAB139, MapInfo yes (MapInfo)customized to Euro-Med region but principally flexible QUAKELOSS (WAPMERR) (Wyss 2005) now: QLARM (Trendafiloski et al., 2009)

E (intensity, (PGA/PGV)) D, R DPM (EMS–98) 9– 9 – –

“open” but user login and password required no yes (WebGIS, internet browser)

constricted to those regions where data is available CEDIM Risk Estimation Tool (CREST) (Tyagunov et al., 2006)

E (intensity)D, (P) DPM (EMS–98) 9 – 99 – – no ESRI ArcGIS yes (ESRI ArcGIS)flexible CAPRA (World Bank) http://ecapra.org ÆCRISIS 2007 (seismic hazard module) (M. Ordaz, A. Aguilar and J. Arboleda; UNAM) ÆERN-Vulnerabilidad (vulnerability module) A (intensity, PGA, Sa), Peak and spectral parameters (a, v, d) P, (D) method by Miranda (1999)Æ but flexible in terms of using other methods, e.g. CSM (handled by ERN- Vulnerabilidad)

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no no yes (CAPRA-GIS) flexible

133 distributed via www.sourceforge.net 134 EQRM originally consisted of MATLAB, which is a commercial and proprietary software. Then, the use of an object-oriented language was favored andthe latest releases have been coded in Python 135 (P) – instead of a probabilistic risk analysis, a probabilistic ground motion shaking map (shakemap) is used to provide the ground motion input for a deterministic analysis 136 available from version 5.1 137 distributed via www.sourceforge.net 138 ELER is an updated version of KOERILoss (Erdik and AydinoŒlu, 2002), which is not further developed anymore 139 compiled executable using MATLAB code and toolboxes, thus not necessary to have a MATLAB version in order to run the software and conduct the analysis 140 CAPRA’s outputs are: (1) loss exceedance curves (LEC), (2) probable maximum loss (PML), (3) aggregated average annual loss (AAAL), and (4) average annual loss (AAL)

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shelter estimates business disruption RiskScape (GNS Science) (Reese et al., 2007) E (MM intensity)D, (P in planning)

DPM 9999– 9

no no yes originally New Zealand but principally flexible LNECLOSS (LNEC Lisbon) (Campos Costa et al., 2006; 2010)

E (intensity), A (peak and spectral parameters) D 4 different empirical methods, CSM 9 – 99 – –

upon requestArcView, MATLAByes (ArcGIS)originally Portuguese mainland but principally flexible MAEviz (Mid-America Earthquake Center) (Spencer et al., 2008)

A D, P”CSM type” 999999yes (web)no yes (Open GIS)flexible EPEDAT (Early Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool) (Eguchi et al., 1997)

A D 9999 – 9no MapInfo yes (MapInfo)California oriented HAZUS–MH (FEMA, 2003)A D, PCSM(ATC 40, 1996) 999999

no relational database management systems (RDBMS) and Knowledge- based expert system (KBES) embedded within GIS system

yes (ArcGIS, MapInfo)United States MDLA (MATLAB Damage and Loss Analysis) (Mitrani-Reiser, 2007; Haselton et al., 2008; Mutoet al., 2008)

E (intensity), structural response measures (peak transient IDR, peak floor acceleration)

D, P 9 – 99 – 9

yes MATLABno flexible

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shelter estimates business disruption NHEMATIS 141 (Natural Hazards Electronic Map and Assessment Tools Information System) (Webb, 1999)

E (intensity), A (spectral parameters)

D 99– 9– –

nono yes (Open GIS)flexible PACT (Performance Assessment Calculation Tool) (ATC–58, 2009; Naeimet al,. 2007)

intensity-, scenario-, and time-based D, PVarious analysis methods implemented (e.g., nonlinear time history analysis, linear analysis, etc)

9– 99– 9

yesno no142Initially for U.S., but flexible SIGE-DPC (Sabettaet al., 1998) E (intensity)D 9 – – 99 – no no n.a.Italy, Istanbul RADIUS (IDNDR, 1999)E DDPM 99– 9– – no provides risk- mapping functionality using GIS yes Africa, Latin America, Europe, Asia HAZ-Taiwan (Yeh et al., 2006) A DCSM 999999no C++ , FORTRAN, MapInfo

yes (MapInfo) Taiwan ESCENARIS (Giovinazzi, 2005; Mouroux and Le Brun, 2006; Roca et al., 2006)

E DDPM 9 – 99 – – no yes yes Catalonia, Eastern Pyrenees RISK.iitb (Sinha et al., 2008) E DDPM 9– 99– – no yes yes (ESRI ArcGIS)India SEISMOCARE (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2008)A DCSM 9 – 999 – yes relational database management systems (RDBMS) and geographical information system (GIS)

yes (MapInfo Professional)Chania (Crete), Greece

141 The respective NHEMATIS website cannot anymore be accessed. 142 PACT is customized for the analysis of individual buildings.

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shelter estimates business disruption IVARA (Haldar et al., 2010) E (intensity)D DPM 9 – 999 – yes no no flexible SeisVARA (Haldar et al., 2013143) A, E (intensity) D DPM, CSM, inelastic spectrum9 – 999 – yes no no flexible OpenQuake (GEM) (Crowley et al., 2011; 2012)A P, eP, D144 pending 145 to be definedyes no yes flexible

143 Haldar, P., Singh, Y., Lang, D.H., and Paul, D.K. (2013). Comparison of seismic risk assessment based on macroseismic intensity and spectrum approaches using ‘SeisVARA’,Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.016.. 144 Different hazard analysis types are implemented in OpenQuake: P – classical probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), eP – event-based PSHA, D – deterministic SHA 145 In OpenQuake’s current version (V0.4) only discrete vulnerability functions are implemented, the implementation of other types of vulnerability and fragility functions are planned. The methodologies as well as potential outputs are therefore dependent on the implemented options of OpenQuake’s final version.