Referências Bibliográficas
BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretária de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de Vigilância da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana , 182. 2007. (GENERIC)
Ref Type: Generic
ALEXANDER J. & BRYSON K. (2005) T helper (h)1/Th2 and Leishmania: paradox rather than paradigm. Immunol.Lett. 99, 17-23.
ALIBERTI J.C., MACHADO F.S., GAZZINELLI R.T., TEIXEIRA M.M. & SILVA J.S. (1999) Platelet-activating factor induces nitric oxide synthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages and mediates resistance to parasite infection in mice.
Infect.Immun. 67, 2810-2814.
ARTHUR G. & BITTMAN R. (1998) The inhibition of cell signaling pathways by antitumor ether lipids. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1390, 85-102.
AWASTHI A., MATHUR R.K. & SAHA B. (2004) Immune response to Leishmania infection. Indian J.Med.Res. 119, 238-258.
BADARO R., JONES T.C., LORENCO R., CERF B.J., SAMPAIO D., CARVALHO E.M., ROCHA H., TEIXEIRA R. & JOHNSON W.D., Jr. (1986) A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. J.Infect.Dis. 154, 639- 649.
BATES P.A. (2007) Transmission of Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies. Int.J.Parasitol. 37, 1097-1106.
BECKERS T., VOEGELI R. & HILGARD P. (1994) Molecular and cellular effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (Miltefosine) in human myeloid leukaemic cell lines.
Eur.J.Cancer 30A, 2143-2150.
BERKOVIC D., GRUNWALD U., MENZEL W., UNGER C., HIDDEMANN W. & FLEER E.A. (1995) Effects of hexadecylphosphocholine on membrane phospholipid metabolism in human tumour cells. Eur.J.Cancer 31A, 2080-2085. BHATTACHARYA S.K., JHA T.K., SUNDAR S., THAKUR C.P., ENGEL J.,
SINDERMANN H., JUNGE K., KARBWANG J., BRYCESON A.D. & BERMAN J.D. (2004) Efficacy and tolerability of miltefosine for childhood visceral leishmaniasis in India. Clin.Infect.Dis. 38, 217-221.
BHATTACHARYA S.K., SUR D. & KARBWANG J. (2006) Childhood visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J.Med.Res. 123, 353-356.
CARRION J., NIETO A., IBORRA S., INIESTA V., SOTO M., FOLGUEIRA C., ABANADES D.R., REQUENA J.M. & ALONSO C. (2006) Immunohistological features of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol. 28, 173- 183.
61 CHAN-BACAB M.J. & PENA-RODRIGUEZ L.M. (2001) Plant natural products with
leishmanicidal activity. Nat.Prod.Rep. 18, 674-688.
CHOI J.H., KO H.M., KIM J.W., LEE H.K., HAN S.S., CHUN S.B. & IM S.Y. (2001) Platelet-activating factor-induced early activation of NF-kappa B plays a crucial role for organ clearance of Candida albicans. J.Immunol 166, 5139-5144.
CHOUGNET C. (2003) Role of CD40 ligand dysregulation in HIV-associated dysfunction of antigen-presenting cells. J.Leukoc.Biol. 74, 702-709.
CORRALIZA I.M., SOLER G., EICHMANN K. & MODOLELL M. (1995) Arginase induction by suppressors of nitric oxide synthesis (IL-4, IL-10 and PGE2) in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 206, 667-673.
CROFT S.L., SEIFERT K. & YARDLEY V. (2006) Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis. Indian J.Med.Res. 123, 399-410.
DORLO T.P., VAN THIEL P.P., HUITEMA A.D., KEIZER R.J., DE VRIES H.J., BEIJNEN J.H. & DE VRIES P.J. (2008) Pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 52, 2855- 2860.
ESCOBAR P., YARDLEY V. & CROFT S.L. (2001) Activities of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine), AmBisome, and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) against Leishmania donovani in immunodeficient scid mice.
Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 45, 1872-1875.
EVANS T.G. (1993) Leishmaniasis. Infect.Dis.Clin.North Am. 7, 527-546.
GAMA M.E., COSTA J.M., GOMES C.M. & CORBETT C.E. (2004) Subclinical form of the American visceral leishmaniasis. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 99, 889-893.
GARG R. & DUBE A. (2006) Animal models for vaccine studies for visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J.Med.Res. 123, 439-454.
GREEN L.C., WAGNER D.A., GLOGOWSKI J., SKIPPER P.L., WISHNOK J.S. & TANNENBAUM S.R. (1982) Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal.Biochem. 126, 131-138.
GREEN S.J., MELTZER M.S., HIBBS J.B., Jr. & NACY C.A. (1990) Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an L-arginine- dependent killing mechanism. J.Immunol. 144, 278-283.
GRIEWANK K., GAZEAU C., EICHHORN A. & VON S.E. (2010) Miltefosine efficiently eliminates Leishmania major amastigotes from infected murine dendritic cells without altering their immune functions. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 54, 652-659.
62 HILGARD P., KLENNER T., STEKAR J. & UNGER C. (1993) Alkylphosphocholines: a new class of membrane-active anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol. 32, 90-95.
HOCHHUTH C.H., VEHMEYER K., EIBL H. & UNGER C. (1992) Hexadecylphosphocholine induces interferon-gamma secretion and expression of GM-CSF mRNA in human mononuclear cells. Cell Immunol. 141, 161-168.
HONDA Z., NAKAMURA M., MIKI I., MINAMI M., WATANABE T., SEYAMA Y., OKADO H., TOH H., ITO K., MIYAMOTO T. & . (1991) Cloning by functional expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from guinea-pig lung. Nature 349, 342-346.
HOWARD A.D. & ERICKSON K.L. (1995) The induction and augmentation of macrophage tumoricidal responses by platelet-activating factor. Cell Immunol. 164, 105-112.
INIESTA V., CARCELEN J., MOLANO I., PEIXOTO P.M., REDONDO E., PARRA P., MANGAS M., MONROY I., CAMPO M.L., NIETO C.G. & CORRALIZA I. (2005) Arginase I induction during Leishmania major infection mediates the development of disease. Infect.Immun. 73, 6085-6090.
INIESTA V., GOMEZ-NIETO L.C., MOLANO I., MOHEDANO A., CARCELEN J., MIRON C., ALONSO C. & CORRALIZA I. (2002) Arginase I induction in macrophages, triggered by Th2-type cytokines, supports the growth of intracellular Leishmania parasites. Parasite Immunol. 24, 113-118.
ISHII S., MATSUDA Y., NAKAMURA M., WAGA I., KUME K., IZUMI T. & SHIMIZU T. (1996) A murine platelet-activating factor receptor gene: cloning, chromosomal localization and up-regulation of expression by lipopolysaccharide in peritoneal resident macrophages. Biochem.J. 314 ( Pt 2), 671-678.
ISHII S. & SHIMIZU T. (2000) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor and genetically engineered PAF receptor mutant mice. Prog.Lipid Res. 39, 41-82.
JHA T.K., SUNDAR S., THAKUR C.P., BACHMANN P., KARBWANG J., FISCHER C., VOSS A. & BERMAN J. (1999) Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N.Engl.J.Med. 341, 1795-1800.
KEDZIERSKI L., ZHU Y. & HANDMAN E. (2006) Leishmania vaccines: progress and problems. Parasitology 133 Suppl, S87-112.
KROPF P., FUENTES J.M., FAHNRICH E., ARPA L., HERATH S., WEBER V., SOLER G., CELADA A., MODOLELL M. & MULLER I. (2005) Arginase and polyamine synthesis are key factors in the regulation of experimental leishmaniasis in vivo. FASEB J. 19, 1000-1002.
LIMA, E. B. Tratamento da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 82, 111-124. 2007. (GENERIC)
63 LONARDONI M.V., BARBIERI C.L., RUSSO M. & JANCAR S. (1994) Modulation of
Leishmania (L.) amazonensis growth in cultured mouse macrophages by
prostaglandins and platelet-activating factors. Mediators Inflamm. 3, 137-141. LONARDONI M.V., RUSSO M. & JANCAR S. (2000) Essential role of platelet-
activating factor in control of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection.
Infect.Immun. 68, 6355-6361.
MACHADO P.R., AMPUERO J., GUIMARAES L.H., VILLASBOAS L., ROCHA A.T., SCHRIEFER A., SOUSA R.S., TALHARI A., PENNA G. & CARVALHO E.M. (2010) Miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil: a randomized and controlled trial.
PLoS.Negl.Trop.Dis. 4, e912
MARRACHE A.M., GOBEIL F., Jr., BERNIER S.G., STANKOVA J., ROLA- PLESZCZYNSKI M., CHOUFANI S., BKAILY G., BOURDEAU A., SIROIS M.G., VAZQUEZ-TELLO A., FAN L., JOYAL J.S., FILEP J.G., VARMA D.R., RIBEIRO-DA-SILVA A. & CHEMTOB S. (2002) Proinflammatory gene induction by platelet-activating factor mediated via its cognate nuclear receptor.
J.Immunol. 169, 6474-6481.
Maurício, I. L. and Stothard, J. R. The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitology Today 16, 188-189. 2000. (GENERIC)
Ref Type: Generic
MAYRINK W., BOTELHO A.C., MAGALHAES P.A., BATISTA S.M., LIMA A.O., GENARO O., COSTA C.A., MELO M.N., MICHALICK M.S., WILLIAMS P., DIAS M., CAIAFFA W.T., NASCIMENTO E. & MACHADO-COELHO G.L. (2006) Immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med.Trop. 39, 14-21.
MELBY P.C., CHANDRASEKAR B., ZHAO W. & COE J.E. (2001) The hamster as a model of human visceral leishmaniasis: progressive disease and impaired generation of nitric oxide in the face of a prominent Th1-like cytokine response.
J.Immunol. 166, 1912-1920.
MOANNA A., DUNHAM R., PAIARDINI M. & SILVESTRI G. (2005) CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV infection: killed by friendly fire? Curr.HIV./AIDS Rep. 2, 16-23. MODOLELL M., CORRALIZA I.M., LINK F., SOLER G. & EICHMANN K. (1995)
Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages by TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Eur.J.Immunol. 25, 1101-1104.
MORE B., BHATT H., KUKREJA V. & AINAPURE S.S. (2003) Miltefosine: great expectations against visceral leishmaniasis. J.Postgrad.Med. 49, 101-103.
MURRAY H.W. & DELPH-ETIENNE S. (2000) Visceral leishmanicidal activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) in mice deficient in T cells and activated macrophage microbicidal mechanisms. J.Infect.Dis. 181, 795-799.
64 MURRAY H.W., OCA M.J., GRANGER A.M. & SCHREIBER R.D. (1989) Requirement for T cells and effect of lymphokines in successful chemotherapy for an intracellular infection. Experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J.Clin.Invest 83, 1253- 1257.
NAKAMURA M., HONDA Z., IZUMI T., SAKANAKA C., MUTOH H., MINAMI M., BITO H., SEYAMA Y., MATSUMOTO T., NOMA M. & . (1991) Molecular cloning and expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from human leukocytes. J.Biol.Chem. 266, 20400-20405.
OLIVIER M., GREGORY D.J. & FORGET G. (2005) Subversion mechanisms by which Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of view. Clin.Microbiol.Rev. 18, 293-305.
OMS (2002) http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf WHO, Geneva,
Switzerland,
ORDONEZ-GUTIERREZ L., ESPADA-FERNANDEZ R., DEA-AYUELA M.A., TORRADO J.J., BOLAS-FERNANDEZ F. & ALUNDA J.M. (2007) In vitro effect of new formulations of amphotericin B on amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. Int.J.Antimicrob.Agents 30, 325-329.
PAIARDINI M., CERVASI B., DUNHAM R., SUMPTER B., RADZIEWICZ H. & SILVESTRI G. (2004) Cell-cycle dysregulation in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Immunol.Res. 29, 253-268.
PARIS C., LOISEAU P.M., BORIES C. & BREARD J. (2004) Miltefosine induces apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Antimicrob.Agents
Chemother. 48, 852-859.
PAULA, C. D. R and SAMPAIO, J. H. D. Estudo comparativo da eficácia de isotionato de pentamidina administrada em três doses durante uma semana e de N-metil- glucamina 20mgSbV/kg/dia durante 20 dias para o tratamento da forma cutânea de leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36(3), 365-371. 2003. (GENERIC)
Ref Type: Generic
PRASAD R., KUMAR R., JAISWAL B.P. & SINGH U.K. (2004) Miltefosine: an oral drug for visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J.Pediatr. 71, 143-144.
Rath, S., Travelin, L. A., and Imbrutnito, T. R. Antimoniais empregados no tratamento da leishmaniose: estado da arte. Química Nova 26(4), 550-555. 2003. (GENERIC) Ref Type: Generic
ROSA M.S., VIEIRA R.B., PEREIRA A.F., DUTRA P.M. & LOPES A.H. (2001) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) modulates peritoneal mouse macrophage infection by Leishmania amazonensis. Curr.Microbiol. 43, 33-37.
SANTIAGO H.C., BRAGA PIRES M.F., SOUZA D.G., ROFFE E., CORTES D.F., TAFURI W.L., TEIXEIRA M.M. & VIEIRA L.Q. (2006a) Platelet activating factor receptor-deficient mice present delayed interferon-gamma upregulation and
65 high susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection. Microbes and Infection 8, 2569-2577.
SANTIAGO H.C., BRAGA PIRES M.F., SOUZA D.G., ROFFE E., CORTES D.F., TAFURI W.L., TEIXEIRA M.M. & VIEIRA L.Q. (2006b) Platelet activating factor receptor-deficient mice present delayed interferon-gamma upregulation and high susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection. Microbes.Infect. 8, 2569- 2577.
SARAIVA V.B., GIBALDI D., PREVIATO J.O., MENDONCA-PREVIATO L., BOZZA M.T., FREIRE-DE-LIMA C.G. & HEISE N. (2002) Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) against drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 46, 3472-3477. SHIO M.T., RIBEIRO-DIAS F., TIMENETSKY J. & JANCAR S. (2004) PAF is involved
in the Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen-triggering pathway for iNOS and COX- 2 expression in murine peritoneal cells. Exp.Cell Res. 298, 296-304.
SILVEIRA F.T., LAINSON R. & CORBETT C.E. (2004) Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 99, 239-251.
SOTO J., ARANA B.A., TOLEDO J., RIZZO N., VEGA J.C., DIAZ A., LUZ M., GUTIERREZ P., ARBOLEDA M., BERMAN J.D., JUNGE K., ENGEL J. & SINDERMANN H. (2004) Miltefosine for new world cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Clin.Infect.Dis. 38, 1266-1272.
SOTO J., REA J., BALDERRAMA M., TOLEDO J., SOTO P., VALDA L. & BERMAN J.D. (2008) Efficacy of miltefosine for Bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 78, 210-211.
SUNDAR S., JHA T.K., THAKUR C.P., ENGEL J., SINDERMANN H., FISCHER C., JUNGE K., BRYCESON A. & BERMAN J. (2002) Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N.Engl.J.Med. 347, 1739-1746.
SUNDAR S. & RAI M. (2005) Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
Expert.Opin.Pharmacother. 6, 2821-2829.
SUNDAR S., ROSENKAIMER F., MAKHARIA M.K., GOYAL A.K., MANDAL A.K., VOSS A., HILGARD P. & MURRAY H.W. (1998) Trial of oral miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 352, 1821-1823.
TALVANI A., SANTANA G., BARCELOS L.S., ISHII S., SHIMIZU T., ROMANHA A.J., SILVA J.S., SOARES M.B. & TEIXEIRA M.M. (2003) Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient mice.
Microbes.Infect. 5, 789-796.
UNGER C., DAMENZ W., FLEER E.A., KIM D.J., BREISER A., HILGARD P., ENGEL J., NAGEL G. & EIBL H. (1989) Hexadecylphosphocholine, a new ether lipid
66 analogue. Studies on the antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Acta Oncol. 28, 213-217.
VERMA N.K. & DEY C.S. (2004) Possible mechanism of miltefosine-mediated death of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 48, 3010-3015.
WADHONE P., MAITI M., AGARWAL R., KAMAT V., MARTIN S. & SAHA B. (2009) Miltefosine promotes IFN-gamma-dominated anti-leishmanial immune response. J.Immunol. 182, 7146-7154.
YARDLEY V., CROFT S.L., DE D.S., DUJARDIN J.C., KOIRALA S., RIJAL S., MIRANDA C., LLANOS-CUENTAS A. & CHAPPUIS F. (2005) The sensitivity of clinical isolates of Leishmania from Peru and Nepal to miltefosine.
Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 73, 272-275.
ZEISIG R., RUDOLF M., EUE I. & ARNDT D. (1995) Influence of hexadecylphosphocholine on the release of tumor necrosis factor and nitroxide from peritoneal macrophages in vitro. J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol. 121, 69-75.