5. Contributions and implications
5.2 Limitations and further research
We have based our study on extant humanitarian logistics literature, with a particular focus on preparedness. Given that many papers concern issues related to preparedness without explicitly using the term, it was challenging to conduct this review. Rather than performing a full systematic review, we used Kunz and Reiner (2012) and Leiras et al. (2014) for cross-referencing. Our empirical approach has certain limitations: (a) a limited set of organizations;
26
(b) the fact that we looked at international organizations only, excluding governments and other involved actors; and (c) that we used only secondary public material. We suggest that comparative case studies of numerous actors be conducted in order to gain a more detailed understanding of developments in practice and to see whether and how these developments vary with the respective stakeholders, donors, mandates, etc.
We focused on suggesting topics for a future research agenda within logistics preparedness.
Rather than going into suggesting specific theories and methodological or analytical approaches, we refer to Tabaklar et al. (2015) and Heaslip (2016) for theoretical suggestions.
For analytical approaches, we refer to Van Wassenhove and Pedraza-Martinez (2012) and Besiou et al. (2011) for suggestions of operations research and system dynamics, respectively.
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Appendix A: Methodological procedure – The systematic review protocol
Adapting the method from Macpherson and Holt (2007), we carried out a systematic review of organizations that are actively and explicitly involved with emergency preparedness and discuss their efforts publicly. This process starts by outlining the review protocol and mapping the area by accessing, retrieving, and judging the quality and relevance of research, and then moves to reporting the findings, identified gaps, and suggestions for future research.
Search and selection method
Following the suggestions by Tranfield et al. (2003), we conducted a systematic selection to find the relevant organizations. Five stages of search and selection were performed (Table A1).
We used keywords partly based on the literature review including a broader range of terms that used by the sector (that is, humanitarian, disaster, and emergency). We conducted an additional search on the specific combination terms of “disaster relief preparedness” and “logistics preparedness” in order to identify organizations that utilize them. The keyword search resulted in 11 of the larger humanitarian organizations (Table 1, last column, second row, result of a).
The three authors jointly decided on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as indicated in Table 1. We excluded national American organizations that did not necessarily focus on disaster relief, local offices of the organizations, the hits related to preparedness of people against disasters, and vacancy postings for logistics positions (exclusion criteria of stage two in Table 1). However, organizations were reviewed for possible projects in the area. In a second round (that is, refine, select, and sort in Table A1), we undertook the following steps for each organization using Google searches:
1) A keyword search for preparedness OR logistics preparedness AND the name of the organization;
2) A general scan of the website for preparedness and logistics preparedness discussions;
3) A keyword search using the search function in organizations’ sites for preparedness OR logistics preparedness;
4) Search for discussions in an organization’s reports related to strengthening of logistics capabilities and capacities, even if not referred to as preparedness; and
5) Checking general logistics and supply documents of the organization (for example, webpages, strategy notes, reports, lessons learned, etc.) for discussions related to strengthening of logistics capabilities and capacities, even if not referred to as preparedness.
We reviewed discussions or reports that referred directly to preparedness and logistics preparedness even if they did not use those exact terms, but excluded documents discussing preparedness in relation to a specific mission or case.
Table A1: Stages of the process for selecting organizations and material for review
Stages Details and sequence of activities
No. of records/organizations
(rounded numbers from February 2015)
Search rounds
1. Google search engine
a. preparedness + humanitarian b. preparedness + disaster c. preparedness + emergency d. “disaster relief preparedness”
e. “logistics preparedness”
f. “logistics preparedness” + vacancy
2. The titles of these hits were scanned on the Google search
a. ±4 m total hits
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result pages based on the criteria listed in select and sort stage
Select and sort
2. Exclusion criteria:
● National American organizations that do not deal with disaster relief
● Those discussing population preparedness against disasters; i.e., population education
● Local offices of international organizations
● Vacancy postings
a. 11 orgs.:
IFRC, FAO1, CARE, PAHO, WFP, UNSSC, UNICEF, Save the Children,2 UNHCR, Oxfam, OCHA
IFRC, Logcluster, WHO, UNJLC, IOM, FEMA, WorldVision, UNHCR, Oxfam
3. Exclusion criteria (extensive review of organizations):
● Those only discussing local community emergency preparedness
● No focus on emergency relief
● Focus on one specific aspect of preparedness (health, elderly, etc.)
● Non-operational organizations
IFRC, CARE, WFP, UNHCR, Oxfam, FEMA, WorldVision, IOM, UNICEF, WHO
Final selection
4. Added organizations:
● Mentioned as part of joint projects in reviewed documents
● Organizations that, according to our knowledge, had logistics preparedness initiatives
5. Exclusion criteria:
● Not discussing preparedness in public documents
Mercy Corps, MSF, HelpAge
When reviewing documents from the selected organizations, other organizations named in relation to logistics preparedness were also reviewed. From these additional organizations, only those who had specific efforts in emergency preparedness were included in the final study.
Data extraction method
We followed Tranfield et al.’s (2003) recommendation and used a data extraction form to provide a historical record of decisions made during the process and to provide the data repository from which the analysis emerges. Data extraction includes coding and classification of collated documents by identifying specific characteristics in them. The following stages and keyword searches were carried out for each organization to compile sources of data:
1. From the Google search engine: preparedness/logistics preparedness + the org. name 2. General scan of the organization’s website: preparedness and logistics preparedness
discussions
3. From the organization’s own webpage search engine: preparedness/logistics preparedness
4. Organization’s reports: discussions related to strengthening of logistics capabilities
1 http://www.fao.org/europe/log/activities/humanitarian-response-and-preparedness/en/
2 http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.8373277/
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and capacities (even if not referred to as preparedness)
5. General logistics and supply documents (webpages, strategy notes, reports, lessons learnt, etc.): discussions related to strengthening of logistics capabilities and capacities (even if not referred to as preparedness)
Discussions or documents that focused on a specific mission or region were excluded in this study. Table 2 shows the number of webpages, documents and the document pages reviewed in this study. This table does not include reviewed reports and webpages on general organization information. Although the numbers in this table do not indicate the absolute amount of information on preparedness or logistics preparedness by the organizations, they can give an indication of the amount of focus each organization has allocated to communicating each topic.
Table A2: Quantity and concentration of data reviewed for each organization
Data extraction
stages for each organization
Number of documents (pages) reviewed
WFP IFRC MSF UNHCR IOM UNICEF WHO CARE Mercy Corps World Vision Oxfam HelpAge FEMA
Reports on disaster relief and/or preparedness Webpages on disaster relief
and/or preparedness 2 2 1 1 5 5 2 1 2 4 3 5 2
*Total page numbers reviewed excluding the webpages ** Vacancy on a logistics position
From the reports and webpages compiled, data was extracted to map each organization’s: (1)
From the reports and webpages compiled, data was extracted to map each organization’s: (1)