Resultatene fra denne studien gir delvis støtte til at MST har effekt på internaliserende vansker, og at denne behandlingen kan være å fortrekke for ungdom med atferdsvansker og internaliserende tilleggsvansker. Det var ingen signifikant betydning av kjønn i denne studien, og hypotesen om at jenter ville ha større behandlingsutbytte generelt, og spesielt av MST, ble ikke entydig støttet. Det kunne samtidig se ut til at jenter generelt responderte bedre på behandling hva gjelder internaliserende vansker. Resultatene indikerer at kjønnsforskjeller blant ungdom med atferdsvansker i Norge kan ha mindre betydning for utfall i behandling enn grad av internalisering ved oppstart i behandling. Hypotesen om at de eldre ungdommene ville oppleve større nedgang i internaliserende vansker, ble støttet av ungdommenes
egenrapport. Alder hadde imidlertid ingen signifikant betydning for utfall rapportert av foreldre og lærere.
En tidligere undersøkelse med kombinerte informantskårer fra det samme datamaterialet, fant at MST var bedre enn kontrollgruppen til å endre ungdommenes internaliserende vansker (Ogden & Halliday Boykins, 2004). Konklusjonene i den
foreliggende studien baserer seg på separate analyser av informantgruppenes vurdering av ungdommene, og har mindre statistisk styrke i datagrunnlaget til å trekke klare slutninger om at MST har større effekt på internalisering enn kontrollgruppebehandlingen. Resultatene kan derimot informere om at ungdommers internalisering vurderes ulikt av foreldre, lærere og ungdommen selv. Læreres vurdering av internalisering var avvikende fra rapportene til foreldrene og ungdommene selv, noe som kan indikere at lærere vurderer internaliserende vansker på et annet grunnlag enn de øvrige informantene. Endring i internalisering var tydelig korrelert med endring i eksternalisering, og det er mulig at de internaliserende vanskene er en uunngåelig del av et tilstandsbilde med atferdsvansker. Flere aspekter ved MST som behandlingsform kan være sentrale for å oppnå endring i ungdommers psykiske vansker. Det at behandlingen kan ta høyde for kompleksiteten i tilstandsbildet til
ungdommene, kan være sentralt for å oppnå endring i internalisering. MST representerer en bredspektret og fleksibel behandling som fokuserer på å styrke foreldrenes funksjon og endre kommunikasjonen og samspillet i familiesystemet. Dette behandlingsfokuset kan ha spesiell betydning for effekten av MST på internaliserende vansker, og er relevant å undersøke i videre studier av hvordan MST er virksomt på tilleggsproblematikk som internaliserende vansker.
Litteraturliste
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Achenbach, T. M., & McConaughy, S. H. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.
Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–232. http://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.101.2.213 Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). Reliability, Internal Consistency, Cross-Informant
Agreement, and Stability. I Achenbach & Rescorla (Red.) Manual for the ASEBA School-age Forms Profiles (99-135). Burlington: University of Vermont, Research center for Children, Youth and Families.
Allison, P. D. (1990). Change Scores as Dependent Variables in Regression Analysis.
Sociological Methodology, 20, 93–114. DOI: 10.2307.271083
American Psychological Association. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology.
American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271 Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 40(1), 57–87. http://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00424 Bakken, A. (2017). Ungdata 2017. (Nova Rapport 10/2017) Oslo: NOVA
Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Solheim, E., Belsky, J., & Wichstrom, L. (2011). Preschoolers’
Psychosocial Problems: In the Eyes of the Beholder? Adding Teacher Characteristics as Determinants of Discrepant Parent–Teacher Reports. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43(3), 393–413. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0271-0
Becker, L. A. (2017). Statistical and clinical significance. Hentet fra https://www.uccs.edu/lbecker/clinsig.html
Berkout, O. V., Young, J. N., & Gross, A. M. (2011). Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 503–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001
Beutler, L. E., & Moleiro, C. (2001). Clinical Versus Reliable and Significant Change.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8(4), 441–445.
http://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.8.4.441
Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S., & Staghezza, B. M. (1993). Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. Journal of the American
Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 361–368.
http://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199303000-00018
Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., Van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence. Child Development, 75(5), 1523–1537. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00755.x
Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., & Cone, L. T. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 569–578. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.4.569
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.-S., & Haynes, O. M. (2010). Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence:
Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22(04), 717–735.
http://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000416
Breslau, J., Miller, E., Joanie Chung, W. J., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2011). Childhood and adolescent onset psychiatric disorders, substance use, and failure to graduate high school on time. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 295–301. DOI:
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.014
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in Child Psychopathology: Concepts, Issues and Research Strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(7), 1063–1080.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x
Cascade. (2017.08.08) I Merriam-Webster.com. Hentet 08.08, 2017, fra https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cascade
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.7
Christensen, B., & Mauseth, T. (2007). Multisystemisk terapi: familie-og nærmiljø-basert behandling av ungdom med alvorlige atferdsvansker. Tidsskrift for Norsk
Psykologforening, 44, 1095–1106.
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C., Johnson, J., et al. (1993). An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence? Age- and Gender-Specific Prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 851–
867. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01094.x
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Comparisons of Problems Reported by Parents of Children in 12 Cultures: Total Problems, Externalizing, and
Internalizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1269–1277. http://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199709000-00020
Dimitrov, D. M., & Rumrill, P. D., Jr. (2003). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change. Work, 20(2), 159–165. DOI: 1051-9815/03/$8.00
Dishion, T. J. (2000). Cross‐Setting Consistency in Early Adolescent Psychopathology:
Deviant Friendships and Problem Behavior Sequelae. Journal of Personality, 68(6) 1109-1126, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00128
Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., & Malone, P. S. (2008). Testing an Idealized Dynamic Cascade Model of the Development of Serious Violence in Adolescence. Child Development, 79(6), 1907–1927. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01233.x
Doyle, A. E., Biederman, J., & Monuteaux, M. (2003). Diagnostic threshold for conduct disorder in girls and boys. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(6), 379–386.
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Elliott, D. S., Hawkins, J. D., Kandel, D. B., Klein, M. W., et al. (1990). Advancing Knowledge about the Onset of Delinquency and Crime. I R. Lahey (Red.) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology (283–342). Boston, MA: Springer, Boston, MA. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9835-6_8
Fergusson, D. M., John Horwood, L., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Show me the child at seven:
the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 837–849. DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00387.x
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4 ed.). London: SAGE.
Fischer, M., Rolf, J. E., Hasazi, J. E., & Cummings, L. (1984). Follow-up of a preschool epidemiological sample: Cross-age continuities and predictions of later adjustment with internalizing and externalizing dimensions of Behavior. Child Development, 55(1), 137.
http://doi.org/10.2307/1129840
Fombonne, E., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. (2001). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 1. Psychiatric outcomes in adulthood. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(3), 210–217.
http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.3.210
Frick, P. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1111–1131.
http://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990071
Graham, P., & Rutter, M. (1973). Psychiatric disorder in the young adolescent: a follow-up study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 66, 1226–1229.
Hancock, G., & Mueller, R. (2010). The Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. New York: Routledge
Henggeler, S. W. (2012). Multisystemic therapy: Clinical foundations and research outcomes.
Psychosocial Intervention, 21(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.5093/in2012a12
Henggeler, S. W., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2016). Multisystemic Therapy ®: Clinical Overview, Outcomes, and Implementation Research. Family Process, 55(3), 514–528. DOI:
10.1111/famp.12232.
Henggeler, S. W., Letourneau, E. J., Chapman, J. E., Borduin, C. M., Schewe, P. A., &
McCart, M. R. (2009a). Mediators of change for multisystemic therapy with juvenile sexual offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 451–462.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0013971.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Brondino, M. J. (1997). Multisystemic therapy with violent and chronic juvenile offenders and their families: the role of treatment fidelity in successful dissemination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 821–
833. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.65.5.821.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992). Family preservation using
multisystemic therapy: an effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 953–961.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.953.
Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B.
(2009b). Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents, second edition. New York: Guilford Press.
Hodges, K. (2003). CAFAS manual for training coordinators, clini- cal administrators and data managers (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: Author.
Hopewell, S., McDonald, S., & Clarke, M. J. (2007). Grey literature in meta‐analyses of randomized trials of health care interventions. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000010.pub3
IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY:
IBM Corp.
Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research:
Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 15(4), 336–352. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80002-7
Jaffee, S. R., Strait, L. B., & Odgers, C. L. (2012). From correlates to causes: Can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes
of antisocial behavior? Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 272–295.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0026020
Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Green, S. (1999). Conduct Disorder in Girls: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(1), 3–19.
http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021811307364
Kirkhaug, B., Drugli, M. B., Lydersen, S., & Mørch, W. T. (2012). Associations between high levels of conduct problems and co-occurring problems among the youngest boys and girls in schools: A cross-sectional study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 67(4), 225–
232. http://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2012.731432
Kornør, H., & Jozefiak, T. (2012). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). PsykTestBarn, 2012, 1:3.
Kvello, Ø. (2007). Atferdsvansker hos barn og unge. I Ø. Kvello (Red.), Utredning av atferdsvansker, omsorgssvikt og mishandling (s.295-332). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Lehto-Salo, P., Närhi, V., Ahonen, T., & Marttunen, M. (2009). Psychiatric comorbidity more common among adolescent females with CD/ODD than among males. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(4), 308–315. http://doi.org/10.1080/08039480902730615 Levant, R. F., & Hasan, N. T. (2008). Evidence-based practice in psychology. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(6), 658–662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.6.658
Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The Primary Factors that Characterize Effective Interventions with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Overview. Victims & Offenders, 4(2), 124–147.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612573
Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(6), 497–523.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(94)90015-9
Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., & Winters, A. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1468–1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007
Lund, T. (2001). Måling av forandring. En innføring. Oslo: Unipub Forlag.
MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19–40.
http://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.19
Marmorstein, N. R. (2007). Relationships between anxiety and externalizing disorders in
youth: the influences of age and gender. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 420–432.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.06.004
McConaughy, S. H., Achenbach, T. M., & Gent, C. L. (1988). Multiaxial empirically based assessment: Parent, teacher, observational, cognitive, and personality correlates of Child Behavior profile types for 6- to 11-year-old boys. Journal of Abnormal Child.
Psychology, 16(5), 485–509. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00914262
Miller, R. B., & Wright, D. W. (1995). Detecting and Correcting Attrition Bias in Longitudinal Family Research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(4), 921.
http://doi.org/10.2307/353412
Mitchell, S., & Rosa, P. (1981). Boyhood behaviour problems as precursors of criminalty: A fifteen‐year follow‐up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 19–33.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00528.x
Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: a 10-year research review and a research agenda. I B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Red.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (49–75). New York: The Guilford Press.
Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13(2), 355–375. http://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401002097 Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001a). Sex and comorbidity: are there
sex differences in the co-occurrence of conduct disorder and other disorders? In Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour (pp. 135–150). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490057.012
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001b). Sex differences in the effects of antisocial behaviour on young adult outcomes. I T.E. Mofitt (Red.), Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour (159–183). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490057.014
MST Services, Inc. (2017a). Our History. Hentet fra http://mstservices.com/mst-service/our-history
MST Services. (2017b). Multisystemic Therapy research at a glance: Published MST
outcome, implementation and benchmarking studies. (1–39). Mount Pleasant. Hentet fra http://mstservices.com/files/outcomestudies.pdf
Nøvik, T. S. (1999). Validity of the Child Behaviour Checklist in a Norwegian sample.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(4), 247–254.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s007870050098
Ogden, T., & Hagen, K. A. (2009). What works for whom? Gender differences in intake characteristics and treatment outcomes following Multisystemic Therapy. Journal of Adolescence, 32(6), 1425–1435. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.006
Ogden, T., & Hagen, K. A. (2014). Adolescent Mental Health. East Sussex: Routledge.
Ogden, T., & Halliday Boykins, C. A. (2004). Multisystemic Treatment of Antisocial Adolescents in Norway: Replication of Clinical Outcomes Outside of the US. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(2), 77–83. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2004.00085.x
Petrosino, A., & Soydan, H. (2005). The impact of program developers as evaluators on criminal recidivism: Results from meta-analyses of experimental and quasi-experimental research. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(4), 435–450.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-005-3540-8
Raudino, A., Woodward, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2012). Childhood Conduct Problems Are Associated with Increased Partnership and Parenting Difficulties in Adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(2), 251–263.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9565-8
Rescorla, L., Achenbach, T., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2007). Behavioral and emotional problems reported by parents of children ages 6 to 16 in 31 societies. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15(3), 130–142. http://doi.org/10.1177/10634266070150030101 Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child
externalizing behavior problems–a meta‐analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 99-111. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01544.x
Rowland, M. D., & Halliday-Boykins, C. A. (2005). A randomized trial of multisystemic therapy with Hawaii's Felix Class youths. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 13(1), 13–23. http://doi.org/10.1177/10634266050130010201
Rowland, M. D., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., & Schoenwald, S. K. (2004). Multisystemic therapy with youth exhibiting significant psychiatric impairment. I M.H. Epstein, K.
Kutash & A. J. Duchnowski (Red.), Outcomes for Children and Youth with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Their Families (401–419). Austin, Texas: Pro-Ed Inc.
Rutter, M. (1997). Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 7(4), 265–285. DOI: 10.1002/cbm.190
Rutter, R., Bishop, D., Pine, D., Scott, S., Stevenson, J., Taylor, E. & Thapar, A. (2008).
Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fifth edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Sawyer, A. M., & Borduin, C. M. (2011). Effects of multisystemic therapy through midlife:
A 21.9-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial with serious and violent juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 643–652.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0024862
Schaeffer, C. M., & Borduin, C. M. (2005). Long-Term Follow-Up to a Randomized Clinical Trial of Multisystemic Therapy With Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 445–453. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.445
Schoenwald, S. K., Sheidow, A. J., Letourneau, E. J., & Liao, J. G. (2003). Transportability of Multisystemic Therapy: Evidence for Multilevel Influences. Mental Health Services Research, 5(4), 223–239. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026229102151
Scott, S., Knapp, M., Henderson, J., & Maughan, B. (2001). Financial Cost Of Social Exclusion: Follow Up Study Of Antisocial Children Into Adulthood. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 323(7306), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7306.191 Shaw, R. G., & Mitchell-Olds, T. (1993). Anova for Unbalanced Data: An Overview.
Ecology, 74(6), 1638–1645. DOI: 10.2307/1939922
Simic, M., & Fombonne, E. (2001). Depressive conduct disorder: symptom patterns and correlates in referred children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 62(3), 175–185. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00201-3
Sitter, M. (2016). Pasienter og behandlingsaktivitet i det psykiske helsevernet for barn og unge 2016 (Analysenotat 04/17, SAMDATA Spesialisthelsetjenesten) Trondheim:
Helsedirektoratet.
Skogen, J. C., & Torvik, A. F. (2013). Atferdsforstyrrelser blant barn og unge i Norge:
Beregnet forekomst og bruk av hjelpetiltak (Rapport 2013: 4 ). Oslo: Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt.
Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2009). Challenges in intervention research on adolescent development. Journal of Adolescence, 32(6), 1437–1442.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.010
Taylor, D. C., & Ounsted, C. (1972). The nature of gender differences explored through ontogenetic analysis of sex ratios in disease. I C. Ounsted & D. C. Taylor (Red.), Genderdifferences: Their ontogeny and significance (21-240). London: Churchill Livingstone.
Timmons-Mitchell, J., Bender, M. B., Kishna, M. A., & Mitchell, C. C. (2006). An
Independent Effectiveness Trial of Multisystemic Therapy With Juvenile Justice Youth.
Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 227–236.
http://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_6
van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., & van der Laan, P. H.
(2014). The effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy (MST): A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(6), 468–481. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.06.006
Vaskinn, A., & Egeland, J. (2012). Testbruksundersøkelsen: En oversikt over tester brukt av norske psykologer. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 49, 658–665.
Vickers, A. J., & Altman, D. G. (2001). Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. Bmj, 323, 1123–1124. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1123 Walker, J. L., Lahey, B. B., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., Christ, M. A. G., McBurnett, K., et al.
(1991). Anxiety, Inhibition, and Conduct Disorder in Children: I. Relations to Social Impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 187–191. http://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199103000-00004
Wasserman, G. A., & McReynolds, L. S. (2005). Gender differences in psychiatric disorders at juvenile probation intake. American Journal of Public Health, 95(1), 131–137.
http://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2003.024737
Wise, E. A. (2004). Methods for Analyzing Psychotherapy Outcomes: A Review of Clinical Significance, Reliable Change, and Recommendations for Future Directions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(1), 50–59. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_10
Appendiks A
Behandlingsprinsippene i MST
1. Kartleggingen har til hensikt å forstå sammenhengen mellom de identifiserte problemene og den bredere systemiske konteksten de inngår i.
2. Behandlingen har et positivt fokus og vektlegger styrker i familiesystemet for å oppnå endring. Dette kan være å ta i bruk og forbedre strategier som familien allerede benytter seg av, etablere håp, identifisere beskyttelsesfaktorer, redusere frustrasjon og styrke omsorgsgivernes selvtillit.
3. Intervensjoner utformes slik at de fremmer ansvarlig atferd og reduserer uansvarlige handlinger blant familiemedlemmene.
4. Intervensjonene har et her-og-nå-fokus, er handlingsorienterte, veldefinerte og rettet mot spesifikke problemer. Terapeuten tilrettelegger for umiddelbar handling og det forventes at familiene jobber aktivt mot mål som har løsninger i nåtiden, til forskjell fra et innsiktsorientert fortidsfokus.
5. Intervensjonene rettes mot problemopprettholdende atferdssekvenser innad i eller mellom flere systemer, som familien, jevnaldrende, lærere, hjemmet, skolen eller lokalsamfunnet.
6. Intervensjonene skal være tilpasset ungdommenes modenhet og utviklingsmessige behov.
7. Intervensjoner utformes slik at de krever daglig eller ukentlig innsats av familiemedlemmene.
8. Intervensjonenes effektivitet evalueres kontinuerlig fra flere perspektiver.
9. Intervensjoner utformes for å fremme generalisering av behandlingen samt langsiktig opprettholdelse av terapeutisk endring. Familien gis mulighet til å adressere sine behov i etterkant av intervensjonen og omsorgsgiver anses som nøkkelen til langsiktig suksess.
Hentet fra (Christensen & Mauseth, 2007).
Appendiks B
Tabell B1
Gjennomsnitt (M) og standardavvik (SD) for Internalisering rapportert av lærere (TRF) ved pre-test.
TRF Internalisering T1
M SD
MST 14.33 9.15
TAU 13.38 7.26
Jenter 14.88 10.00
Gutter 13.60 7.96
Eldre 13.05 7.28
Yngre 15.50 10.37
Tabell B2
Gjennomsnitt (M) og standardavvik (SD) for Internalisering rapportert av ungdommene selv (YSR) ved pre-test.
YSR Internalisering T1
M SD
MST 16.07 9.89
TAU 12.53 7.31
Jenter 16.06 9.11
Gutter 14.25 9.04
Eldre 15.52 9.2
Yngre 13.85 8.87
Appendiks C
Tabell C1
Type III Kvadratsum for interaksjonsanalyse kjønn x behandlingsbetingelse, foreldre
Tabell C2
Type III Kvadratsum for interaksjonsanalyse alder x behandlingsbetingelse, foreldre
Tabell C3
Type III Kvadratsum for interaksjonsanalyse kjønn x behandlingsbetingelse, lærere
Uavhengig variabel: CBCL Internalisering T2
Type III Kvadratsum df Middelkvadrat F Sig.
Korrigert 595,175 5 119,035 2,102 .075
Skjæringspunkt 734,975 1 734,975 12,976 .001
TAU 1,633 1 1,633 .029 .866
CBCL T1 339,838 1 339,833 6 .017
Gutt 16,748 1 16,748 .296 .588
Yngre 26,9299 1 26,929 .475 .493
Gutt X TAU 56,921 1 56,921 1,005 .320
Feil 4021,5 71 56,641
Total 15585 77
Korrigert 4616,675 76
Uavhengig variabel: CBCL Internalisering T2
Type III Sums of Squares df Middelkvadrat F Sig.
Korrigert 538,543 5 107,709 1,875 .109
Skjæringspunkt 540,246 1 540,246 9,406 .003
TAU 93,164 1 93,164 1.622 .207
CBCL T1 342,283 1 342,283 5,959 .017
Gutt 113,738 1 113,738 1,98 .164
Yngre 21.132 1 21.132 .368 .546
Yngre X TAU .289 1 .289 .005 .944
Feil 4078.132 71 57,438
Total 15585 77
Korrigert 4616,675 76
Uavhengig variabel: TRF Internalisering T2
Type III Kvadratsum df Middelkvadrat F Sig.
Korrigert 710,014 5 142,003 2,401 .051
Skjæringspunkt 172,307 1 172,307 2,913 .095
TAU 46,779 1 46,779 0,791 .378
TRF T1 603,528 1 603,528 10,205 .003
Gutt 68,294 1 68,294 1,155 .288
Yngre 17,826 1 17,826 0,301 .586
Gutt X TAU 25,41 1 25,41 0,43 .515
Feil 2720,506 46 59,141
Total 9059 53
Korrigert 3430,519 51