Analyze

This chapter aims to explain the way the collected material was processed. It will explain the methods used for analyzing and understanding the material. It also aims to explain why the chosen tools were used.

4.4.1.1 Field notes

During the transcription process, the author chose to take out citations from the interviews and write new field notes of thoughts made during the transcription. The author also created field notes during the conduction of the interviews, and during discussions with the advisors. The field notes were used to initiate the analysis process. (Jacobsen, 2015)

4.4.1.2 Fishbone

To analyze the information from the interviews, a cause and effect diagram was utilized.

The cause and effect diagram often referred to as a fishbone diagram or an Ishikawa diagram, is a diagram showing possible causes to a problem, or effect. The diagram can be used to brainstorm or create hypothesizes for a problem. A fishbone diagram aims to identify causes to a problem, through asking “why is this a cause?” several times, until key underlying causes are identified. ("6M Method for Cause and Effect Analysis," ; Heizer, Render, & Munson, 2016)

A problem may have several causes. Some of these causes are changeable, while others are not. Using a fishbone diagram can identify all causes, and then identify which causes can be alleviated or eliminated, thus changing the effect. Identifying all possible causes will also show which causes are out of our control, and will therefore not be in the scope of the analysis.

In this thesis cause and effect, diagrams are used to understand the mutual factors described by the informants, and the secondary data collected. The fishbone points to causes that contribute to a problem. The data was analyzed to identify the key factors that would hinder or empower the municipal management of the bluegreen sector going forward.

The cause and effect diagram is useful both in understanding problems, but also in generating ideas for improvement(Heizer et al., 2016).

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Figure 25 - Fishbone diagram, pg. 264 (Heizer, Render, & Munson, 2016)

In order to better understand and compare the causes contributing to a problem, categorizing the causes can be helpful. One way of categorizing them is through use of the 6Ms. The 6Ms are manpower (man), machinery, materials, methods, measurement, and mother-nature (environment).

Below the 6M’s are described according to ("6M Method for Cause and Effect Analysis,"):

Man

All factors that contribute to human factors. This includes peoples skills and abilities. The personnel's experience and competence in the processes they are charged with. It also discusses their sense of responsibility. The human ability to do something well can be affected by training, communication, and well-being of the personnel.

Machinery

Machinery discusses the functionality of the machines and technology. Is this a cause of inefficient machines, does the technology malfunction? If the machines and technological solutions malfunction, or are unable to contribute to efficient processes, this can be a hider. Maintenance, or updating or technological solutions can contribute to smoother projects.

Materials

This issue discusses materials physical abilities and properties. Do different processes function with the chosen materials? Could the process be run better with more suitable materials?

49 Method

What techniques or methods applied affect the outcome of a process. If the methods are inefficient or wasteful, this will affect the overall workflow. The execution of a method will also affect the outcome of the process.

Mother-nature

Mother-nature speaks to the environment the process is occurring in. In a production process, temperature and noise can affect the materials or the personnel’s ability to perform a task well. The environment also speaks to limitations the process is occurring under, such as time or financial aspects.

Measurement

Measurement speaks to the measurement method, reliability of the method, and other aspects that affect the ability to measure correctly. The display of the measurement can also affect the measurement and readability.

In this thesis, five of the 6M’s were utilized for analyzing the municipal servitization in aquaculture and agriculture.

4.4.1.3 Operations management

Another aspect used to analyze the collected data was operations management and service design.

As the municipality, in the end, delivers services to its customers, i.e., citizens.

Lean operations are operations that eliminate waste through continuous improvement and focus on customer wants. The aim is to supply the customer with what the customer wants at the time the customer wants it.(Heizer et al., 2016)

In lean, three concepts are discussed, Muda, Mura, and Muri. Muda is the most known and is often expressed through the seven wastes. The lesser-known M’s of lean are Mura and Muri. Mura expresses the waste of unevenness, while Muri expresses the waste of overburden. (lean.org) Waste in Muda can be described as any process that does not contribute to customer satisfaction or value for the company. According to Taiichi Ohno, there are seven wastes: Overproduction, Queues, Transportation, Inventory, Motion, Over-processing, and Defective products. (Heizer et al., 2016) Later, three more types of waste have been added: Talent, Resources, By-Products(Heizer et al., 2016).

50 The relevance of lean to the problem statement is to create the services the citizens want, by doing the right things in the right way, without waste. Waste in a municipal setting includes all actions that are not necessary, by law and regulation, or any action that does not create value for the citizen.

Delivering the right product, by doing the right things, in the right way.

4.4.1.4 Mockup

As a part of the analysis, a better tool for understanding citizen needs, quality assurance of products, and delivering services in a better way, a wish to visualize the possibilities of digitalization was raised.

This was originally done as a part of the EPIC assignment. However, another version, capturing the more specific requirements of this report, was created specifically for this thesis.

The visualization was created as a mockup using Balsamiq, both in the EPIC-project and in this thesis.

Balsamiq is a conceptual tool for building digital concepts. (Balsamiq Studios, 2008-2019)