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F l o d e v i g e n r a p p o r t s e r . , 1 , 1 9 8 4 . ISSN 0333-2594 The P r o p a g a t i o n o f Cod G a d u s m o r h u a L .

1

SPAWNING GROUNDS OF THE ARCTO-NORWEGIAN COD OUTSIDE VESTFJORDEN

V.P. S e r e b r y a k o v a n d V . K . Aldonov

VNIRO, 1 7 V. K r a s n o s e l s k a y a , Moscow B-240, 1 0 7 1 4 0 USSR

ABSTRACT

S e r e b r y a k o v , V.P. a n d Aldonov V.K., 1 9 8 4 . S p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o f t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n c o d o u t s i d e V e s t f j o r d e n . I n : E. D a h l , D.S. D a n i e l s s e n , E. M o k s n e s s a n d P. S o l e m d a l ( ~ d i t o r s ) , T h e P r o p a g a t i o n o f Cod G a d u s m o r h u a L. F l f l d e v i g e n r a p p o r t s e r . , 1 , 1 9 8 4 : 4 7 9 - 5 0 0 .

T h e s p a w n i n g a r e a o f t h e Arcto-Norwegian c o d i s v a s t , e x - t e n d i n g f r o m 6 2 O ~ t o 74O30'N i n t h e a r e a i n v e s t i g a t e d .

L o c a l i t i e s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a n i n t e n s i v e r a t e o f s p a w n i n g a r e i n t h e N o r w e g i a n S e a o v e r t h e L a n g g r u n n e n , B u a g r u n n e n , H a l t e n , R f l s t , V e s t e r z l e n , Andoy, M a l a n g e n a n d F u g l f l y B a n k s , i n t h e s h e l f s l o p e a r e a a n d i n t h e o p e n s e a o v e r g r e a t d e p t h s . T h e p o s i t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a n d t h e i n t e n s i t y o f s p a w n i n g i n t h e a r e a v a r y f r o m y e a r t o y e a r .

V a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e g r o u p e d i n t o t h r e e t y p e s : T y p e 1 - t h e m a i n s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e o n l y i n t h e a r e a s o f b a n k s n e a r t h e s h o r e ; T y p e 2 - s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e b o t h i n t h e a r e a s o f b a n k s a n d i n t h e s h e l f s l o p e a r e a ; T y p e 3

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s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e o u t s i d e t h e ~ o r w e g i a n S e a s h e l f a n d o v e r t h e M a l a n g e n Bank.

T h e p o s i t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s i n t h e s u r v e y a r e a o u t s i d e t h e V e s t f j o r d e n i s n o t a n i n d i c a t o r o f t h e a b u n d a n c e o f y e a r c l a s s e s o f t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n c o d .

l

INTRODUCTION

T h e f i s h e r y f o r s p a w n i n g c o d o f f t h e N o r w e g i a n c o a s t a n d K o l a P e n i n s u l a h a s b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e s i n c e a n c i e n t t i m e s . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s i n t h e a r e a h a s b e e n d e s - c r i b e d b y many s c i e n t i s t s e n g a g e d i n t h e s t u d y o f t h e s p e c i e s

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( H j o r t , 1 9 0 2 ; Damas, 1 9 0 9 ; S c h m i d t , 1 9 0 9 , 1 9 3 0 ; T a n a s i i c h u k , 1 9 3 2 ; S u n d , 1 9 3 8 ; M a r t y , 1 9 3 9 ; M a s l o v , 1 9 4 4 ; R a s s , 1 9 3 4 , 1 9 4 9 , a n d o t h e r s ) . R a s s made a t h o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e r e p r o - d u c t i o n o f c o d i n t h e B a r e n t s S e a w h e r e s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s were f o u n d o f f Murman i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s ( S u v o r o v , 1 9 3 2 ; E s i p o v , 1 9 3 2 ; T a r a s o v , 1 9 3 2 ) . The s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s i n t h e N o r w e g i a n S e a i n t h e V e s t f j o r d e n a r e a w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h o r o u g h l y b y W i b o r g ( 1 9 4 8 , 1 9 5 2 , 1 9 5 4 , 1 9 5 6 , 1 9 5 7 ) w h i c h , a s M a r t y a n d M a r t i n s e n ( 1 9 6 9 ) p o i n t e d o u t , h a d b e e n t h e m a i n s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o f a r c - t i c c o d s i n c e t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s . Our k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o f c o d h a s b e e n , t o a l a r g e e x t e n t , e x t e n d e d b y i c h t h y o p l a n k - t o n i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e P o l a r R e s e a r c h I n s t i - t u t e o f M a r i n e F i s h e r i e s a n d O c e a n o g r a p h y (PINRO) ( B a r a n e n k o v a , 1 9 6 1 ; B a r a n e n k o v a a n d K h o k h l i n a , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 4 ; B a r a n e n k o v a e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e y i n d i c a t e d t h a t c o d spawn i n t e n - s i v e l y n o r t h a n d n o r t h e a s t o f t h e L o f o t e n o u t s i d e V e s t f j o r d e n . T h e s p a w n i n g i n t e n s i t y i n V e s t f j o r d e n f l u c t u a t e d w i d e l y f r o m y e a r t o y e a r ( W i b o r g , 1 9 5 2 , 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 7 8 ) w h i c h s o m e t i m e s s e e m e d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u p w e l l i n g i n d u c e d b y s o u t h w e s t e r l y w i n d s ( A u d u n s o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 , E l l e r t s e n e t . a l . 1 9 8 1 ) . I n s o m e y e a r s , a s B a r a n e n k o v a a n d K h o k h l i n a ( 1 9 6 4 ) n o t e d , t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e a b u n d a n c e o f e g g s a n d l a r v a e o f c o d o u t s i d e V e s t f j o r d e n c o r - r e s p o n d e d t o a d e c r e a s e i n t h e a b u n d a n c e o f e g g s a n d l a r v a e i n s i d e V e s t f j o r d e n . M a t e r i a l f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d i c h t h y o p l a n k - t o n i c s u r v e y s o f PINRO i n t h e e a s t N o r w e g i a n S e a a n d i n t h e s o u t h - w e s t e r n B a r e n t s S e a i n 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 8 0 a l l o w s a d e t a i l e d a n a - l y s e s o f c h a n g e s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n o f l o c a l i t i e s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a n i n t e n s i v e r a t e o f s p a w n i n g .

MATERIALS A N D METHODS

The i c h t h y o p l a n k t o n i c s u r v e y s w e r e r e g u l a r l y c o n d u c t e d I n A p r i l - M a y f r o m 1 9 5 9 t o 1 9 8 0 ( F i g . 1 ) . A t e a c h o f 200 s t a t i o n s a v e r t i c a l h a u l was made f r o m t h e b o t t o m t o 0 m i f i t was l e s s t h a n 5 0 0 m d e p t h o r 500-0 m, a n d h o r i z o n t a l h a u l s a t d e p t h s o f 0 . 2 5 a n d 5 0 m when t h e v e s s e l was u n d e r way, m o v i n g w i t h a s p e e d o f 2 . 5 k n o t s . The f i s h i n g g e a r f o r e g g s w a s a c o n l c a l n e t

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3

G 9

12 15 18 21 24 27 30 3 3 F l g . 1. I c h t h y o p l a n k t o n l c s u r v e y s I n t h e Norwegian a n d s o u t h - w e s t B a r e n t s S e a s i n 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 8 0 . D o t s l n d l c a t e s t a t l o n

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made o f g a u z e , 0 . 5 0 5 m m m e s h , w i t h a n 8 0 c m mouth o p e n i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , i n 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 6 a n o t h e r s e r i e s o f i c h t h y o p l a n k t o n i c s u r v e y s was made i n t h e N o r w e g i a n s h a l l o w s . T h e s u r v e y s s t a r t e d a l t e r n a t i v e l y f r o m t h e M a l a n g e n Bank o n A p r i l 2 0 o r f r o m t h e S v i n 0 a r e a o n A p r i l 2-5. T h e m e t h o d s o f t h e s u r v e y s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l ( B a r a n e n k o v a , 1 9 6 1 ; B a r a n e n k o v a a n d K h o k h l i n a , 1 9 5 9 ; S e l i v e r s t o v 1 9 7 2 ) .

I n o r d e r t o c o m p i l e e g g d i s t r i b u t i o n d e n s i t y m a p s , a s p e c i a l programme was w o r k e d o u t f o r a c o m p u t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h a g r a p h - p l o t t e r . The maps o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n d e n s i t y o f e g g s a r e p r o - v i d e d o n l y f o r t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e s u r v e y ( n o r t h o f

67ON) a s t h e s a m p l i n g m e t h o d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t ( s o u t h o f 67ON) was a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t a n d d i d n o t s u i t t h e c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e . D a t a o b t a i n e d d u r i n g v e r t i c a l h a u l s w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h d a t a c h a r a c t e r i z i n g h o r i z o n t a l h a u l s t o c o m p i l e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n d e n s i t y maps o f e g g s a t s t a g e I o f d e v e l o p m e n t

( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s c a l e s u g g e s t e d b y R a s s i n 1 9 4 6 ) . W h i l e c o m p a r i n g t h e m a p s , i t was f o u n d t h a t p a t c h e s o f h i g h e s t e g g d e n s k t i e s w e r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e s a m e a r e a s o n b o t h t y p e s o f m a p s , w h e r e a s p a t c h e s o f l o w e s t d e n s i t i e s w e r e much m o r e w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d o n maps c o m p i l e d o n t h e b a s i s o f d a t a o b t a i n e d i n h o r i z o n t a l h a u l s . P r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h i s , t h e d a t a f r o m

h o r i z o n t a l h a u l s w e r e u s e d f o r f i n d i h g s p a w n i n g a r e a s . a n d t h e d a t a f r o m v e r t i c a l h a u l s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e t o t a l number o f e g g s i n t h e a r e a s u r v e y e d ( t h i s m a t e r i a l i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p a p e r ) .

S t a g e I o f d e v e l o p m e n t ( f r o m f e r t i l i z a t i o n t o e m b r y o n i c s h i e l d f o r m a t i o n , l a s t s n o t more t h a n 5 d a y s a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f 5 - 6 O ~ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e u p p e r l a y e r i n t h e s p a w n i n g s e a s o n o f c o d a n d i n t h e p e r i o d o f e g g d r i f t ( M u k h i n a n d D v i n i n a , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e maximum e r r o r i n a s c e r t a i n i n g t h e t i m e o f s p a w n i n g d o e s n o t seem t o e x c e e d 5 d a y s , a n d t h e maximum e r r o r i n f i n d i n g t h e s p a w n i n g a r e a may n o t b e more t h a n 6 0 m i l e s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s p e e d s o f c u r r e n t s i n t h e a r e a i n v e s t i g a t e d ( A l e k s e e v a n d I s t o s h i n , 1 9 5 6 ; Audunson e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) .

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c o d e g g s o f s t a g e I f r o m h a d d o c k e g g s o f t h e s a m e s t a g e i s a l w a y s a c o n f u s i n g m a t t e r , w h i l e e g g s o f b o t h

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s p e c i e s a r e e a s i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e a t s t a g e 11. T h e r e f o r e t h e number o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e I was d e f i n e d b y t h e p e r c e n t a g e

\

r a t i o o f c o d e g g s t o h a d d o c k e g g s a t s t a g e I1 i n e a c h s a m p l e . D a t a o n t h e a b u n d a n c e o f t h r e e - y e a r - o l d c o d p r e s e n t e d i n t h e R e p o r t o f t h e A r c t i c F i s h e r i e s W o r k i n g G r o u p ( A n o n . . 1 9 8 3 ) h a v e b e e n u s e d t o f i n d a c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e s i z e o f y e a r c l a s s e s . When t h e n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h o f 3 - y e a r - o l d s i s o v e r 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 ~ t h e y e a r c l a s s i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a b u n d a n t , when i t i s l e s s t h a n 5 0 0 . 1 0 ~ i t i s o f l o w a b u n d a n c e . I n t e r m e d i a t e v a l u e s c h a r a c - t e r i z e a n a v e r a g e y e a r c l a s s .

1

1

l

RESULTS

Cod e g g s a t s t a g e I w e r e f o u n d practically o v e r t h e w h o l e a r e a s u r v e y e d . They o c c u r r e d I n t h e s o u t h i n t h e S v l n 0 a r e a , I n t h e n o r t h o f f B e a r I s l a n d u p t o 7 4 ' 3 0 ' ~ a n d I n t h e e a s t w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d a t t h e t r a n s e c t o v e r t h e K o l a meridian. T h e d l s t r l - b u t l o n d e n s l t y o f e g g s v a r l e d f r o m y e a r t o y e a r . The h i g h e s t d e n s l t l e s ( o v e r 1 0 0 0 e g g s p e r horizontal h a u l n e a r t h e s u r f a c e ) w e r e o b s e r v e d I n 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 4 a n d 1 9 7 5 . The l a r g e s t a r e a w l t h t h e maxlrnum d e n s l t y o f e q g s was o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 7 0 a n d t h e s m a l l e s t a r e a I n 1 9 7 4 . T h e f o r m e r was on t h e V e s t e r a l e n Bank, a n d t h e l a t t e r I n t h e Kopytov a r e a .

I n 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 6 1 , 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 8 , 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 6 . 1 9 7 8 a n d 1 9 8 0 d e n s l t y d l d n o t e x c e e d 1 0 0 0 e g g s p e r h a u l I n a n y a r e a s , b u t t h e l a r g e s t a r e a s w i t h a l o w e r d e n s l t y ( 3 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 e g g s ) d i s t r l b u t l o n w e r e f o u n d I n t h e V e s t e r d l e n a n d And0y Banks a r e a s I n 1 9 6 1 .

E a c h y e a r e g g s a t s t a g e I w e r e d l s t r l b u t e d o v e r t h e B u a g r u n - n e n , L a n g g r u n n e n , H a l t e n B a n k s , t h e e a s t p a r t o f t h e R 0 s t Bank, V e s t e r a l e n , AndGy, M a l a n g e n B a n k s , t h e w e s t p a r t o f t h e F u g l 0 y Bank a n d t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Kopytov a r e a ( F l g . 2 - 2 0 ) . The maxlmum h a u l s o f e g g s a t s t a g e I o c c u r r e d n o t o n l y o v e r l b a n k s a n d l n c o a s t a l w a t e r s , 1 . e . i n relatively s h a l l o w w a t e r s ,

l

b u t a l s o f a r f r o m t h e b a n k s a n d c o a s t s i n w a t e r o f 5 0 0 o r e v e n 1 0 0 0 m d e p t h n e a r a n d I n t h e Kopytov a r e a . I n 1 9 7 5 , s u c h c a s e s w e r e r e g i s t e r e d o v e r o c e a n l c d e p t h s ( o v e r 1 0 0 0 m ) n e a r l y 8 0

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miles north of the Lofotens. Besides, eggs at stage I occurred annually in depths exceeding 400 m (Fig. 15).

The total area where eggs at stage I were distributed varied from year to year. The widest distribution patterns were obser- ved in 1962, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1975 (Fig. 2, 12, 14 and 15) and the narrowest patterns were registered in 1963 and 1965 (Fig. 6 and 7). No eggs at stage I occurred at northern sta- tions of the surveys in 1959, 1963 and 1969 (Fig. 2, 6 and 9 ) . In 1972 and 1974, many more eggs were found in the northeastern part of the area investigated than was usual (Fig. 12 and 14).

Fig. 2. Distribution of cod eggs at staqe 1 in 1959. Legend:

1-7 density distribution'of eggs per 15 min horizontal haul:

1 = less than 3 eggs, 2 = 4 - 10 eggs, 3 = 11 - 30 egqs, 4 =

31 - 80 eggs, 5 = 81 - 300 egqs, 6 = 300 - 1000 eggs, 7 =

more than 1.000 eggs.

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Fig. 3. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1960. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1 9 6 1 . Legend as in Fig. 2.

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F i g . 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 6 2 . L e g e n d a s i n F i g . 2 .

F i g . 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 6 3 . L e g e n d a s i n F i g . 2 .

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Fig. 7. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1965. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 8. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1968. Legend as in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 9. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1969. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 10. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1970. Legend as in Fig. 2.

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F i g . 11. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d eggs a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 7 1 . L e g e n d a s I n F i g . 2 .

F i g . 1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 7 2 . L e g e n d a s i n F i g . 2 .

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Fig. 1 3 . Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1973. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 14. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1974. Legend as in Fig. 2.

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F i g . 1 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 7 5 . L e g e n d a s i n F i g . 2 .

F i g . 1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o d e g g s a t s t a g e 1 i n 1 9 7 6 . L e g e n d a s i n F i g . 2 .

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Fig. 17. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1977. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 18. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1978. Legend as in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 19. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1979. Legend as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 20. Distribution of cod eggs at stage 1 in 1980. Legend as in Fig. 2 .

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DISCUSSION

J u d g i n g f r o m t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n o f e g g s a t s t a g e I , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t i n a l l t h e y e a r s when t h e s u r v e y s w e r e made t h e s p a w n i n g a r e a o f t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n c o d was e x t e n s i v e , f r o m 74O30'N o f f B e a r I s l a n d t o 6 2 O ~ o f f t h e N o r w e g i a n c o a s t . E v e r y y e a r c o d spawn i n t e n s i v e l y o v e r B u a g r u n n e n , L a n g g r u n n e n , V e s t e r i l e n , And0y a n d M a l a n g e n B a n k s . I n some y e a r s i n t e n s i v e s p a w n i n g was o b s e r v e d o v e r S v i n o y , F r G y a , H a l t e n , S k l i n n a , R 0 s t a n d F u g l 0 y B a n k s , a s w e l l a s i n t h e o p e n B a r e n t s S e a o v e r d e p t h s o f 300-500 m a n d i n t h e o p e n N o r w e g i a n S e a o v e r d e p t h s o f o v e r 1 0 0 0 m ( F i g . 2 1 ) .

The a s s u m p t i o n t h a t c o d spawn o v e r g r e a t d e p t h was p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r ( R a s s , 1 9 4 9 ; B a r a n e n k o v a e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 6 ; S e r e b r y a k o v , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 7 ) , b u t t h e i n t e n s i t y o f s p a w n i n g was n o t d i s c u s s e d . I n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t 2 o f t h e 1 2 a r e a s c h a r a c - t e r i z e d b y i n t e n s e s p a w n i n g w e r e s i t u a t e d o v e r g r e a t d e p t h s , i t may b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s p a w n i n g o f c o d o v e r g r e a t d e p t h s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n p o p u l a t i o n i n c e r t a i n y e a r s . P a r t i c u l a r l y s o , s i n c e t h e i n t e n - s i t y o f s p a w n i n g o n o t h e r s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o v e r t h e b a n k s a n d i n t h e i n s h o r e w a t e r f l u c t u a t e s g r e a t l y .

I n t h e n o r t h p a r t o f t h e a r e a i n v e s t i g a t e d ( n o r t h o f 6 7 O ~ ) i n 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 8 0 , a l l t h e v a r i e t y o f t h e p o s i t i o n s o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s c a n b e g r o u p e d i n t o t h r e e t y p e s o f r e p e a t e d s i t u a t i o n s .

T y p e 1: Cod spawn i n t e n s i v e l y o n l y o v e r b a n k s c l o s e t o t h e s h o r e ( F i g . 2 2 ) . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s t y p i c a l f o r 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 8 , 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 8 0 when s p a w n i n g o c c u r r e d o v e r t h e R @ s t , V e s t e r i l e n a n d M a l a n g e n B a n k s .

T y p e 2: S p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e s i t u a t e d n o t o n l y i n t h e b a n k a r e a , b u t o n t h e s h e l f s l o p e , a s i f a l o n g t h e s l o p e n o r t h w a r d t o t h e K o p y t o v a r e a . T h i s s i t u a t i o n was o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 7 a n d 1 9 7 8 ( F i g . 2 3 ) .

Type 3 : Cod spawn m a i n l y i n t h e c o a s t a l z o n e , p r i m a r i l y on t h e M a l a n g e n Bank a n d i n t h e o p e n s e a o v e r g r e a t d e p t h s . T h i s t y p e was o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 7 5 ( F i g . 2 4 ) .

Among t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e a b u n d a n c e o f y e a r c l a s s e s , Wiborg ( 1 9 5 7 ) s t r e s s e d t h e p o s i -

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F i g . 2 1 . S p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o f c o d o u t s i d e t h e V e s t f j o r d e n . L e g e n d : 1 - n o t i n t e n s i v e s p a w n i n g , 2 - i n t e n s i v e s p a w n i n g , o c c u r r e d e v e r y y e a r , 3 - i n t e n s i v e s p a w n i n g o c c u r r e d i n s o m e y e a r s . 1000 m i s o b a t h i s s h o w n .

F i g . 2 2 . T y p e 1 of s p a w n i n g g r o u n d l o c a t i o n s . D o t t e d a r e a s i n d i c a t e s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s .

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Fig. 23. Type 2 of spawning ground locations.

Fig. 24. Type 3 of spawning ground locations.

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t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f c h o o s i n g a f o r t u - n a t e p l a c e f o r s p a w n i n g e g g s , t h e i r s u b s e q u e n t d r i f t a n d , i n t h e l o n g r u n , t h e i r s u r v i v a l i s q u i t e e v i d e n t a n d a r o u s e s n o d o u b t s . S o , l e t u s c o n s i d e r how t h e t y p e s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a b u n d a n c e o f y e a r - c l a s s e s o f t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n c o d . A b u n d a n t y e a r c l a s s e s e m e r - g e d i n 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . The 1 9 6 3 a n d 1 9 6 9 y e a r c l a s s e s w e r e t y p i c a l o f t y p e 1 , i . e . s p a w n i n g o v e r t h e b a n k s ( F i g . 2 2 ) . T h e a b u n d a n t 1 9 7 0 y e a r c l a s s e m e r g e d when p r i n c i p a l s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s w e r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e b a n k a r e a s a n d o n t h e s h e l f s l o p e u p t o t h e K o p y t o v a r e a , i . e . t y p e 2 . T h u s , a b u n d a n t y e a r c l a s s e s may a r i s e f r o m s p a w n i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t y p e s 1 a n d 2 . P o o r y e a r c l a s s e s , h o w e v e r , a l s o a p p e a r i n s u c h y e a r s , e . g . t h e p o o r 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 6 1 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 8 , 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 8 0 y e a r c l a s s e s o c c u r r e d when s p a w n i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e o f t y p e 1 a n d t h e p o o r 1 9 7 7 a n d 1 9 7 8 y e a r c l a s s e s when t h e y w e r e o f t y p e 2 . I n o t h e r w o r d s , b o t h a b u n d a n t a n d p o o r y e a r c l a s s e s e m e r g e d when s p a w n i n g d i s t r i b u - t i o n s w e r e o f t y p e s 1 a n d 2 . A l t h o u g h t y p e 3 was o n l y o b s e r v e d f o r t h e a v e r a g e 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 7 5 y e a r c l a s s e s , a v e r a g e y e a r c l a s s e s a p p e a r e d a l s o f o r t y p e 1 ( t h e 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 2 a n d 1 9 7 2 y e a r c l a s s e s ) a n d t y p e 2 ( t h e 1 9 7 3 y e a r c l a s s ) . I t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t , a s a r e s u l t o f a s i m p l e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e a b u n d a n c e o f y e a r c l a s s e s w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s w h e r e c o d s p a w n e d i n t e n s i v e l y u s i n g t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e g g s a t s t a g e 1 , n o c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t w o p h e n o - mena c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e a u t h o r s e x p r e s s t h e i r h e a r t i e s t t h a n k s t o t h e l a t e A.S.

B a r a n e n k o v a f o r h e r g r e a t e f f o r t s a n d e n t h u s i a s t i c work a i m e d a t s t a r t i n g a n d c o n d u c t i n g r e g u l a r i c h t h y o p l a n k t o n i c s u r v e y s i n t h e B a r e n t s a n d N o r w e g i a n S e a s , a n d f o r p r o v i d i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e x a m i n i n g t h e m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d i n t h e s e s u r v e y s . T h e a u t h o r s a p p r e c i a t e h i g h l y t h e e f f o r t s o f N.S. K h o k h l i n a , G.B.

S o r o k i n a , V . K . Z h u r a v l e v a , N . V . Mukhina a n d N . N . S h e v c h e n k o , PINRO s c i e n t i s t s t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e s u r v e y s a n d i d e n t i f y i n g c o l l e c t e d i c h t h y o p l a n k t o n f o r many y e a r s .

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a n d f r y o f t h e B a r e n t s S e a c o d f r o m t h e s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s t o f e e d i n g g r o u n d s . N a u c h n o - t e k h . b u l l . PINRO N 1 / 9 : 1 5 - 2 1 . ( i n R u s s i a n ) .

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B a r a n e n k o v a , A.S., S o r o k i n a , G.B. a n d K h o k h l i n a , N . S . , 1 9 7 2 . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d a b u n d a n c e o f e g g s a n d l a r v a e o f t h e B a r e n t s S e a f i s h o n s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s a n d d r i f t r o u t e s i n 1 9 6 8 . M a t e r i a l y r y b . k h o z . i s s l e d o v a n i j s e v e r n o g o b a s s e j n a , 1 9 : 1 3 - 7 9 . ( i n R u s s i a n ) .

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T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d a b u n d a n c e o f e g g s a n d l a r v a e o f

p r i n c i p a l c o m m e r c i a l s p e c i e s o f f i s h f r o m t h e B a r e n t s S e a i n 1 9 7 0 . T r u d y PINRO, 3 7 : 9 2 - 1 2 8 . ( i n R u s s i a n ) .

Damas, D . , 1 9 0 9 . C o n t r i b u t i o n a l a b i o l o g i e d e s G a d i d e s . Rapp.

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a n d u s e o f b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n . Moscow, P i s h c h e v . P r o m y s h l e n n o s t , 2 6 7 p p . ( i n R u s s i a n ) . M a s l o v , N.A., 1 9 4 4 . B a r e n t s S e a b o t t o m f i s h a n d f i s h e r y . T r u d y

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S e l i v e r s t o v , A . S . , 1 9 7 2 . R o u t e s a n d s p e e d o f t h e d r i f t o f h e r r i n g l a r v a e a n d t h e i r n a t u r a l m o r t a l i t y o n s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s i n 1 9 6 9 . M a t e r i a l y r y b . - k h o z . i s s l e d o v . S e v e r n o g o b a s s e j n a , 2 1 : 1 0 - 2 5 .

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I n v e s t - 11 ( 1 1 : 1 - 2 4 6 .

(22)

W i b o r g , K . F . , 1 9 5 6 . F o r e k o m s t a v f i s k e e g g o g f i s k e y n g e l i n o r d - n o r s k e f a r v a n n v a r e n 1 9 5 4 o g 1 9 5 5 . F o r e l o p i g b e r e t n i n g I V . F i s k D i r . S m 5 s k r . , 1 9 5 6 ( 6 ) : 1 - 2 2 .

W i b o r g , K.F., 1 9 5 7 . F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g t h e S i z e o f t h e Y e a r - c l a s s e s i n t h e A r c t o - N o r w e g i a n T r i b e o f C o d . F i s k D i r . S e r . H a v U n d e r s . , 11 ( 8 ) : 5 - 2 4 .

W i b o r g , K . F . , 1 9 6 0 . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n E g g s a n d L a r v a e o f C o m m e r c i a l F i s h e s i n N o r w e g i a n C o a s t a l W a t e r s i n 1 9 5 7 - 1 9 5 8 . R a p p . Norw. F i s h e r y Mar. I n v e s t . , 1 2 ( 7 ) : 1 - 2 7 .

W i b o r g , K . F . , 1 9 7 8 . V a r i a t i o n s i n Z o o p l a n k t o n Volumes a t t h e P e r m a n e n t O c e a n o g r a p h i c S t a t i o n s a l o n g t h e N o r w e g i a n C o a s t a n d a t W e a t h e r s h i p S t a t i o n M ( i k e ) i n t h e N o r w e g i a n S e a d u r i n g t h e Y e a r s 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 7 2 . F i s k D i r . S k r . S e r . H a v U n d e r s . 1 6 , ( 2 ) : 4 6 5 - 4 8 7 .

Y u d a n o v , I . G . , 1 9 6 2 . T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s o f t h e A t l a n t o - S c a n d i a n h e r r l n g . T r u d y PINRO, 1 4 : 5 - 4 9 .

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

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