CHAPTER 2 FRACTURING FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES
2.2 Types of Fracturing Fluids
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do treinamento muscular inspiratório, realizado através do treinamento resistivo inspiratório ou treinamento resistivo utilizando carga linear, em pacientes asmáticos, a partir de um estudo de revisão sistemática com metanálise.
Foram identificados 133 registros para possível inclusão no estudo, mas apenas 5 ensaios clínicos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. Foram ainda encontrados estudos não-randomizados e estudos que apresentaram inadequados grupos de intervenção ou controle que não satisfizeram os critérios para inclusão na presente atualização. Os resultados das buscas nas bases de dados mostraram que existem poucos estudos avaliando os efeitos do TMI em pacientes asmáticos. Dessa forma, parece haver um desinteresse por parte dos pesquisadores sobre esse assunto ou devido às dificuldades inerentes à realização do TMI nessa população.
De acordo com os resultados desta revisão, o TMI aumenta significativamente a PImáx em cerca de 13 cmH2O. Contudo não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre o grupo TMI e o grupo controle para PEmáx, função pulmonar, sintomas da asma e uso de medicamentos. Nenhum estudo incluído investigou os seguintes desfechos: exacerbações que requereram o uso de corticosteroides inalado ou oral ou visita ao serviço de emergência médica, endurance dos músculos inspiratórios, admissão no hospital e dias de falta ao trabalho ou à escola.
A ausência de diferença significativa para os desfechos encontrados muito provavelmente ocorreu devido ao pequeno número de ensaios clínicos incluídos e o reduzido número de participantes. Além disso, existiu substancial heterogeneidade clínica entre os estudos. Dessa forma, até o momento não existe evidência conclusiva para suportar ou refutar o uso do TMI na asma.
Portanto, novos ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados são necessários para que seja possível obter conclusões firmes sobre os efeitos do TMI para pacientes com asma. Tais estudos devem investigar desfechos importantes incluindo força dos músculos respiratórios, frequência de exacerbações, função pulmonar, sintomas, admissão no hospital, uso de medicamentos e dias de falta ao trabalho ou escola. O TMI deve ainda ser realizado em pacientes com asma mais grave, de modo que os achados possam ser generalizados.
Os métodos utilizados para randomização, bem como o sigilo de alocação devem ser apropriados e descritos pelo autor. O cegamento dos avaliadores dos desfechos e, se possível, dos pacientes deve ser garantido e descrito. Caso ocorram perdas de dados, devem ser realizadas análises por intenção de tratar, e todos os dados devem ser descritos de forma que possam ser combinados em metanálise. É importante ainda observar a ocorrência de possíveis efeitos colaterais durante o treinamento. Por fim, o tamanho das amostras dos ensaios deve ser determinado antes do início dos estudos e os resultados devem ser registrados seguindo as recomendações do CONSORT.
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