5 The effect of contaminants on ammonium nitrate decomposition
5.1 Acids, bases and water
O presente trabalho possibilitou o emprego do Sistema Aquoso Bifásico, SAB, na separação dos flavonoides do extrato da casca do maracujá. Foi realizada uma avaliação sistemática da influência dos sais utilizados na composição, sulfato de amônio e fosfato de potássio, e da concentração dos componentes formadores, etanol e sal, na partição e na recuperação dos flavonoides, o que possibilitou uma separação com alto rendimento e elevada recuperação.
Após os testes, constatou-se que o SAB foi um método eficaz para a separação dos flavonoides dos interferentes açúcares presentes no extrato, proporcionando uma recuperação superior a 98 % dos flavonoides, e 97 % dos açúcares em ambos os sistemas compostos por sulfato de amônio e fosfato de potássio. Esses resultados mostraram que os dois sais foram adequados para o objetivo deste trabalho, devendo-se atentar para o pH do sistema, pois este possui grande influência na partição e na recuperação dos compostos.
Constatou-se, também, que o aumento na concentração do sal nos dois sistemas favoreceu consideravelmente a partição, aumentando a concentração dos açúcares na fase fundo, enquanto que variações na concentração de etanol não mostraram influência significativa na partição dos compostos.
Em razão dos resultados de recuperação bastante satisfatórios, dispensou-se o uso de outras etapas, como a de multiestágio, diminuindo, desta forma o tempo e os custos com o processo.
Os resultados da análise do extrato da casca do maracujá mostraram que este fruto é fonte de variados tipos de flavonoides que possuem vários benefícios para a saúde, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa de baixo custo de qualidade para obtenção destes compostos bioativos.
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ANEXO A - COMPOSIÇÃO DE EQUILÍBRIO DE FASES PARA OS SISTEMAS SULFATO DE AMÔNIO E FOSFATO DE POTÁSSIO
Tabela 7 - Composição de equilíbrio de fases para o sistema composto de etanol (1), sulfato de amônio (2) e água (3) a 25°C
Fonte: Wang et al. (2009).
Tabela 8 - Composição de equilíbrio de fases para o sistema composto de etanol (1), fosfato de potássio (2) e água (3) a 25°C
Fonte: Katayama e Miyahara (2006).
Número Composição total Fase rica em etanol Fase rica em sulfato de amônio 100 w1 100 w2 100 wt1 100 wt2 100 wf1 100 wf2 100 wfa2 1 11,62 29,81 45,69 4,74 8,28 32,30 32,36 2 11,54 31,03 52,34 2,88 6,89 34,27 34,21 3 11,48 32,49 57,87 1,82 5,40 36,55 4 11,44 32,39 57,75 1,84 5,54 36,32 5 11,45 32,41 57,27 1,92 5,49 36,41 6 11,42 32,50 56,62 2,03 5,36 36,62
Número 100 wt1 Fase rica em etanol 100 wt2 100 wf1 Fase rica em sulfato de amônio 100 wf2
1 67,90 0,160 0,380 47,60 2 62,80 0,330 0,640 45,10 3 54,80 0,780 1,09 41,90 4 48,30 1,46 1,63 39,30 5 41,20 2,67 2,45 36,50 6 34,10 4,91 3,90 32,90 7 31,11 6,05 4,42 31,50 8 26,30 8,65 6,22 28,50 9 23,50 10,87 7,71 26,40