O estudo da dinâmica de absorção e transporte de íons, além da assimilação do N, das plantas de sorgo nutridas com NO3− ou NH4+ permitiu uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos que medeiam a tolerância ao estresse salino, a qual é potencializada pela nutrição com NH4+. Os resultados demonstraram, conforme descrito no modelo proposto (Fig. 11), que a manutenção de teores elevados de K+, nas plantas que cresceram na presença de NH4+, não se deve ao estímulo na absorção desse íon, mas provavelmente a um menor efluxo em decorrência da redução do acumulo de Na+ nos tecidos radiculares. Aliado a isso, os processos de absorção e assimilação de N se mostraram mais favoráveis na presença de NH4+, o que resultou no aumento do pool de nitrogênio total e de aminoácidos livres, disponíveis para operar nas respostas de defesa da planta contra o estresse.
As informações obtidas no presente estudo reforçam que a fertilização com NH4+ pode ser uma alternativa efetiva para o cultivo de sorgo em solos com excesso de sais. No entanto, estudos de campo devem ser realizados buscando investigar as interações do íon NH4+ com as propriedades no solo, bem como avaliar a eficácia dos inibidores de nitrificação disponíveis para viabilizar o uso do NH4+. Do ponto de vista bioquímico, fisiológico e molecular, uma atenção especial deve ser dada às vias de sinalização responsivas ao estresse salino desencadeadas pelo NH4+, no intuito de identificar pontos de regulação e genes potenciais para estudos de engenharia genética.
Figura 11. Modelo proposto para a dinâmica de absorção e assimilação de NO3− e NH4+ e absorção de K+ em plantas de Sorghum bicolor nutridas com NO3− ou NH4+ e submetidas ao estresse salino. O íon NH4+ estimula o controle do acúmulo de Na+ nas células das raízes. Com isso, favorece a retenção de K+ e reduz o carregamento de Na+ no xilema, mantendo alta a relação K+/Na+ nos tecidos. Além disso, a absorção de NH4+ e assimilação em aminoácidos é mais eficiente. Nas plantas nutridas com NO3−, a absorção de K+ é favorecida, porém, este não é acumulado em altas quantidades nos tecidos, provavelmente devido ao incremento no efluxo. Abreviaturas: PHA, H+-ATPase de membrana plasmatica; VHA, H+-ATPase vacuolar; VPP, H+-PPiase vacuolar; NHX, antiporte Na+/H+ vacuolar; SOS1, antiporte Na+/H+ de membrana plasmática.
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