Em áreas muito heterogêneas como a Bacia do Rio Corumbataí, a estrada é mais um elemento impactante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Desse modo, processos ecológicos importantes como a frugivoria e dispersão de sementes podem estar sendo influenciados por vários aspectos da paisagem, incluindo a proximidade da estrada e também a porcentagem de cobertura vegetal.
Com base nos resultados deste estudo é possível determinar que os impactos causados pela estrada são dissipados ao longo da paisagem, de modo que em fragmentos mais longe dessa, o efeito da estrada não é nitidamente evidente. No entanto, é difícil prever precisamente qual é o efeito isolado que uma estrada poderia ter nesse processo, já que em áreas com alta densidade de estradas é bem provável que outras variáveis relacionadas com a fragmentação da paisagem se mostrem também importantes.
Para isso, seria necessário que os estudos tentassem agregar formas de mensurar os recursos alimentares e fauna frugívora existentes na área de estudo e pudesse ter meios de acompanhar no período de exposição dos frutos quais animais visitaram as plantas amostradas, por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (câmera traps), por exemplo. Por fim, um caminho interessante a se seguir ao se estudar a relação dos efeitos que a estrada pode ter na frugivoria é estudar um impacto potencial e verificar como ele se estende em meio à paisagem, associando com os aspectos relacionados à frugivoria, para que assim, fosse possível mensurar o impacto direto que a estrada poderia estar causando.
Sugere-se que as estradas sejam consideradas de forma explicita tanto no desenvolvimento de novos estudos da biodiversidade, como na definição de estratégias para conservação e restauração na escala paisagem, em especial, em estudos relacionados com processos ecológicos como a frugivoria. De modo que seja possível vincular ações de manejo e de conservação adequadas para a manutenção desse sistema de interação e, consequentemente todos os serviços ambientais que ele provê, como por exemplo, controle do limite do crescimento populacional de plantas, dispersão de sementes e frutos, recrutamento de plântulas e fluxo gênico (STAGGEMEIER & GALETTI, 2007).
REFERÊNCIAS
ALEXANDER, S.M.; WATERS, N.M.; PAQUET, P.C. Traffic volume and highway
permeability for a mammalian community in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The Canadian
Geographer. Malden, 49,4, 321–331, 2005.
ALVES-COSTA, C.P.; LOPES, A.V.Using artificial fruits to evaluate fruit selection by birds in the field. Biotropica.Hoboken, 33: 713-717, 2001.
ANDRESEN, E. Effect of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities and functional consequences for plant regeneration. Ecography, Copenhagen, 26, 87-97, 2003.
ANDREWS,A. Fragmentation of habitat by roads and utility corridors: a review.Australian
Zoologist.Mosman, 26,130-141,1990.
ANDRIEUA E.; DORNIER A.; ROUIFEDA S.; SCHATZA B.;CHEPTOU, P.O. The town Crepis and the country Crepis: How does fragmentation affect a plant–pollinator interaction?.
Acta Oecologica. Issy les Moulineaux , 35, 1–7, 2009.
ANJOS, L. dos .Bird communities in five Atlantic forest fragments in Southern Brazil.
Ornitologia Neotropical. Saint Louis,12,11-27, 2001.
ARRUDA, R.; RODRIGUES, D. J.; IZZO, T.Rapid assessment of fruit-color selection by birds using artificial fruits at local scale in Central Amazonia. Acta Amazonica. Manaus, 38, 291–296, 2008.
BANKS, J. E.The scale of landscape fragmentation affects herbivore response to vegetation heterogeneity. Oecologia.Heldberg, 117, 239-246,1998.
BARNEA, A.; YOM-TOV, Y.; FRIEDMAN, J. 1992. Effect of frugivorous bird on seed dispersal and germination of multi-seeded fruits. Acta Ecologica. Kota,13, 2, 209-219,1992. BETHÂNIA, M. Sonho Impossível. São Paulo: Universal, 1984. Letra retirada do site Letras.mus.br. Disponível em: <http://letras.mus.br/chico-buarque/86054/>. Acesso em: 24 set. 2013.
BETTS, M. G. et al.Thresholds in songbird occurrence in relation to landscape structure.
Conservation Biology. Hoboken, 21, 1046 - 1058, 2007.
BOLKER, B. Ecological models and data in R. 2008.516p. Disponível em: <http:// www.zoo.ufl.edu/bolker/emdbook>. Acesso em: 26 set. 2013.
BOSCOLO, D.; METZGER, J.P. Is bird incidence in Atlantic forest fragments influenced by landscape patterns at multiple scales?. Landscape Ecology. Dordrecht, 24, 907-918, 2009. BOSCOLO, D.; METZGER, J. P. Isolation determines patterns of species presence in highly fragmented landscapes. Ecography. Copenhagen , 34,1-12, 2011.
BUENO, C.; ALMEIDA, P.J.A.L. de. Sazonalidade de atropelamentos e os padrões de movimentos em mamíferos na BR-040 (Rio de Janeiro-Juiz de Fora). Revista Brasileira de
Zoociências. Juiz de Fora, 12 ,3,219-226, 2010.
BULLOCK, K.L.; MALAN, G.; PRETORIUS, M.D. Mammal and Bird Road Mortalities on the Upington to Twee Rivieren Main Road in the Southern Kalahari, South Africa. African
Zoology. Stellenbosch, 46,1,60-71, 2011.
BURNHAM K, P.; ANDERSON D, R. Model selection and multimodel inference: A
pratical information – Theoretic Approach. 2002. Segunda Edição. New York: Springer -
Verlag.2002.488p.
CANADAY, C. Loss of Insectivorous Birds Along a Gradient of Human Impact in Amazonia. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam, 77, 63-77,1997.
CANDIDO JR.; J.F.The edge effect in a forest bird community in Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil. Ararajuba. Belém,8, 9–16, 2000.
CÁRCERES, N.C.;HANNIBAL, W.;FREITAS, D.R.;SILVA, E.L.; ROMAN, C.;
CASELLA, J. Mammal occurrence and roadkill in two adjacent ecoregions (Atlantic Forest and Cerrado) in south-western Brazil. Zoologia, Curitiba, 27,5, 709-717,2010.
CARR, L.W.; FAHRIG, L.; POPE, S.E. Impacts of landscape transformation by roads. In: GUTZWILLER, K.J. Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002, 519p. 225–243p.
CARVALHO, F.; MIRA, A. Comparing annual vertebrate road kills over two time periods, 9 years apart: a case study in Mediterranean farmland. European Journal of Wildlife
Research. Heidelberg,57: 157–174, 2010.
CHE GUEVARA, E. Pensador. Info. [196?]. Disponível em: <
http://pensador.uol.com.br/autor/che_guevara/ >. Acesso em: 22 set. 2013.
CHRISTIE, F. J.; HOCHULI, D.L. Elevated Levels of Herbivory in Urban Landscapes: Are Declines in Tree Health More Than an Edge Effect?. Ecology and Society. Waterloo,10,1,10, 2005.
COFFIN, A.W. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological affects of roads.
Journal of Transport Geography. Doetinchem,15,396-406, 2007.
CORDEIRO, N. J.; HOWE, H. F. Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispersers and an endemic African tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science.Kirksville, 100,14052-14056, 2003.
CORLETT, R. T. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecologica. Issy les Moulineaux,37, 674–681, 2011.
DAVIS, N. E.;O'DOWD, D. J.; MAC NALLY, R.;GREEN, P.T. Invasive ants disrupt frugivory by endemic island birds. Biology Letters. London, 6, 85–88, 2010.
DEVELEY, P. & STOUFFER, P.C. Effects of roads on movements of understory birds in mixed species flocks in central Amazonian Brazil. Conservation Biology. Hoboken, 11,1201-1210, 2001.
DIDHAM, R. K.; GHAZOUL, J.; STORK, N. E., DAVIS, A. J. Insects in fragmented forests: a functional approach. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Kidlington,11,6,255-260. 1996.
DIRZO, R.; MIRANDA, A. Altered patterns of herbivory and diversity in the forest understory: a case study of the possible consequences of contemporary defaunation, In: PRICE, P. W.; LEWINSOHN,T. M.; FERNANDES, G. W.; BENSON, W. W. Plant-animal
interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. 1 edição.New York:
John Wiley & Sons.1991.639p. 273-287p.
DODONOV, P.; HARPER, K.A.; SILVA - SANTOS, D.M. The role of edge contrast and forest structure in edge influence: vegetation and microclimate at edges in the Brasilian cerrado. Plant Ecology. Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/s 11258 - 013 - 0256 - 0, 2013.
DONATTI, I.C . Conseqüências da Defaunação na Dispersão e Predação de Sementes e
no Recrutamento de Plântulas da Palmeira Brejaúva (Astrocaryum Aculeatissimum) na Mata Atlântica. 2004. Dissertação . Curso de Mestrado de Ecologia e Agroecossistemas da
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz De Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/Usp), Piracicaba, SP,2004.
DUNNING, J. B. et al. Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes.
Oikos. Malden, 65, 169 - 175,1992.
ESTRADA, A.; COATES-ESTRADA, R. Bats in continuous forest, forest fragments and in an agricultural mosaic habitat-island at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological
Conservation.Hoboken, 103: 237-245, 2002.
EWERS, R.M.; BANKS-LEITE, C.Fragmentation Impairs the Microclimate Buffering Effect of Tropical Forests. PLoS ONE. San Francisco, 8,3,e58093, 2013.
FAHRIG, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Reviews of Ecology
and Systematics. Palo Alto,34,487-515, 2003.
FARHIG, L. & RYTWINSKI, T. Effects of roads on animal abundance: An empirical review and synthesis. Ecology and Society. Waterloo, 14, 21, 2009.
FERRAZ, K. M. P. M. B.; SIQUEIRA, M. F.; ALEXANDRINO, E. R.; LUZ, D. A. T.; COUTO, H. T. Z. Environmental suitability of a highly fragmented and heterogeneous landscape for forest bird species in southeastern Brazil. Environmental Conservation. Cambridge,1,1-9, 2012.
FLEMING, T.H & ESTRADA, A. Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Vegetation. Cedex,107-108, 1993.
FONSECA, F. Y.; ANTUNES, A. Z. Frugivoria e predação de sementes por aves no Parque Estadual Alberto Löfgren, São Paulo, SP. Revista Instituto Florestal. São Paulo, 19,2, 81- 91, 2007.
FORMAN, R.T.T. Road ecology: a solution for the giant embracing us. Landscape Ecology. Dordrecht,13, 3-5, 1998.
FORMAN R.T.T. Horizontal processes, roads, suburbs, societal objectives, and landscape ecology. In: KLOPATEK,J.M.; GARDNER,R.H. Landscape ecological analysis: Issues and
applications. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1999.400p. 35 - 53p.
FORMAN, R.T.T.; ALEXANDER, L.E. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics. Palo Alto,29: 207-231, 1998.
FORMAN, R. T. T.; SPERLING, D.; BISSONETTE, J. A.; CLEVENGER, A. P.; CUTSHALL, C. D.; DALE, V. H., FAHRIG, L.; FRANCE, R.; GOLDMAN, C. R.;
HEANUE, K.; JONES, J. A.; SWANSON, F. J.; TURRENTINE, T.; WINTER, T. C. Road
ecology: Science and solutions. Washington: Island Press. 2003. 481p.
FORTIN, M.J.;DALE, M.R.T. Spatial analysis: A guide for ecologists. Cambridge: University Press, Cambridge, 2005.377p.
FRANCISCO, M. R.; GALETTI, M. Aves como potenciais dispersoras de sementes de Ocotea pulchella Mart. (Lauraceae) numa área de vegetação de cerrado no sudeste brasileiro.
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. São Paulo, 25,1,11-17, 2002.
FRAGOSO, J. M. V. Tapir-generated seed shadows: scale-dependent patchiness in the Amazon rain forest. Journal of Ecology.London, 85,519-529, 1997.
GALETTI, M.; ALVES-COSTA, C.P.;CAZETTA, E. Effects of forest fragmentation, anthropogenic edges and fruit colour on the consumption of ornithocoric fruits. Biological
Conservation. Amsterdam, 111,269-273, 2003.
GALINDO-GONZÁLEZ, J.; GUEVARA, S.;SOSA, V.J. Bat- and bird-generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in a tropical rainforest. Conservation Biology.Hoboken, 14, 1693-1703, 2000.
GARCÍA, C.; GRIVET, D. Molecular insights into seed dispersal mutualisms driving plant population recruitment .Acta Oecologica. Issy les Moulineaux, 37, 6,632-640, 2011. GARCÍA, D.; ZAMORA,R.; GÓMEZ, J. M.; HÓDAR, J. A. Frugivory at Juniperus
communis depends more on population characteristics than on individual attributes. Journal of Ecology. Oxford,89,639–647, 2001.
GARCÍA, D.; BAÑUELOS, M. J. Matrix matters for seed dispersal - a comment to Jules and Shahani. Journal of Vegetation Science. Grangaerde, 14:931, 2003.
GARCÍA, D.; ZAMORA, R.; AMICO, G. C. The spatial scale of plant-animal interactions: effects of resource availability and habitat structure. Ecological Monographs. Washington, 81, 103–121, 2011.
GARCIA, L.B.R. Ocupação e desenvolvimento econômico da Bacia do Corumbataí séculos XVIII a XX. Atlas Ambiental da Bacia do Rio Corumbataí. DEPLAN/ IGCE/ UNESP, Rio
Claro, 2000. Disponível em: < http://www.rc.unesp.br/igce/ceapla/ >. Acesso em: 23 jul. 2012.
GEORGII, B.; KELLER, V.; PFISTER, H.P.; RECK, H.; PETERS-OSTENBERG, E.; HENNEBERG, M.; HERRMANN, M.; MUELLER-STIESS, H.; BACH, L. Use of wildlife passages by invertebrate and vertebrate species.Wildlife passages in Germany. 1-27, 2011. GOLDINGAY, R.; POSSINGHAM, H. Area requirements for viable populations of the Australian gliding marsupial Petaurus australis. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam, 73: 161-167, 1995.
GOULART, F.F.; VANDERMEER, J.;PERFECTO, I.; DA MATTA-MACHADO, R.P. 2011. Frugivory by five bird species in agroforest home-gardens of Pontal do Paranapanema, Brazil. Agroforestry Systems. Dordrecht, 1–8, 2011.
GRAHAM, D.L. Interactions of Understory Plants and Frugivorous Birds in a Lowland
Costa Rican Forest. PhD Thesis, University of Florida, Miami,1996.
GRILO,C.; ASCENSÃO, F.; SANTOS-REIS, M.; BISSONETTE, J.A. Do well-connected landscapes promote road-related mortality?. European Jounal of Wildlife Research. Heidelberg, 57,707-716, 2010.
HAGLER, G.S.W.; TANG, W; FREEMAN, M.J.;HEIST, D.K.; PERRY, S.G.. VETTE, A.F. Model evaluation of roadside barrier impact on near-road air pollution. Atmospheric
Environment. Kidlington ,45,2522–2530, 2011.
HANSEN, M.J.; CLEVENGER, A.P. 2005.The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam,125, 249–259, 2005.
HANSBAUER, M. M.; STORCH, I., KNAUER, F.; PILZ, S.; KÜCHENHOFF, H.;
VÉGVÁRI, Z.; PIMENTEL, R. G. et al. Landscape perception by forest understory birds in the Atlantic Rainforest: black-and-white versus shades of grey. Landscape ecology.
Dordrecht ,25,3, 407–417, 2010.
HEIST, D.K.; PERRY, S.G.; BRIXEY, L.A. A wind tunnel study of the effect of roadway configurations on the dispersion of traffic-related pollution. Atmospheric
Environment. Kidlington, 43, 5,101 - 111, 2009.
HOWE, H. F.; PRIMACK, R. B. Differential seed dispersal by birds of the tree Casearia nitida (Flacourtiaceae). Biotropica, Malden., 7,4, 278-283, 1975.
ISHIZUKA,T; FUJIWARA, K. Performance of noise barriers with various edge shapes and acoustical conditions. Applied Acoustics. Kidlington, 65, 125–141, 2004.
JACKSON, N.D.; FAHRIG, L .Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity. Biological Conservation . Amsterdam,144, 3143–3148, 2011.
JACOMASSA, F.A.F.; KOENEMANN,J.G.; BERVIAN,P.V. Uso de frutos artificiais nao estudo da frugivoria por aves em borda e interior de Floresta Ombrófila
Densa no Sul do Brasil. Biodiversidade Pampeana. Uruguaiana, 7, 1,23-25, 2009.
JAEGER, J.A.G.;BOWMAN, J.;BRENNAN, J.; FAHRIG, L.; BERT, D.;BOUCHARD, J.; CHARBONNEAU, N.; FRANK, K.; GRUBER, B.; VON TOSCHANOWITZ, K.T.
Predicting when animal populations are at risk from roads: na interactive model of road avoidance behavior. Ecological Modelling. Amsterdam, 185,329–348, 2005.
JAEGER , J.A.G.; FAHRIG, L.; HABER, W. Reducing habitat fragmentation by roads: a comparison of measures and scales. In: IRWIN, C.L.; GARRETT, P.; MCDERMOTT, K.P.
Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation.
Raleigh: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2006,686p. 13-17p.
JANZEN, D.H.Herbivores and the number of tree species in a tropical forest. American
Naturalist. Chicago,104,501-528, 1970.
JANZEN, D. H. et al.Two Costa-Rican bat-generated seedshadows of Andira inermis (Leguminosae). Ecology.Washington, 57,5,1068-1075, 1976.
JORDANO,P.2000.Fruits and frugivory. In: FENNER, M. Seeds: the ecology of
regeneration in plant communities. Segunda Edição.Wallingford:Commonwealth
Agricultural Bureau International, 2000. 410p.125-166p.
JORDANO, P.; GALETTI, M.; PIZO, M.A. Ligando frugivoria e dispersão de sementes à biologia da conservação. In: ROCHA, C. F. D; BERGALLO, H.G.; DOS SANTOS, M.A & VA, A.E . Biologia da conservação – essências. São Carlos: Editorial RiMa, 2006.
588p.411-436p.
KAPOS, V.; WANDELLI, E.; CAMARGO, J.L.; GANADE, G. Edge-related changes in environmental and plant responses due to forest fragmentation in Central Amazonia. In: LAURANCE, W.F., BIERREGAARD, R.O.Tropical Forest Remnants.Chicago: Chicago University Press,1997. 632p. 33–44p.
KLÖCKER, U.; CROFT, D.B.; RAMP, D. Frequency and causes of kangaroo–vehicle collisions on an Australian outback highway. Wildlife Research. Collingwood, 33,1, 5–15, 2006.
KOCIOLEK, A.; CLEVENGER, A. 2007.Highway median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality. In : IRWIN,C.L.; NELSON, D .; MCDERMOTT, K.P. Proceedings of the
2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Raleigh: Center for
Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. 609-612p. KOCIOLEK, A. V.;CLEVENGER, A. P.;ST. CLAIR, C. C.; PROPPE, D. S Effects of Road Networks on Bird Populations. Conservation Biology. Hoboken, 25,2, 241–249, 2011. KOFFLER, N.F. Uso das terras da bacia do rio Corumbataí em 1990. Geografia. Rio Claro,18,1,135-150, 1993.
LAURANCE, S.G.W. Responses of Understory Rain Forest Birds to Road Edges in Central Amazonia. Ecological Applications. Washington.14,5,1344-1357, 2004.
LAURENCE, S. G. W., STOUFFER, P. C. & LAURENCE, W. F. Effects of Road Clearings on Movement Patterns of Understory Rainforest Birds in Central Amazonia. Conservation
Biology.Hoboken,18: 1099–1109, 2004.
LESINSKI, G.; SIKORA A.; OLSZEWSKI, A. Bat casualties on a road crossing a mosaic landscape. European Journal of Wildlife Research. Heidelberg,57, 217–223, 2010. LEVEY, D.J.; MOERMOND, T.C.; DENSLOW, J.S. Fruit choice in Neotropical birds: the effect of distance between fruits on preference patterns. Ecology. Ithaca, 65: 844-850, 1984. LEVEY, D. J.; BOLKER, M.B.; TEWKSBURY,J.J.; SARGENT, S.; HADDAD, N. M. Effects of landscape corridors on seed dispersal by birds. Science. Washington, 309:146-148, 2005.
MARTENSEN A.C.; PIMENTEL, R.G.; METZGER, J.P. Relative effects of fragment size and connectivity on bird community in the Atlantic Rain Forest: Implications for
conservation. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam,141:2184-2192, 2008.
MCGREGOR, R.The effect of roads on small mammal movement.2004.40p M.Sc. thesis, Department of Biology at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 2004.
MCLAREN, A.A.D.; FAHRIG, L.; WALTHO, N. Movement of small mammals across divided highways with vegetated medians. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ottawa,89, 1214–1222, 2011.
MOERMOND, T.C.; DENSLOW, J.S. Fruit choice in Neotropical birds: effects of fruit type and accessibility on selectivity. Journal of Animal Ecology. London,52, 407-420, 1983. MOORE, L.A. ;WILLSON, M.F. The effect of microhabitat, spatial distribution, and display size on dispersal of Lindera benzoin by avian frugivores. Canadian Journal of
Botany.Ottawa, 60,557-560, 1982.
NEGA, T.; SMITH, C.; BETHUNE, J.;FU, W. An analysis of landscape penetration by road infrastructure and traffic noise. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. Kidlington, 36 :245–256, 2012.
OLIVEIRA JR.; ALBERTS, C.C.; FRANCISCO, M.R. Impact of Road Clearings on the Movements of Three Understory Insectivorous Bird Species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
Biotropica. Hoboken, 43(5): 628–632, 2011.
ORTEGA, Y.K,; CAPEN, D.E. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for ovenbirds in a forested landscape. The Auk. Berkeley,116:937-46, 1999.
PENG, R.K.;FLETCHER, C.R.; SUTTON, S.L. The effect of microclimate on flying dipterans. International Journal of Biometeorology. Heidelberg, 36, 69-76, 1992.
PERES, C. A. Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conservation Biology. Hoboken. 15,1490-1505, 2001. PIZO, M. A. Frugivory and habitat use by fruit-eating birds in a fragmented
landscape in southeast Brazil. Ornitologia Neotropical. Saint Louis,15, 117-126, 2004. PRICE, O. F.; WOINARSKI, J. C. Z.; ROBINSON, D. 1999. Very large area requirements for frugivorous birds in monsoon rainforests of the Northern Territory, Australia. Biological
Conservation. Amsterdam, 91,169-180, 1999.
R CORE TEAM, R. A language and environment for statistical computing (R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna Austria). 2013. Disponível em : < www.R-
project.org/ >. Acesso em: 01 jul.2013.
RAMP, D.; BEN-AMI, D. The Effect of Road-Based Fatalities on the Viability of a Peri- Urban Swamp Wallaby Population. Journal of WiIdlife Management.Hoboken, 70,6,1615– 1624, 2006.
REDFORD, K. H.The empty forest. Bioscience.Irvine, 42,412-422, 1992.
REIJNEN, R.;FOPPEN, R.; TER BRAAK, C.; THISSEN, J. The effectsof car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology.Oxford,32,187–202, 1995.
REIJNEN, R.; FOPPEN, R.; MEEUWSEN, H. The effects of car traffic on the density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural grasslands. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam, 75, 255–260,1996.
RESTREPO, C.; GOMEZ, N. Responses of understory birds to anthropogenic edges in a neotropical montane forest. Ecological Applications. Washington, 8, 170–182,1998. RESTREPO, C.; GOMEZ, N.; HEREDIA, S. Anthropogenic edges, treefall gaps, and fruit- fruigivore interactions in a neotropical montane forest. Ecology. Ithaca, 80, 668–685, 1999. RICKLEFS, R. E. & LOVETTE, I. J. The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species_area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. Journal of Animal
Ecology. Chichester, 68,1142 - 1160, 1999.
ROEDENBECK, I. A.; VOSER, P. Effects of roads on spatial distribution, abundance and mortality of brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Switzerland. European Journal of Wildlife
Research. Heidelberg, 54, 425–437, 2008.
ROSEN, P. C.; LOWE, C. H. Highway mortality of snakes in the sonoran desert of southern Arizona. Biological Conservation. Amsterdam, 68,143-148, 1994.
ROSLIN, T.; AVOMAA, T.; LEONARD, M.; LUOTO, M.; OVASKAINEN, O. Some like it hot: microclimatic variation affects the abundance and movements of a critically endangered dung beetle. Insect Conservation and Diversity. Chichester, 2, 232-24, 2009.
RUMMER, B.;STOKES, B.; LOCKABY,G. Sedimentation associated with forest road surfacing in a bottomland hardwood ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management. Amsterdam, 90:195-200, 1997.
RYTWINSKI, T.; FAHRIG, L. Reproductive rate and body size predict road impacts on mammal abundance. Ecological Applications. Washington,21, 2,589–600, 2011.
SALATI, E. Análise ambiental sintética e qualidade da água do Rio Corumbataí (SP)
como subsídio para o planejamento regional integrado da Bacia de drenagem do Rio Corumbataí. 1996. 198 p. Tese (Doutorado,Ciências da Engenharia Ambiental) Universidade
Federal de São Carlos,São Carlos,1996.
SALLABANKS, R.; COURTNEY, S.P. Frugivory, seed predation, and insect vertebrate interactions. Annual Review of Entomology.Palo Alto, 37, 377-400, 1992.
SALLABANKS, R. Hierarchical mechanisms of fruit selection by an avian frugivore.
Ecology.Ithaca,74,1326-1336,1993.
SAUNDERS, D. A.; HOBBS, R. J.; MARGULES, C. R.Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology. Hoboken, 5,18–32, 1991. SEIBERT, H.C.; CONOVER, J.H. Mortality of Vertebrates and Invertebrates on an Athens County, Ohio, Highway. Ohio Journal of Science. Ohio, 91,4,163-166, 1991.
SILVA, J.M. Birds of the Cerrado Region, South America. Streenstuspia, 21:69–92, 1995. SILVA, J. M. C.; UHL, C.; MURRAY, G. Plant sucession, landscape management, and the ecology of frugivorous birds in abandoned amazonian pastures. Conservation Biology. Hoboken, 10, 491-503, 1996.
SILVA, W.R.; DE MARCO, P.; HASUI, E.; GOMES, V.S.M. Patterns of fruit frugivore interactions in two Atlantic forest bird communities of south-eastern Brazil: implications for conservation. In: LEVEY, D.J.; SILVA,W.R.; GALETTI,M. Seed Dispersal and
Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation.Oxon: CABI Publishing, 2002.544 p.
423–435p.
SLABBEKOORN, H.; RIPMEESTER, E.A.P. Birdsong and anthropogenic noise:
implications and applications for conservation. Molecular Ecology. Oxford, 17,72-83, 2008. STAGGEMEIER, V. G.; GALETTI, M. Impacto humano afeta negativamente a dispersão de sementes de frutos ornitocóricos: uma paerspectiva global. Revista
Brasileira de Ornitologia. Belém, 15, 281-287, 2007.
STILES, F.G. Evolutionary implications of habitat relations between permanent and winter resident land birds in Costa Rica. In: KEAST, A.; MORTON, E.S. Migrant Birds in the
Neotropics: Ecology, Behavior, Distribution and Conservation.
Smithsonian:Washington,1980. 576p. 421–435p.
STILES, F. G. On the role of birds in the dynamics of neotropical forests. In: DIAMOND, A. W.; LOVEJOY, T. E. Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds. Cambridge: ICBP,
TAYLOR, P.D.; FAHRIG, L.; HENEIN.; MERRIAM, G. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos .Malden, 68, 571 – 573,1993.
THEOBALD, D.M., MILLER, J.R., HOBBS, N.T. Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning . Amsterdam, 39, 25–36, 1997.
TROPPMAIR, H.; MACHADO, M.L.A. Variação da estrutura da mata de galeria na Bacia do rio Corumbataí (SP) em relação à água do solo, tipo de margem e do traçado do rio.
Biogeografia. São Paulo, 8, 1-28, 1974.
VALDIVIA, C.; SIMONETTI, J.A. Decreased frugivory and seed germination rate do not reduce seedling recruitment rates of Aristotelia chilensis in a fragmented forest. Biodiversity
and Conservation.Dordrecht, 16:1593–1602, 2007.
VALENTE, R.O.A. Análise da estrutura da paisagem na bacia do Rio Corumbataí, SP. 2001. Dissertação (Mestrado em Recursos Florestais) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2001. Disponível em:
<http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-16042004-145533/>. Acesso em:23 jul.2012.
VERGARA, P.M.;SMITH, C.; DELPIANO, C.A.; ORELLANA, I.; GHO, D.; VASQUEZ, I. Frugivory on Persea lingue in temperate Chilean forests: interactions between fruit
availability and habitat fragmentation across multiple spatial scales. Oecologia. Heidelberg,164,981–991, 2010.
YAMADA, Y.;SASAKY, H.; HARAUCHI, Y.Composition of Road-killed insects on coastal roads around Lake Shikotsu in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal Rakuno Gakuen University. Hokkaido, 34, 2,177-184, 2010.
EFEITO DA PROXIMIDADE DE ESTRADAS E DA PAISAGEM SOBRE A FRUGIVORIA EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS, UTILIZANDO FRUTOS
ARTIFICIAIS
____________________________________ Maria Luísa Branco Soares
____________________________________ Orientador: Milton Cezar Ribeiro