4 International publishing
4.2 Domestic comparisons
In the following tables we present publication and citation scores by authors’ institutional affiliation. It should be noted that institutions are identified from the author addresses given in the journals. In cases where such information is lacking, or faulty registered by ISI, the article is not included in the analysis. Moreover, only articles in economic journals are included, not articles published in journals indexed for other fields. The effects of these restrictions may be illustrated by comparing with the results of an available bibliometric study for BI based on searches for all relevant researcher names. For the period 1995 to 2003, that study found 194 ISI-indexed articles by personnel employed at BI. Of these only 69 were in journals ISI-indexed as economics, whereas the rest were in other fields. 18 Restricting the search by institution and economic journals the present study found 58 articles from BI in this period. Reading the tables below, it should therefore be taken into consideration that there may be differences between the units regarding the amount of missing registration of institutional addresses and in the propensity to publish economic research in journals not indexed as economics. Consequently, there are clear weaknesses in the presented figures in terms of comparing the different institutions. More
detailed analysis (including name searches) would be needed in order to get reliable data.
18 Dag W. Aksnes 2004: Siteringsindikatorer for Handelshøyskolen BI. En analyse basert på publikasjoner i ISI-indekserte tidsskrifter i perioden 1995–2003. Oslo: NIFU STEP Arbeidsnotat 14/2004.
Table 4.3 shows that a small number of institutions account for the majority of the publications.
There are 10 institutions that have published more than 20 papers in the period 1991 to 2004.
These 10 institutions – UiO, UiB, NTNU, UiT, NHH, BI, SSB, SNF, the Central Bank of Norway and the Ragnar Frisch Centre – cover 83 percent of the Norwegian ISI papers in economics in the period (916 of 1100 papers). UiO and NHH have by far the highest publications rates and account alone for 410 of the papers.
It should be noted that the figures include all units at the various institutions. Authors’ addresses often do not specify department or other sub-institutional affiliation. Consequently, the tables in this section include all papers from e.g. UiO and NHH regardless of the authors’ departmental affiliation (also this weakness could be handles by doing name searches, as indicated above).
Table 4.3 Number of ISI publications 1991–2004 by author’s institutional affiliation
Institution
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7 26 30 63
UiT - University of Tromsø 8 8 9 25
Total Universities 95 165 162 422
NHH - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration 29 79 71 179
BI Norwegian School of Management 18 24 37 79
UiS/HIS - University of Stavanger (University from Jan 05)* 0 6 14 20
Bodø University College 5 1 8 14
UMB/NLH - Norwegian University of Life Sciences (University from Jan
05)* 1 8 5 14
Agder University College 2 2 5 9
Molde University College 0 1 7 8
Østfold University College 3 0 1 4
Harstad University College 0 0 2 2
Buskerud University College 0 0 1 1
Sør-Trøndelag University College 0 1 0 1
Ålesund University College 0 0 1 1
Total Specialised University Institutions and State University Colleges 58 122 152 332
SSB - Statistics Norway 14 35 34 83
SNF - Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration 25 34 22 81
Central Bank of Norway, Research Department 11 13 20 44
Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research (Established 1999) 0 4 24 28
NUPI - Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 3 3 4 10
ISF - Institute for Social Research 3 2 2 7
ARENA - Centre for European Studies 0 0 6 6
CICERO - Center for International Climate and Environmental Research 3 2 1 6
NOVA - Norwegian Social Research 0 3 2 5
CMI - Chr. Michelsen Institute 2 1 1 4
SINTEF - The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the
Norwegian Institute of Technology 2 1 1 4
TØI - Institute of Transport Economics 0 1 3 4
25 others with 1–3 articles in the period 9 10 16 35
Total Institute Sector 72 109 136 317
Industry/Service Sector 12 7 10 29
Total 237 403 460 1100
*Institutions are categorised according to their status in the period 1991–2004.
Notes: Articles, notes and review articles in journals categorised as economics only are included. Items categorised by ISI as book reviews, editorials or corrections are not included. Articles with authors from multiple Norwegian institutions are counted once for each registered institution. Not including co-authorships the number of articles is 841, not 1100.
Also when counting citations we find that a small number of institutions account for a large proportion of the citations (accumulated citations 1991–2004, Table 4.4). These are mainly the same institutions as those accounting for the majority of the papers.
Table 4.4 Citations to Norwegian economics, ISI publications 1991–2004 by author’s institutional affiliation
Total Universities 422 1583 3,75 4,79 71
NHH - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration 179 541 2,96 3,70 59
BI Norwegian School of Management 79 216 2,73 5,12 29
UiS/HiS - University of Stavanger (University from Jan 05)* 20 24 1,20 1,53 6
Bodø University College 14 22 1,57 3,30 6
UMB/NLH - Norwegian University of Life Sciences (University from Jan
05)* 14 94
6,71
4,42 79
Agder University College 9 62 6,89 3,99 55
Molde University College 8 12 1,50 1,50 4
Østfold University College 4 32 8,00 9,05 29
5 others with 1 or 2 articles in the period 5 4 0,67 0,75 2
Total Specialised University Institutions and University Colleges 332 1006 3,03 3,94 79
SSB - Statistics Norway 83 231 2,78 4,13 16
SNF - Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration 81 242 2,99 4,82 33
Central Bank of Norway, Research Department 44 254 5,77 4,47 44
Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research (Established 1999) 28 24 0,86 1,19 9 NUPI - Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 10 143 11,92 7,58 90
ISF - Institute for Social Research 7 33 4,71 5,53 16
ARENA - Centre for European Studies 6 16 2,67 2,82 10
CICERO - Center for International Climate and Environmental Research 6 29 4,83 5,37 11
NOVA - Norwegian Social Research 5 11 2,20 1,76 7
CMI - Chr. Michelsen Institute 4 32 8,00 5,42 31
SINTEF - The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the
Norwegian Institute of Technology 4 41 10,25 2,58 34
TØI - Institute of Transport Economics 4 10 2,50 1,17 5
25 others with 1–3 articles in the period 35 99 2,83 3,62 17
Total Institute Sector 317 1165 3,65 4,12 90
Industry/Service Sector 29 64 2,21 3,16 25
Total 1100 3818 3,47 4,30 90
*Institutions are categorised according to their status in the period 1991–2004.
** XCR (expected citation rate) indicates the average citation rates of the involved journals/issues (average number of citations including all articles in the issues the various institutions have published in).
Notes: Articles, notes and review articles in journals categorised as economics only are included. Items categorised by ISI as book reviews, editorials or corrections are not included. Articles with authors from multiple Norwegian institutions are counted once for each registered institution. Not including co-authorships the number of articles is 841, not 1100.
Citation distributions are in general very skewed. A large proportion of papers are never cited, some are cited a few times, and a few get a very high number of citations. When we compare average citations for small numbers of papers, the result is highly sensitive to highly cited papers. In Table 4.4 different measures are included to facilitate comparisons. In addition to the number of papers, the number of citations, and the average number of citations per paper, we have included the maximum number of citations any economic paper from the institution has obtained and the “expected citation rate” (XCR). The expected citation rate indicates the average citations rate for the involved journals (see definition in the notes to the table) and may be used to assess how good a set of papers score compared to what may be expected from where they are published.
Comparing the average citations to the Norwegian papers with the expected citation rate (XCR) in Table 4.4 we see that all sectors score below the average for the involved journals (cf. the previous section showing that Norway and most countries score below the world average in this field). Also all the institutions with more than 20 papers in the period score below the average XCR. On the other hand, some institutions with a low number of papers score better than the average XCR. These institutions (e.g. NUPI and UMB/NLH) have highly cited papers that greatly increase their average citations per paper.