fh_1978_sb_03.pdf (6.316Mb)

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SERIE B 1978 N r . 3

RAPPORTER

OG

MELDINGER

1

FRA

FISKEWIDIREKTORAEETS

HAVFBRSKNDNGSINSTITUUrP

- B E R G E N 1

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SERIE B 1978 N r . 3

B e g r e n s e t d i s t r i b u s j o n v a r i e r e n d e e t t e r innhold ( R e s t r i c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n )

DORSAL A S P E C T TARGET STRENGTH FUNCTIONS O F SIX FISHES AT TWO ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES

KENNETH C . F O O T E

D e p a r t m e n t of Applied M a t h e m a t i c s , Univer s i t y of B e r g e n

and ODD NAKKEN

I n s t i t u t e of M a r i n e R e s e a r c h , B e r g e n , N o r w a y

RedaktØr

ERLING BRATBERC

Juni 1978

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ABSTRACT

FOOTE, K , C , and NAKKEN, 8 . 1978. D o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength functions of six f i s h e s a t two u l t r a s o n i c frequencies.

E

r . B,

a978 ( 3 ) : 1 - g &

---

The d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength funetions of six f i s h e s a t two u l t r a s o n i c f r e q u e n c i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d in tabular and graphical f o r m , E a c h table p r e s e n t s the value of the t a r g e t s t r e n g t b function for t i l t a n g l e s ranging f r o m -45 to t 4 5 d e g r e e s inclusive a t o n e - d e g r e e i n t e r v a l s . The f i s h e s a r e cod (Gadus m o r h u a ) , salthe ( P o l l a c h i u s v i r e n s ) , pollack ( P o l l a c h i u s

-

^-^-^p ) , h e r r i n g

s ) , s p r a t (%rattus s

- --

⁾and m a c k e r e l (Scomber

-

s c o m b r u s ) . The frequencies of m e a s u r e m e n t w e r e 38 and 120 kMz. The s o u r c e of the data i s Nakken and O l s e n ' s 1971 study of the t a r g e t s t r e n g t h s of fish.

A knowledge of the t a r g e t strength functions of fish i s i m p o r t a n t for a s s e s s i n g f i s h abundance acouståcally a t high frequencies. Except a t v e r y low frequen- c i e s , w h e r e s c a t t e r i n g i s essentialby i s o t r o p i c , t a r g e t s t r e n g t h i s a function of fish orientation. T h i s function depends additionally on the fish length-to- wavelength r a t i o a s well a s fish s p e c i e s and frequency of ensonification. I t depends, m o r e o v e r , on individual specimen by r e a s o n of n a t u r a l variability.

The existence of slbgnificant specific and frequency dependent differences m a y be d e m o n s t r a t e d both f o r the rnaximum d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength data of NAKKEN and OLSEN (1977) and f o r the d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength functions

r e p o r t e d h e r e wben a v e r a g e d aecording to s e h e m e s of the s o r t d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y in FOQTE (1978 a). The sensitivity of target: strength to different s p e - c i m e n s of the s a m e s p e e i e s and of identical o r v e r y sirnilar lengtki when e n - sonified dor sakiy o r ventrally, i s o h s e r v e d in the unpublished t a r g e t s t r e n g t h d a t a gathered by ;(.@teingen in conjunetion with the study r e p o r t e d in ROTTINGEN (1976) and analyzed i n F O Q T E (1978 b),

Averaged da-rged strengt118 depend additionally on fish behaviour, o r equiva- lently on the kånd of orlentation distribution assurned by the f i s h , a s demon-

a t r a t e d in F O O T E (B978 a). Thus, because a knowledge of the a v e r a g e d t a r g e t strength-to-lengtk rekationship i s i m p o r t a n t in eståmating fish abundance

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acoustically and because this relationship, like the individual a v e r a g e d t a r g e t s t r e n g t h s , depends on the precåse f o r m of individual t a r g e t strength functions, the functional dependence of t a r g e t strength should be c o n s i d e r e d in the d e - termination of t a r g e t strength-to-length relationships.

This recognition h a s provided the ineentive f o r re-examining the t a r g e t

strength data gathered by Nakken and Olsen in t h e i r 1971 study and d i s c u s s e d in t h e i r l979 p a p e r ,

In this data r e p o r t the d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength functions of six of the f i s h e s of Nakken and. O l s e n ' s 1971 study a r e p r e s e n t e d . The n u m b e r s of s p e - c i m e n s and length r a n g e s f o r which d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength functions a r e p r e s e n t e d a r e s t a t e d in Table 31,

T a b l e I . N u m b e r s of s p e c i m e n s and length ranges f o r which dorsa?. a s p e c t t a r g e t s t r e n g t h functions a r e p r e s e n t e d .

S P E C I E S

-w

God ( G a d u s m o r h u a )

i

^{6. 7-96.}^O ^{4 4} ^6.^7-67.^O

Saithe ( P o l l a c h i u s v i r e n s ) 59 9 . 1 - 6 8 . O

l

48 9 . 1-61. O P o l l a c k ( P o l l a c h i u s

1

⁴⁴ 19. 7-61. O

I

39 19. 7-52. O

Ivlackerel (Ccornber

s c o n b r u s ) 2 4 29. 7-41.5

A descråption of the mellaed of m e z s u r e m e n t of the d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t strength fimction i s given in NAKKEN and OLSEN (1977). I t i s r e p e a t e d h e r e f o r completeness.

The m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e made in the pesiod June

-

September 1971 on the island of Lepsgy in Norway in a s h e l t e r e d inlet 2 0 0 m wide, 12-14 m deep and wåth a soft bottom, The a r r a n g e m e n t of a p p a r a t u s i s shown in F i g . 1.

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An a n c h o r e d r a f t c a r r i e d both the f a b o s a t o r y and the accomodation f o s the s taff.

F i g . 1. Experåmental s e t - u p . 1: f i s h suspension; 2 : holsting s y s t e m :

3: tålting s y s t e m ; 4: 38 kHz and 120 kHz t r a n s d u e e r ; 5: transduaver b a s e ; 6: r a f t .

T h e upward looking t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e msmnted in a heavily loaded s t e e l f r a m e s u b m e r g e d f r o m the s a f t on adjushable w i r e s , The fisk w e r e kept in an upside down poaition in the c e n t r a l p a r t of the sound beam by a f r a m e of thin rnonsfil nylon. A specia1 hoisting device made i t p o s s i b l e to hook the f i s h to the f r a r n e a t the s u r f a c e , and thera l o w e r i t to the m e a s u r i n g position a t 2 . 4 m depth, The a s p e c t o f the fish could be continuorasly ehanged in two p l a n e a , tibt and roll, wåthaut any re-hooking, The f i s h w a s t i l t e d between

-45" and +4-i0 f r o m horizonlal pssitåsn with $ 1" a c c u r a c y by o p e r a t i o n of the autcsmatie "tilting b a r ' \ The t i l t i n g speed was 1" p e r second, When only t i l t varåations w e r e wa,n"cd, a stable c p s i d e - d o m position w a s obtained by

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s m a l l f l o a t s a t t a c h e d to the b e l l y of the f i s h . When r o l l v a r i a t i o n s w e r e a l s o w a n t e d , t h e f l o a t s w e r e r e p l a c e d with thin nylon s t r i n g s f r o m t h e f i s h s i d e s to a s m a l 1 wheel. which w a s o p e r a t e d m a n u a l l y and w o r k e d n o r m a l to t h e tilting b a r , F o r comp1.ete change of a s p e c t , the f i s h w a s hauled to the s u r - I a c e and t h e p o i n t s of hooking changed,

S i g n a l Generalor

P

meter

B

Gamsra

Transducers Mydrophone

F i g . 2. Block d i a g r a m of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n .

A block d i a g r a m of the i n s t r u m e ~ ? t a t i o n i s shown in F i g . 2. Lwo e c h o - s o u n d e r s working a t freqv-encies 38 kMz and 120 k H s ( S i m r a d Ek 38 A and E k B20 A ) with t r a n s d u c e r s r e s p e c t l v e l y 10x10 c m and 5 c m d i a m e t e r w e r e u s e d . The t r a n s m i t t e d p u l s e l e n g t h s , m e a s u r e d a t ha%£ a m p l i t u d e , w e r e Q , 6 rns f o r both

s o u n d e r s . 'The r e p e t i t i o n r a t e s of the scsundera w e r e i n c r e a s e d to 4 p u l s e s p e r s e e o n d , F o r m e a s u r i n g and r e c a r d i n g o£ d a t a , a Hewlett P a c k a r d 141 A , a two-channel o s ~ i 1 l o s c ~ p e , a Silmrad QM echo i n t e g r a t o r with a Hewlett P a c k a r d 7 7 0 2 B two channeh recaslider and a Brtiel a n d M j a e r 2304 p o l a r p l o t l e v e l r e c o r d e r w e s e u e e d . One channek of botb t h e osei.Ploseope and the i n t e - g r a t o r r e c o r d e r w a s u s e d f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n of echo a m p l i t u d e s , whåle the c o r r e s p s n d i n g t i l t a n g l e s w e r e r e c o r d e d on the o t h e r channel. A film c a m e r a t r i g g e r e d by the echo-sounders waw a"&'cached to the o s c i l l o s c o p e ,

An A t l a n t i c R e s e a r c h L V 32 hydrophone w a s u s e d f o r c a l i b r a t i o n of the equip- m e n t , In addition, a d a i l y calibration w a s c a r r i e d o u t by m e a s u r i n g the t a r g e t s t r e n g t h of a steel. sphere of 5 cnn d i a n l e t e r , which w a s l o w e r e d into the m e a - s u r i n g posåtion,

T h e s e q u e n e e in one m e a s u r i n g p r e g r a m m e w a s t h a t t h e tilting b a r s t a r t e d

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frorra the h o r i z s n t a l position, m-sved to 4-45" , back again through the h o r i z o n - t a l to -45" and thsn back to h o r i z o n t a l . During the .first q u a r t e r of t h i s c y c l e ,

suitable gain s e t t i n g s w e r e s e l e e t e d , The d a t a collected d u r i n g the complete half c y c l e between 4-45" and - 4 5 " w e r e u s e d f o r f u s t h e r t r e a t m e n t .

The f i s b w a s stunned o r kikled by klitting the f r s n h - b p a r t s of the b r a i n by a s h a r p tooi. Wkez~ suspending the f f s h , care waa taken t a 6a.void a i r being e n - c l o s e d in the g i i l s and s t a m a c k , The w e a s u r - e m e u t s w e r e s t a r t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e s the fisli had been lovvered into the measurång position, In o r d e r to obtain n e c e s s a r y information ahtirut the rebation ketwsen t a r g e t s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c s of dead and l i v e f i s h , m e a s u r e m e n " & s w e e m a d e on a f e w live fish; t b e s e w e r e a41owed to m o v e their talls a n d bodies v ~ i t h o u t changing t h e i r position withån the s s u n d b e a m ,

The r e e o r d e d d a t a , which consisf e d of a s e r i e s of d i a g r a m s of c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s of volta ge and tiIt a n g l e on Binear grapka p a p e r , w e r e p u r g e d a s the d a t a w e r e e x c e s s i v e l y noisy o r IacBrls~g in p r e c i s e angle-identification. One arbtesion applied in the e o ~ f i r m a t i o n o r r e j e c t i o n of m e a s u r e d t a r g e t s t r e n g t h functions w a e that t h e - ~ e shc~12ld t e coae9åstency in r e d u ~ ~ d a n t m e a s u r eirienti; on individual. d i a g r a m s , a. s availabl e , w l t h p r o p e r aallowance heing made fos changes in t h e gain s e t t i n g d-rir-lg the f i r s t q u a r t e r of the m e a s u r e m e n t cycle.

The middle h a l f - c y c l e s of aceep";able % a r g e t strength d i a g r a r n s w e r e then r e - presenated by plecewise l i n e a r c u r v e s which w e r e interpola-ted a t o n e - d e g r e e intervals f r o m -45 to 1-45 d e g r e e s , The t a r g e t strengt8-5 functisu w a s d e r i v e d f r o m the s e interpolated -a o l t a g e s by the fo%iswlng p r e s c s i p t i o n :

w h e r e T$ denote s the t a r g e t strengtki value co s r e sponding to the i n t e r p o l a t e d voltage .i, v i s t h e mean voltage l e v e i o f the r e i e r e n c e s p h e r e , and TSref

ref

i s the darge"cstrengt1l of "&e reference s p k e r e in unit9 o f d e c i b e l s , TSreI w a s obserxred to be -38, O dl3 at 3 8 kMz aimd - 3 8 , 5 d B a t 120 kHz, These m e a s u r e d v a l u e s of TSref w e r e u s a d in the d e t e r m i r i a t i o n of t a r g e t s t r e n g t h v a l u e s f r o m

"Le c o r r e s p o n d i n g obser ved t r o l t a g e s ,

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U S E

OF

TABLES

Except for a number of m a c k e r e l t a r g e t strength functions, each d o r s a l a s p e c t targed strength function i s d e s e r i b e d a t s n e - d e g r e e i n t e r v a l s which completely span the ninety-degree r a n g e i n tilt angles f r o m -45 to t 4 5 d e g r e e s incausively, The t i l t angle i s defined a s the angle made by the c e n t e r l i n e of the fåsh, o r ienaginary line running f r o m the tip of the upper jaw to the root of the t a i l , with the horizontai plane. The sign convention i s that negative angle s d e n s t e the n o r m a l head-down o r head-away po sition when viewed frorn the t r a n s d u c e r , A4.1 values of the t a r g e t strength function a r e negative; f o r simplicidy anly the magnitude i s stated. The values a r e given in decibels r e l a t i v e to MMS units so that the backscattering c r o s s section in units of s q u a r e m e t e r s m a y be deri-ved f r o m the t a r g e t strength value by the follswing formula:

w h e r e T S denotes a value of the t a r g e t strength value and o the c o r r e s - b'

ponding value of backsca"ci;ering c r o B s section.

Each table contains ten. rows, The f i r s t row contains the values of the t a r g e t strength fbmction f o r til% angles from - 4 1 to - 3 6 d e g r e e s the second row contains values frorn -35 to - 2 6 d e g r e e s ; and so forth. The tenth row contains a single value which i s $hat of the function a t 145 d e g r e e s .

The exceptioa~al c a s e s a r e wholly coniined to the m a c k e r e l data. In t h e s e c a s e s the % a r g e t strength functiam w a s not m e a s u r e d over the full range of t i l t angles, This i s noteed in the pertinealt t a b l e s w h e r e , neverthele s s , values a r e shown f o r the m i s s i n g m e a s u r e r n e ~ z t s . These n u m b e r s a r e

sp11rious; f o r ~ ~ " . n v e n i e n ~ 3 e they w e r e a r b i t r a r b l y equaded to the s m a l l e s t finite dågitlzatio-6 leve%,

D i a g r a m s o r plots of each tabulated targetc strength function a r e attached to the corresponding table, The graduations of a l l diagraens a r e identical to that of the exaralple in F i g , 3 ,

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F i g , 3 , m ^Ba r g e t si.rength a s a func- t i o c oitl t å l t angne-

The pair of n u ~ n b e r s a woclri'ae? - t ? ~ i t Q these d i a g r a r a s mere1 y specify the f i s h nzambea o r o r d e r u J rnaar;urearaent i n Nakken and 81oen' ^b;original study and the frequency o f e9o;as~lf"~satiat~ in i:njts of kHz, Tkbus, in F i g , 3 the fåsb number i s 260 and the fsecpeilcy j f ; 38 kHz,

1 0 8 T E , 'K, G , 1978 a, Effechof f i s h behavlous on echs enesgy:

The need f o r w e a ~ u r e ~ w e n t s rnf o-al e~~iltationi d i s t r i b u t i e n s . IG@S

-.---v- Work* ^-^+-e-=G - o u ~ ~ ~ ; Ato F å shing _ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ i ~ ~

_z~~.&l-qzk-

~~~~~-Lwd>kzZk 3 3 -

N A K K E N , O a34 i i L G F T i 4 , K , 1 4 1 6 P a r g e t strength m e a s u r e m e n t s o1 f i s h ,

P,

52-k9 _inASARGETTS, A. R. ed, Hydro-aeoustics In fi&tr;ries researek,

--

X i i ~ , ^J^-e--2, - v o F * e G n e C o n ~ 8 Intt e r , RØTCTINGEN,

I,,

1976, O n tb.e r e l a t i a n between echo intensity and fislia

d a n ~ f " - , ~ --~----*---- E'iskD'is., * ^%^"Sk:., ^, --.%a,-v Ser, ~" =-*-,.*--,em--=- EIav%fnders, ,

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3.6: 301-314.

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