Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in fish from Tanzania : levels and associated health risks to humans and fish

Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2019:17

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in fish from Tanzania – levels and associated health risks to humans and fish

Persistente organiske forbindelser og tungmetaller i fisk fra Tanzania – nivåer og relatert helse risiko for mennesker og fisk

Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in fish from Tanzania ± levels and

associated health risks to humans and fish

‡”•‹•–‡–‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ˆ‘”„‹†‡Ž•‡”‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”‹ˆ‹•ˆ”ƒƒœƒ‹ƒȂ‹˜¤‡”‘‰”‡Žƒ–‡”–

Š‡Ž•‡”‹•‹‘ˆ‘”‡‡•‡”‘‰ˆ‹•

Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ƒ‡‘…–‘”ȋŠȌŠ‡•‹•

Ž‹‡œ‡””‘™™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒ

‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‘‘†ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†ˆ‡…–‹‘‹‘Ž‘‰›

ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ‡–‡”‹ƒ”›‡†‹…‹‡

‘”™‡‰‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‡…‹‡…‡•

†ƒ•–—‡ȋʹͲͳͻȌ

Š‡•‹•—„‡”ʹͲͳͻǣͳ͹

ͳͺͻͶǦ͸ͶͲʹ ͻ͹ͺǦͺʹǦͷ͹ͷǦͳͷͺͳǦʹ

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹š

ȋȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤš‹‹

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤš˜

ͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ

1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ... 1

1.2 Heavy metals ... 2

1.3 Pollution in Aquatic Environment ... 3

1.4 Human exposure to POPs and heavy metals ... 4

1.4.1 POPs ... 4

1.4.2 Heavy metals ... 4

1.5 Health effects of POPs and heavy metals ... 5

1.5.1 Human health ... 5

1.5.1.1 POPs ... 5

1.5.1.2 Heavy metals ... 6

1.5.2 Fish health ... 6

1.5.2.1 POPs ... 6

1.5.2.2 Heavy metals ... 7

1.6 Assessment of human health risks related to POPs and heavy metals ... 8

1.6.1 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ... 8

1.6.2 Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) ... 9

1.6.3 Carcinogenic risk (CR) ... 9

1.6.4 Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF) and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)... 10

1.7 Fish health risk: EQS ... 10

1.8 Food safety and food security ... 11

1.9 Aquaculture in Tanzania... 11

1.10 Possible sources of POPs and heavy metals in Tanzania ... 12

ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ 3.1 Study locations and sampling sites ... 15

3.2 Species description ... 18

3.3 Sample Collection ... 20

3.4 Sample analysis ... 21

3.5 Ethical requirements ... 23

3.6 Statistical analysis ... 23

Ͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ ƒ’‡” ... 24

ƒ’‡” ... 25

ƒ’‡” ... 26

ͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹ 5.1 Methodological consideration ... 27

5.1.1 Choice of samples and sampling locations ... 27

5.1.2 Choice of fish species ... 27

5.2 Analytical methods ... 27

5.2.1 Extraction and detection of analytes ... 27

5.2.1.1 POPs ... 27

5.2.2.2 Heavy metals ... 28

5.3 Ethical consideration ... 28

5.4 Levels and distribution of POPs and heavy metals farmed and wild fish ... 29

5.5 Pattern and varying levels of POPs and heavy metals imported fish ... 30

5.6 Health risk related to levels of POPs and heavy metals ... 31

5.6.1 Comparison to maximum residue limits (MRLs) and maximum limits (MLs) ... 31

5.6.2 Dietary intake of POPs and heavy metals ... 32

5.6.3 Possible health risk of POPs and heavy metals to fish ... 33

5.7 Strength and limitations of the study ... 34

͸ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹

͹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ ͺ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ

ǣ ‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

™‘—Ž†•‹…‡”‡Ž›Ž‹‡™‹–ŠƒŽŽ›Š‡ƒ”––‘–Šƒ–Š‡‘•–Š‹‰ŠǡŽ‹‰Š–›‘†ǡ–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‘”‘ˆ

–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡ǡˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‹‰‡–Š‡’”‡…‹‘—•‰‹ˆ–‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ

Š‡™‘”’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ–‘š‹…‘Ž‘‰›‰”‘—’

ƒ––Š‡ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‘š‹…‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‘‘†ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†ˆ‡…–‹‘—•

‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ…—Ž–› ‘ˆ ‡–‡”‹ƒ”› ‡†‹…‹‡ ƒ† ‹‘•…‹‡…‡•ǡ ‘”™‡‰‹ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‡

…‹‡…‡•ǤŠ‡ ™‘”™ƒ•ˆ—†‡†„›—†‡”–Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– –‹–Ž‡†ƒ’ƒ…‹–›—‹Ž†‹‰ˆ‘”

”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹“—ƒ–‹…ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Š‹ƒ•–‡”ƒ†‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹…ƒ ȋȌǤ

™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‡š–‡†›•‹…‡”‡‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘›•—’‡”˜‹•‘”•ǣ”ǤŠ‹Ž‘•Ǥ—•…Šƒ‘Ž†‡”ǡ

›‘— ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡› ’‡”•‘ ‹ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •…‹‡–‹ˆ‹… ™‘”Ǥ ‘—” ‰—‹†ƒ…‡ „‘–Š ‹

”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡‹•‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‘—”•‡•‡‘ˆ‡–‘”•Š‹’ǡ‰—‹†ƒ…‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹˜‡…‘‡–•ƒ†

‡†Ž‡••…‘•–”—…–‹˜‡†‹•…—••‹‘Šƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡‡Ž‹‰Š–ǡ•–”‡‰–Šƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‡…‘—”•‡

‘ˆ›•–—†›Ǥ‘—ƒ†‡‡—†‡”•–ƒ†›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘”‡†‡‡’Ž›Ǥƒ•‹…‡”‡Ž›–Šƒˆ—Žˆ‘”

›‘—”‡†Ž‡••ǡ–‹”‡Ž‡••ǡ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ǡ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”– –Šƒ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡•‹…‡–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ›•–—†›ǤŠ‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‡š’”‡••›†‡‡’‡•–

‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘›…‘Ǧ•—’‡”˜‹•‘””‘ˆǤƒ—†˜‹‰›…Š‡ˆ‘”›‘—”Š‘‡•–ǡ‰”‡ƒ–‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ƒ†

•—’’‘”–›‘—Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™‡ǡ„‘–Š‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ‘—”…‘•–”—…–‹˜‡ƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰

…”‹–‹…•‹•’‹”‡†‡–‘•‡‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†ƒ†‡‡‘”‡ƒ–—”‡‹”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ”‘ˆǤƒǡ›‘—

–”—•–‡†‡ƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‡‹‘–Š‡”’”‘Œ‡…–••‘‡–‹‡•‘›‘—”„‡ŠƒŽˆǡ–Š‹•‰ƒ˜‡‡‘”‡

‡–Š—•‹ƒ••Ǥ ƒ•–Ž›ǡ ƒ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –‘ ”Ǥ ˜‹–‹ ‘Š ‘…Š‹ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡†Ž‡•• •—’’‘”–ǡ

’ƒ–‹‡…‡ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ˆ‘” –ƒ‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •–—„„‘”‡•• Žƒ‹† —’‘ ›‘— ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡

…‘–”‹„—–‹‘›‘—’”‘˜‹†‡†‡Ǥ

™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ›‡–‘”•ˆ‘”‡†Ž‡••ƒ†˜‹…‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‹

Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ”•ƒŒ‹‰™ƒǤ„‹Œ‡ˆ‘”•Š‘™‹‰‡ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ†–ƒ‹‰‡‹‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ”‡‘ƒ”†‘‡•Šƒ—ƒˆ‘”•—’’‘”–‹‰‡ƒ†„‡‹‰–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”

‡‹•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ”‡ƒǤ

ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ™ƒ›ǡ–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ–‘š‹…‘Ž‘‰›‰”‘—’ǡǢƒŠ‹

ƒ”‹‹ǡƒ†‹”ސ‡•–ƒ†ǡ”‹ƒ‰—•§†‡”ǡƒ”‹•ƒ‘‘”™‡‰ƒ†”Ǥ‡––‡‡Ž‡Œ‘”‰‡

òŽŽ‡”–Šƒ›‘—ƒŽŽˆ‘”‰‹˜‹‰‡ƒ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž–‹‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–ƒ––Š‡Žƒ„Ǥ‘—”–‹”‡Ž‡••Š‡Ž’

Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡…‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘›•–—†›Ǥ‡š–‡†›ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘–‘”Ǥ‡––‡

‡Ž‡Œ‘”‰‡òŽŽ‡”ƒ†›‘—”Š—•„ƒ†”Ž‡šòŽŽ‡”ˆ‘”›‘—”•—’’‘”–„‡›‘†›‡†—…ƒ–‹‘

Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ›‘—”…ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‡‡Ž‹˜‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡‹•Ž‘Ǥ‡š–‡†›•‹…‡”‡‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘”‘ˆǤ

ƒ–”‹‡‘”‰¤ȋ‹Ȍˆ‘”‹˜‹–‹‰‡–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‘š‘”‰ƒǦ‰”‘—’Ǥ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘

–Šƒ–Š‡•–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡…‹‡…‡•ˆ‘”„‡‹‰ƒŠ‘•–‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ–Šƒ–Š‡

ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ „‡›ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ …‹‡…‡ ƒ† ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋȌ ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‡

’‡”‹••‹‘–‘’—”•—‡›•–—†›Ǥ

…ƒ‘–•‹’–Šƒ‹‰›ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆ”‹‡†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ƒ†Œ‘‡•™Š‹…Š

ƒ†‡‡‘˜‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ•ƒƒ…ǡ™‡‰ƒǡƒƒŽƒǡœ‹œƒǡŠƒŽ—„ƒǡŠ‡‰—Žƒǡƒ–”‹…‹ƒǡ˜‡Ž›

ƒ†‹œ‹–‘–Šƒˆ‘”›‘—”…‘…‡”ƒ†ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ

™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ › ’ƒ”‡–• ” ”‘™ ‡‡–Š ™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒ ƒ† ”• ‡Ž‹•–ƒ•

—•—™‹‡ ™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒǡ › •‹•–‡”• ‡‡Žƒǡ ‹Ž›ǡ ”‹†ƒǡ ‹•ƒ ƒ† Ž‹œƒ„‡–Šǡ › „”‘–Š‡”

—‰ƒ‘ƒ†›„‡•–ˆ”‹‡†•†”‡™ƒ†‡”ƒ”†ˆ‘”„‡‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–‹‰‡Ǥ

ƒ•–Ž›ƒ†‹ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ™ƒ›ǡ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ›•‘•ƒ†‡ƒ†˜ƒƒ†›„‡•–ˆ”‹‡†ǡ

–Š‡Ž‘˜‡‘ˆ›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†›™‹ˆ‡‘•ƒŽ‹ƒǤŠ‹•™‘”™‘—Ž†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–›‘—”

•—’’‘”–Ǥ …ƒ‘– ˆ‹† ƒ ™‘”† –‘ ‡š’”‡•• › ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ ‘—” ’ƒ–‹‡…‡ ƒ† Š‘’‡ ƒ”‡

—‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥˆ‘—†•–”‡‰–Š™Š‡Ž‘‘‡†ƒ–›‘—ƒ†‘—”•‘•ǡ›‘—‡ƒƒŽ‘–‘”‡–‘

‡ƒ†–Š‹•™‘”‹•†‡†‹…ƒ–‡†–‘›‘—Ǥ

ABBREVIATIONS

• ”•‡‹…

Š ”›ŽŠ›†”‘…ƒ”„‘”‡…‡’–‘”

Ž Ž—‹‹—

‰‡…›ˆ‘”‘š‹…—„•–ƒ…‡•ƒ†‹•‡ƒ•‡‡‰‹•–”›

”‘‹ƒ–‡†ˆŽƒ‡”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–•

‘†›™‡‹‰Š–

† ƒ†‹—

• ŠŽ‘”†ƒ‡•

‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ…‹‡…‡‘‹••‹‘

‘˜‡–‹‘‘‘‰Ǧƒ‰‡”ƒ•„‘—†ƒ”›‹”‘ŽŽ—–‹‘

‘ ‘„ƒŽ–

ƒ”…‹‘‰‡‹…‹•

” Š”‘‹—

ƒ…‡”Ž‘’‡ ƒ…–‘”

— ‘’’‡”

‡–”ƒŽ‡–‡”‹ƒ”›‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡

‹…ŠŽ‘”‘†‹’Š‡›Ž†‹…ŠŽ‘”‘‡–Šƒ‡

‹…ŠŽ‘”‘†‹’Š‡›Ž†‹…ŠŽ‘”‘‡–Š›Ž‡‡

‹…ŠŽ‘”‘†‹’Š‡›Ž–”‹…ŠŽ‘”‘‡–Šƒ‡

‹‘š‹ǦŽ‹‡

‹„”‘‘’”‘’›Ž–”‹„”‘‘’Š‡›Ž‡–Š‡”

—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘

—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘

•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ‹Ž›–ƒ‡

—”‘’‡ƒ ‘‘†ƒˆ‡–›—–Š‘”‹–›

˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‘–‡…–‹‘‰‡…›

˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ—ƒŽ‹–›–ƒ†ƒ”†

—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘

‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

‡ ”‘

‡šƒ„”‘‘„‹’Š‡›Ž

‡šƒ„”‘‘…›…Ž‘†‘†‡…ƒ‡

‡šƒ…Š”‘Ž‘„‡œ‡‡

• ‡šƒ…Š”‘Ž‘…›…Ž‘Š‡šƒ‡•

‰ ‡”…—”›

‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ‡š’‡”–

‹‰Š”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‰ƒ•…Š”‘ƒ–‘‰”ƒ’Š

Ǧ ‹‰Š”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‰ƒ•…Š”‘ƒ–‘‰”ƒ’Š

•–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡…‹‡…‡•

†‘‘””‡•‹†—‡•’”ƒ›

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”

•‡…–‹…‹†‡–”‡ƒ–‡†‡–•

‹ ‹–Š‹—

‹‹–‘ˆ†‡–‡…–‹‘

‘™”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•••’‡…–”‘’Š‘–‘‡–”›

‘‰”ƒ‰‡–”ƒ•’‘”–

‘‰”ƒ‰‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–

Ž™ ‹’‹†™‡‹‰Š–

‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹˜‡•–‘…ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡•

‰ ‹ŽŽ‹‰”ƒ

ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‹‡…‡•ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—”…‡

ƒƒ‰‡‡–

• ƒš‹—Ž‹‹–•

• ƒš‹—”‡•‹†—‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•

ƒ•••’‡…–”‘’Š‘–‘‡–”›

„‡›ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—†‹–ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆƒœƒ‹ƒ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ–ƒ–‹•–‹…•

‘†‹‘š‹ǦŽ‹‡

‰ ƒ‘‰”ƒ

‘”™‡‰‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‡…‹‡…‡•

‹ ‹…‡Ž

‘”™‡‰‹ƒ‰‡…›ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘

ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ‘˜‡”‡––‹–‹•–‹…‹ƒ

• ”‰ƒ‘…ŠŽ‘”‹‡’‡•–‹…‹†‡•

„ ‡ƒ†

‘Ž›„”‘‹ƒ–‡††‹’Š‡›Ž‡–Š‡”•

‡–ƒ„”‘‘‡–Š›Ž„‡œ‡‡

‘Ž›…ŠŽ‘”‹ƒ–‡†„‹’Š‡›Ž•

• ‘Ž›…ŠŽ‘”‹ƒ–‡††‹„‡œ‘†‹‘š‹•

• ‘Ž›…ŠŽ‘”‹ƒ–‡††‹„‡œ‘ˆ—”ƒ•

• ‘Ž›ˆŽ—‘”‹ƒ–‡†ƒŽ›Ž•—„•–ƒ…‡•

‡”ˆŽ—‘”‘‘…–ƒ‡•—Žˆ‘‹…ƒ…‹†

’‰ ‹…‘‰”ƒ

• ‡”•‹•–‡–‘”‰ƒ‹…’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•

‡–ƒ„”‘‘–‘Ž—‡‡

ˆ ‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†‘•‡•

‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹…ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘—‹–›……”‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘

‡”˜‹…‡•

‡ ‡Ž‡‹—

‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ‹Ž›‹–ƒ‡

–‘š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ˆƒ…–‘”

‘š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–

ƒ”‰‡–Šƒœƒ”†“—‘–‹‡–

”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹“—ƒ–‹…ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Š

‹ƒ•–‡”ƒ†‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹…ƒ

‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‡‡Ž›‹–ƒ‡

‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ•Ž‘

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•…‘‘‹…‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”—”‘’‡

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‘–‡…–‹‘

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡…›

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‘–‡…–‹‘‰‡…›

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘‘†ƒ†”—‰—–Š‘”‹–›

ƒƒ†‹—

ƒ–‡” ”ƒ‡™‘”‹”‡…–‹˜‡

‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

‡•–‡”†‹ƒ…‡ƒ

‘”Ž†”ƒ†‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

 ‹…

SUMMARY

‹‡–‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹”‘—–‡‘ˆ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–••—…Šƒ•’‡”•‹•–‡–‘”‰ƒ‹…

’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ȋ•Ȍƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•–‘Š—ƒ•†—”‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡Ǥ•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡

„‘–Š’‡”•‹•–‡–ƒ†…ƒ„‹‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡–‹••—‡•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹••ƒ†„‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ›—’‹ˆ‘‘†

…Šƒ‹•Ǥ•ƒ”‡Ž‹’‘’Š‹Ž‹…ƒ†Š‡…‡–Š‡›…ƒƒ……——Žƒ–‡‹Ž‹’‹†–‹••—‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆ‘‘†

•–—ˆˆ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ˆ‹•Šǡ‡‰‰•ƒ†‡ƒ–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›…ƒƒ……——Žƒ–‡…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ

•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ

•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–‘š‹…–‘Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ•—…Šƒ•Š—ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‹•ŠǤ

‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ„‡‰”‘—’‡†ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧ‡••‡–‹ƒŽǡ›‡–„‘–Š…ƒ„‡–‘š‹…†‡’‡†‹‰

‘ †‘•‡Ǥ • ƒ† Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• …ƒ …ƒ—•‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…– •—…Š ƒ• ‡†‘…”‹‡

†‹•”—’–‹‘ǡ ‹’ƒ‹”‡† ”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹—‡ ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –‡”ƒ–‘‰‡‹…‹–›Ǥ ‹•Š ‹• ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—”…‡‘ˆ’”‘–‡‹ǡ˜‹–ƒ‹•ǡƒ†ˆƒ––›ƒ…‹†•Ǥ ‹•Šƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡ƒˆ‘‘†…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘

–Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ • ƒ† Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• –‘ Š—ƒ• –Š”‘—‰Š …‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ – ’Žƒ›• ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ•ƒ…‘‘†‹–›ˆ‘”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‹…‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ›

…‘—‹–‹‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥƒœƒ‹ƒ‹•”ƒ’‹†Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆƒ“—ƒ–‹…

•›•–‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡•ǡƒ†‹’”‘’‡”†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡Ǥ—‡

–‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ’‹† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Šǡ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ˆ‹•Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ Šƒ• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ ‡…‡

ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ˆ‹•Š ‹’‘”– ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ ƒ”‡ ‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡

†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š”‹••”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘…‘•—’–‹‘

‘ˆ™‹Ž†ˆ‹•Šǡˆ‹•Šˆ”‘ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹’‘”–‡†ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡Žƒ…‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ‹•‘ˆ

–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡‘……—””‡…‡ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’‡”•‹•–‡–‘”‰ƒ‹…’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ȋ•Ȍ

ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹ˆƒ”‡†ǡ™‹Ž†ƒ†‹’‘”–‡†ˆ‹•Š‹ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ†–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡

‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š”‹••”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘…‘•—‹‰ˆ‹•Š…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†„›•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•

‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ

 ’ƒ’‡” ǡ –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ƒ† Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ • ‹ ˆƒ”‡† ƒ† ™‹Ž† ˆ‹•Š ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ ™‡”‡

ƒ••‡••‡†Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ƒ† Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘—”…‡•‘ˆ•‹–Š‡ ƒœƒ‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥƒœƒ‹ƒǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡p,p’Ǧƒ†p,p’Ǧ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹•Š”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†„‘–ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒ†”‡…‡–—•‡‘ˆǤŠ‡

•–—†›ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‹™‹Ž†ˆ‹•Š–Šƒ‹ˆƒ”‡†ˆ‹•ŠǤ™ƒ•„ƒ‡†

‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‹ʹͲͲͳǡ„—–•‹…‡ʹͲͲ͸‹–‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ƒ•‹†‘‘”•’”ƒ›‹‰„›–Š‡‹ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰

ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ •—…Š ƒ• ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‘‡ ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ —•‡ ‹‰Š– …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡…‡–

‡š’‘•—”‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰‘ˆ•ƒ†•‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™‡”‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘

‡‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹”’‘”–ƒ†‹’”‘’‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡Ǥ

’ƒ’‡”ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‹•Š•ƒ’Ž‡•ƒ•‹’ƒ’‡”™‡”‡ƒ••‡••‡†ˆ‘”‘……—””‡…‡ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ

Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ• ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†Ǥ „™ƒ• –Š‡

†‘‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‡”•ƒ†—•…Ž‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡ˆ‹•Š—•…Ž‡•‡š…‡‡†‡†–Š‡

ƒš‹—Ž‹‹–•ȋ•Ȍ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡‘–•ƒˆ‡ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ††‘ǯ–‡‡–

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‹•Š–”ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡•–—†›”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ„‹™‹Ž†ˆ‹•Š–Šƒ

‹ˆƒ”‡†ˆ‹•Šƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–™‹Ž†ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡‘”‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•–Šƒˆƒ”‡†ˆ‹•ŠǤ

’ƒ’‡”–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹‹’‘”–‡†–‹Žƒ’‹ƒˆ”‘Š‹ƒ™‡”‡

ƒ••‡••‡†ƒ†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ˆ‹•Šˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡’ƒ…ƒ‰‡™‡”‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ‹Žƒ’‹ƒ

ˆ”‘Š‹ƒ™‡”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›•ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆp,p’Ǧ–‘p,p’Ǧ•—‰‰‡•–‡†„‘–Š

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒ†”‡…‡–—•‡‹Š‹ƒǤŠ‡•–—†›ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆǦʹͲͻƒ†

‹–Š‡Š‹‡•‡ˆ‹•Šǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–‹’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹•Šƒ›„‡ƒ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

…‘’‘—†•–‘–Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‡–‘š‹…•™ƒ•–Š‡•‡…‘†‘•–†‘‹ƒ–‹‰

Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒˆ–‡”ŽǤ

–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–•‘ˆŠ—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š”‹••ȋ’ƒ’‡”Ȍǡ–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†™‡‡Ž›‹–ƒ‡ˆ‘”Ǧ Ǧͳͳͺ ƒ† ǦͳͲͷ ‡š…‡‡†‡† –Š‡ …—””‡– –‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ™‡‡Ž› ‹–ƒ‡ ȋȌ •‡– „› ǡ

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†˜‡”•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ”‘…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡†ˆ‹•Šˆ”‘Š‹ƒǤ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡…ƒ…‡””‹•Ž‡˜‡Ž•ˆ‘”•‡š…‡‡†‡†–Š‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…ƒ…‡””‹••ƒˆ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž”ƒ‰‡

ȋͳšͳͲ^Ǧ͸–‘ͳšͳͲ^ǦͶȌǡ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ”…‹‘‰‡‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–ˆ”‘…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡†

ˆ‹•ŠǤ

ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‹•ˆ‘”ˆ‹•Šǡ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆȋ‘–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ȍƒ†‰ȋ’ƒ’‡”Ȍ

‡š…‡‡†‡†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”„‹‘–ƒ‹‘–ƒǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†˜‡”•‡

Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–‹ˆ‹•Šˆ”‘–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• …ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š

’”‘’‡”‘‹–‘”‹‰’Žƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘”‡†—…‡Š—ƒƒ†ˆ‹•Š‡š’‘•—”‡–‘’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•—”‰‡–Š‡ˆ‹•Š‹•’‡…–‘”•–‘‹…Ž—†‡‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ‹•Š

•ƒ’Ž‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’‘‘Ž‡†•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ

SAMMENDRAG (SUMMARY IN NORWEGIAN)

ƒ– ‡” „‡–”ƒ–‡– •‘ †‡ •–Þ”•–‡ ‡•’‘‡”‹‰•˜‡‹‡ ˆ‘” ˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰••–‘ˆˆ‡” •‘

’‡”•‹•–‡–‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰••–‘ˆˆ‡”ȋ•Ȍ‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”ˆ‘”‡‡•‡”‰Œ‡‘

Ž‹˜‡–Ǥ•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”‡”„‡‰‰‡–—‰–‡†„”›–„ƒ”‡‘‰†‡ƒ„‹‘ƒ——Ž‡”‡‹„‹‘–ƒ‘‰

„‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ‹•‡”‡‹§”‹‰•Œ‡†‡Ǥ‡ˆŽ‡•–‡•‡”ˆ‡––ŽÞ•‡Ž‹‰‡‘‰ƒ†‡”ˆ‘”Š‘’‡•‡‰‘’’‹

ˆ‡––”‹–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡‹ƒ‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ–˜ƒ”‡”ǡ•Ž‹•‘ˆ‹•ǡ‡‰‰‘‰ŒÞ––Ǥ

•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”‡”’‘–‡•‹‡Ž–‰‹ˆ–‹‰‡ˆ‘”Ž‡˜‡†‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡”•Ž‹•‘‡‡•‡”‘‰

ˆ‹•Ǥ—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†‡Ž‡•‹‡••‡•‹‡ŽŽ‡‘‰‹‡‡••‡•‹‡ŽŽ‡ǡ‡„‡‰‰‡ƒ˜§”‡‰‹ˆ–‹‰‡

ƒ˜Š‡‰‹‰ ƒ˜ †‘•‡Ǥ • ‘‰ –—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡” ƒ ˆ‘”¤”•ƒ‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ Š‡Ž•‡‡ˆˆ‡–‡” •Ž‹ •‘

Š‘”‘ˆ‘”•–›””‡Ž•‡”ǡ †›•ˆ—•Œ‘ ƒ˜ ”‡’”‘†—•Œ‘• Ȃ ‘‰ ‹— •›•–‡‡–ǡ ‘‰ ‡†ˆÞ†–‡

‹•†ƒ‡Ž•‡”Ǥ ‹•‡”‡˜‹–‹‰‹Ž†‡ˆ‘”’”‘–‡‹‡”ǡ˜‹–ƒ‹‡”‘‰ˆ‡––•›”‡”ǤŒ‡‘‘•—

‘˜‡”ˆÞ”‡• • ‘‰ –—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡” ˆ”ƒ ˆ‹• ‘‰ ƒ‡ •ŒÞƒ– –‹Ž ‡‡•‡”Ǥ ‹• ‡” ‡– ˜‹–‹‰

Ž‡˜‡„”Þ†‘‰Šƒ†‡Ž•˜ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹–‡–‰‡‡”‡”‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡Ž‘ƒŽ•ƒˆ—‹˜‡”†‡Ǥƒœƒ‹ƒ

‡”—†‡””ƒ•—–˜‹Ž‹‰•‘ˆÞ”‡”–‹Žˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰ƒ˜†‡–ƒ˜ƒ–‹•‡‹ŽŒÞ‰Œ‡‘—–•Ž‹’’ˆ”ƒ

‹†—•–”‹‡‘‰Žƒ†„”—‡–‘‰†¤”Ž‹‰ƒ˜ˆƒŽŽ•Š¤†–‡”‹‰’‰ƒƒ‰Ž‡†‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—–—”Ǥ¤‰”—

ƒ˜†‡Š—”–‹‰‡„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰•˜‡•–‡Þ‡”‡––‡”•’Þ”•‡Ž‡‡––‡”ˆ‹•Ǥ‡”ˆ‘”ލ‡”Ž‘ƒŽ–‘’’†”‡––

ƒ˜ ˆ‹• ‘‰ ‹’‘”– ƒ˜ ‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹• ˆ”ƒ ƒ†”‡ Žƒ†Ǥ ‡••˜‡””‡ ƒ‰Ž‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ•Œ‘ ‘

ˆ‘”‡‘•– ƒ˜ • ‘‰ –—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡” ‹ ˆ‹• ‘‰ Š‡Ž•‡”‹•‹‘ ˆ‘”„—†‡– ‡† ¤ •’‹•‡ ˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•ǡ

‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹• ‡ŽŽ‡” ‹’‘”–‡”– ˆ‹• ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ ‡”ˆ‘” ˜ƒ” †‡ ˜‹–‹‰•–‡ ¤Ž‡‡ ˆ‘” †‡‡

•–—†‹‡¤‹†‡–‹ˆ‹•‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–‘‰‹˜¤ƒ˜•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”‹˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•ǡ‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹•‘‰

‹’‘”–‡”–ˆ‹•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒ‘‰Þ‡—•ƒ’‘’‘–‡•‹‡ŽŽŠ‡Ž•‡ˆƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡”––‹Ž‘•—ƒ˜ˆ‹•

ˆ‘”—”‡•‡–‡†•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ

ƒ”–‹‡Ž„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–‘‰‹˜¤ƒ˜••–—†‡”–‹˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•‘‰‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹•ˆ”ƒƒœƒ‹ƒǤ

–—†‹‡˜‹•–‡‰‡‘‰”ƒˆ‹•‡ˆ‘”•Œ‡ŽŽ‡”‹ˆ‘”‡‘•–‘‰‹˜¤ƒ˜••‘ƒ–›†‡”ˆ‘”•Œ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡

‹Ž†‡”Ǥƒ–‹‘‡ŽŽ‘p,p’-‘‰p,p’Ǧ‹ˆ‹•‡–›†‡–’¤„¤†‡Š‹•–‘”‹•‘‰’¤‰¤‡†‡„”—

ƒ˜Ǥ–—†‹‡˜‹•–‡‘‰•¤ƒ–˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•‹‡Š‘Ž†–ŠÞ›‡”‡‹˜¤‡‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹•Ǥ”—ƒ˜

„Ž‡ˆ‘”„—†–‹ʹͲͲͳǡ‡„Ž‡‹‰Œ‡–‹ŽŽƒ––ƒ˜‹ʹͲͲ͸ǡ‡—ˆ‘”‹‡†Þ”•ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ

‘–”‘ŽŽǡ•‘‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤŽ‘˜Ž‹‰„”—ƒ†‡”ˆ‘”Šƒ„‹†”ƒ–––‹Ž›Ž‹‰‡•’‘‡”‹‰ƒ˜˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•‡Ǥ

—ƒ˜ǯ‡”‘‰ǯ‡”„Ž‡‹†‡‡•–—†‹‡”‡Žƒ–‡”––‹Ž—–•Ž‹’’ˆ”ƒˆŽ›’Žƒ••‡‘‰†¤”Ž‹‰

ƒ˜ˆƒŽŽ•Š¤†–‡”‹‰Ǥ

ƒ”–‹‡Ž„Ž‡†‡•ƒ‡ˆ‹•‡‡•‘‹ƒ”–‹‡ŽƒƒŽ›•‡”–ˆ‘”–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥ‰•¤‹†‡‡

•–—†‹‡ˆƒ–ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒˆ‹•‡ˆ‘”•Œ‡ŽŽ‡”ǤŽ›ȋ„Ȍ˜ƒ”†‡–†‘‹‡”‡†‡‡–ƒŽŽ‡–‹ˆ‹•‡Ž‡˜‡”

‘‰—•‡ŽǤ‹˜¤‡–ƒ˜„‹ˆ‹•‡—•‡Ž‘˜‡”•”‡†‰”‡•‡˜‡”†‹‡ȋƒš‹—‹‹–•ȋ•Ȍ•‘

ƒ–›†‡–ƒ–ˆ‹•‡‹‡‡”–”›‰‰ˆ‘”‘•—‘‰‹‡Þ–‡”‹–‡”ƒ•Œ‘ƒŽ‡”‡–‹‰•Ž‹Œ‡”•‘

Šƒ†‡Ž•˜ƒ”‡Ǥ–—†‹‡ˆƒ–ŠÞ›‡”‡‹˜¤ƒ˜„‹˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•‡‹‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹•ǡ‘‡•‘–›†‡”’¤

ƒ–˜‹ŽŽˆ‹•‡”‡”—–•ƒ––ˆ‘”ˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰ƒ˜„‡‘’’†”‡––•ˆ‹•Ǥ

ƒ”–‹‡Ž„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–‘‰‹˜¤ƒ˜•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”—†‡”•Þ–‹‹’‘”–‡”––‹Žƒ’‹ƒˆ”ƒ

‹ƒǤ–—†‹‡ˆƒ–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”•Œ‡ŽŽ‡”‹„¤†‡Þ•–‡”‘‰‹˜¤‡”ƒ˜•‘‰–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡”

‡ŽŽ‘†‡‹†‹˜‹†—‡ŽŽ‡ˆ‹•‡‡•‘˜ƒ”’ƒ‡–‹‡‘‰•ƒ‡’ƒ‡Ǥ‹†‡”‡ˆƒ–•–—†‹‡ƒ–

†‘‹‡”–‡Þ•–‡”‘‰ƒ–”ƒ–‹‘‡ŽŽ‘p,p’Ǧƒ†p,p’Ǧ‹ˆ‹•‡–›†‡”’¤„¤†‡

Š‹•–‘”‹•‘‰’¤‰¤‡†‡„”—ƒ˜‹‹ƒǤ–—†‹‡ˆƒ–ŠÞ›‡‹˜¤‡”ƒ˜ʹͲͻ‘‰‹

†‡‹‡•‹•‡ˆ‹•‡ǡ‘‰†‡–ƒƒ–›†‡ƒ–‹’‘”–ƒ˜ˆ‹•ˆ”ƒ‹ƒƒ˜§”‡‡—Ž‹‰‹Ž†‡ˆ‘”

†‹••‡ ˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰••–‘ˆˆ‡” –‹Ž ‹ŽŒÞ‡– ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ ‡ –‘•‹•‡ ƒ”•‡ ȋ•Ȍ ˜ƒ” †‡– ‡•–

†‘‹‡”‡†‡–—‰‡–ƒŽŽ‡–‡––‡”ƒŽ—‹‹—ȋŽȌ‹ˆ‹•‡‡Ǥ

˜—”†‡”‹‰ƒ˜Š‡Ž•‡”‹•‹‘ˆ‘”‡‡•‡”ȋƒ”–‹‡ŽȌˆƒ–•–—†‹‡ƒ–†‡–‡•–‹‡”–‡—‡–Ž‹‰‡

‹–ƒ ˆ‘” †‹‘•‹Ž‹‰‡†‡ ǯ‡” ȋǦͳͳͺ ‘‰ ǦͳͲͷȌ ‘˜‡”•”‡† †‡– ‰Œ‡Ž†‡†‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡

—‡–Ž‹‰‡ ‹–ƒǡ ‡–ƒ„Ž‡”– ƒ˜ ʹͲͳͺǡ ‘‰ ƒ–›†‡” †‡”‡† ‡ ’‘–‡•‹‡ŽŽ Š‡Ž•‡ˆƒ”‡

ˆ‘”„—†‡–‡†‘•—ƒ˜†‡‡ˆ‹•‡Ǥ

˜—”†‡”‹‰ƒ˜Š‡Ž•‡”‹•‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ‹•ȋƒ”–‹‡ŽȌˆƒ–•–—†‹‡ƒ–‹˜¤‡”ƒ˜‘‰˜‹•ÞŽ˜

ȋ‰Ȍ ‘˜‡”•”‡† ‹ŽŒÞ˜ƒŽ‹–‡–••–ƒ†ƒ”†‡ ˆ‘” „‹‘–ƒ ȋ‹‘–ƒȌ •‘ ƒ–›†‡” ‡ ’‘–‡•‹‡ŽŽ

‡‰ƒ–‹˜Š‡Ž•‡‡ˆˆ‡–‹ˆ‹•‡‡ˆ”ƒ‹ƒǤ

‹Ž•ƒ‡ ˜‹•‡” ˆ— ‹ †‡‡ •–—†‹‡ ƒ– ›†‹‰Š‡–‡‡ ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ „Þ” ‹‰ƒ‰•‡––‡ ‰‘†‡

‘˜‡”˜¤‹‰•’”‘•Œ‡–‡”ǡ‰ŒÞ”‡–‹Ž–ƒˆ‘”¤„‡‰”‡•‡‡•’‘‡”‹‰ƒ˜ˆ‘”—”‡•‹‰••–‘ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”

„¤†‡ ‡‡•‡” ‘‰ ˆ‹•Ǥ ‹†‡”‡ ˜‹•‡” ˆ— ‹ †‡‡ •–—†‹‡ ƒ– †‡– ‹ ‘–”‘ŽŽ—––ƒ ‹

‘˜‡”˜¤‹‰•’”‘‰”ƒ ‡” Þ†˜‡†‹‰ ¤ —–ˆÞ”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—‡ŽŽ‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡” ˆ”‡ˆ‘” ¤ „”—‡

•ƒŽ‡’”Þ˜‡”ˆ”ƒˆŽ‡”‡ˆ‹•‹‡ƒƒŽ›•‡Ǥ

LIST OF PAPERS

Š‡–Š‡•‹•‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š”‡‡’ƒ’‡”•Ž‹•–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǡƒ†”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–Š‡–‡š–„›–Š‡‹”

‘ƒ—‡”ƒŽ•ǣ Paper I

……—””‡…‡ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’‡”•‹•–‡–‘”‰ƒ‹…’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ȋ•Ȍ‹ˆƒ”‡†ƒ†™‹Ž†ƒ”‹‡ˆ‹•Š

ˆ”‘ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ’‹Ž‘–•–—†›Ǥ

™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒǡ‘…Š‹ǡòŽŽ‡”ǡ›…Š‡ǡ†‡‰‡Žƒǡ‘Ž†‡”Ǥ

Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ʹͲͳͺǢͳͻͳǣͶ͵ͺǦͶͶͻǤǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ…Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǤʹͲͳ͹ǤͲͻǤͳʹͳ

Paper II

‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹ˆƒ”‡†ƒ†™‹Ž†‹Žˆ‹•ŠȋChanos chanosȌƒ†™‹Ž†—ŽŽ‡–ȋMugil cephalousȌ

ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆƒœƒ‹ƒƒ†ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‹•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‹•ŠǤ

™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒǡ‹‘‘ǡ‘…Š‹ǡ†‡‰‡Žƒǡ‡”‰ǡòŽŽ‡”ǡ›…Š‡ǡ‘Ž†‡”

Ǥ

Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ•—„‹––‡†ͳ͸‘˜‡„‡”ʹͲͳͺǤ

Paper III

‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ’‡”•‹•–‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹… ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–• ȋ•Ȍ ƒ† Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ

”‡•‹†—‡•‹‹’‘”–‡†–‹Žƒ’‹ƒȋOreochromis niloticusȌ‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠ—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š

”‹•ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ

™ƒƒŽƒ’ƒǡòŽŽ‡”ǡ‘…Š‹ǡ —†‹ǡƒ”‹‹ǡ‡”‰ǡ›…Š‡ǡ‘Ž†‡”Ǥ

ƒ—•…”‹’–Ǥ

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

‡”•‹•–‡–”‰ƒ‹…‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡•›–Š‡–‹…ȋƒǦƒ†‡ȌŠƒŽ‘‰‡ƒ–‡†Š›†”‘…ƒ”„‘•

™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡…‡’‡”•‹•–‡–‹–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–™‹–Š

Ž‘‰ŠƒŽˆǦŽ‹˜‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹’‘’Š‹Ž‹…‹–›ǡ•…ƒ„‹‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ––›–‹••—‡•‘ˆ

Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡƒ†„‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ›‹ˆ‘‘†…Šƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ”‡–‘š‹…–‘Ž‹˜‹‰•’‡…‹‡•ȋ‘Šƒ‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘Ž†‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͺƒȌǤ•ƒ”‡˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡‘”•‡‹Ǧ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘

—†‡”‰‘Ž‘‰Ǧ”ƒ‰‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–ȋȌȋ”‡‹˜‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͸Ǣƒ‹ƒǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍƒ†

„‡ˆ‘—†ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ†Ȁ‘”—•‡†ǤŠ‡‡…Šƒ‹•„›

™Š‹…Š Ž‘‰ †‹•–ƒ…‡ –”ƒ•’‘”– ‘……—” ‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ Dz‰”ƒ••Š‘’’‡” ‡ˆˆ‡…–dz ™Š‡”‡

…Š‡‹…ƒŽ• ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž› ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ† …‘†‡•‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› ‘˜‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‘—”…‡Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ • —†‡”‰‘ ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ …‘Ž†

…Ž‹ƒ–‡…ƒ—•‡•Ž‘™‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‰”ƒ••Š‘’’‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋ‹‘‹…Š

ƒ†‹–‡•ǡͳͻͻͷǢƒ‹ƒƒ†ƒ…ƒ›ǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†„›‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•

ƒ†”‹˜‡”•ȋ”‡‹˜‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͸ǢŽ›‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣ–‡Ž‡”ƒ†ƒ‡ŽǡʹͲͳͲȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ

•…ƒ„‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†„›‹‰”ƒ–‹‰„‹”†•ǡˆ‹•Šƒ†•‡ƒƒƒŽ•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡Ǥ

•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†•‹…‡ͳͻͲͲ•ƒ†—•‡†‹ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•

’‡•–‹…‹†‡•ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”‘‹Ž•ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆŽƒ‡”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–•ǡƒ–‹ˆ‘—Ž‹‰•ǡ…‘‘Žƒ–•ƒ†

ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘–Š‡”’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘‡•ǡŽ‹‡†‹‘š‹•ǡƒ”‡—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†ƒ•

„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–• ‹ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ …‘„—•–‹‘ •—…Š ƒ• ‹ ™ƒ•–‡ ‹…‹‡”ƒ–‘”•ǡ ‡–ƒŽ

’”‘…‡••‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ† ‘‹Ž ™ƒ•–‡ ”‡ˆ‹‹‰ ȋǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –‘š‹…‹–›ǡ ’‡”•‹•–‡…‡ǡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „‹‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡ ƒ† „‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ› ƒ†

ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ•ƒ”‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹Š‡–‘…Š‘Ž‘˜‡–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

–”‡ƒ–›–‘’”‘–‡…–Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡š’‘•—”‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–•…ƒ—•‡†

„› …Š‡‹…ƒŽ …‘–ƒ‹ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ –‘…Š‘Ž ‘˜‡–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ†‘’–‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͳ ƒ†

‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͶ ™‹–Š ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ž‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳʹ •Ǥ – ‹• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–‡†

ƒ–‹‘•˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‘‰”ƒ‡ȋȌǤ–‹Ž‘™ǡ‘”‡–ŠƒʹͲ•ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†ˆ‘”

‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•–”‹…–‹‘•‘””‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ȋ–‘…Š‘Ž‘˜‡–‹‘ǡʹͲͳͺȌ

ȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǡƒ†ͳͷʹ…‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‘˜‡–‹‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‘–Š‡”…‘˜‡–‹‘•

…‘…‡”‹‰••—…Šƒ•ƒ•‡Ž‘˜‡–‹‘ȋͳͻͻʹȌƒ–”‡ƒ–›‘–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–”ƒ•„‘—†ƒ”›

‘˜‡‡–‘ˆŠƒœƒ”†‘—•™ƒ•–‡ǡƒ†‘––‡”†ƒ‘˜‡–‹‘ȋͳͻͻͺȌ‘–Š‡’”‹‘”‹ˆ‘”‡†

…‘•‡–’”‘…‡†—”‡ˆ‘”…‡”–ƒ‹Šƒœƒ”†‘—•…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•ƒ†’‡•–‹…‹†‡• ‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ǡ

™‡”‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡…‘˜‡–‹‘••Šƒ”‡–Š‡…‘‘‰‘ƒŽ–‘’”‘–‡…–Š—ƒ

Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ”‘Šƒœƒ”†‘—•…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•ȋ–‘…Š‘Ž‘˜‡–‹‘ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ

Table 1: List of POPs included in the Stockholm Convention.

Initial 12 POPs (2004)

POPs included in 2009

POPs included in 2011- 2018

Under consideration

Aldrin¹ α-HCH¹ Endosulfan¹ Dicofol¹

Chlordane¹ β-HCH¹ HBCDD² PFOA and related compounds²

Dieldrin¹ Lindane (γ-HCH)¹ HCBD^2,3 PFHxS and related compounds² Endrin¹ Chlordecone¹ PCP¹

Heptachlor¹ HBB² PCN^2,3

HCB^1,2,3 PeCB^1,2,3 Deca-PBDE^2*

Mirex¹ Penta-PBDE² Hexa- and Hepta-PBDE²

Toxaphene¹ PFOS^1,2 SCCP²

DDT¹ Tetra-PBDE²

PCB^2,3 PCDD³ PCDF³

ͳ‡•–‹…‹†‡•Ǣ^ʹ†—•–”‹ƒŽ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•Ǣ^͵›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‡ƒ…”‘›•ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†‹„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥȗ‡…ƒǦ‹•‹…Ž—†‹‰‘…–ƒǦƒ†‘ƒǦǤ

Š‡ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡† • ‹…Ž—†‡ ‘”‰ƒ‘…ŠŽ‘”‹‡ ’‡•–‹…‹†‡• ȋ•Ȍǡ ’‘Ž›…ŠŽ‘”‹ƒ–‡†

„‹’Š‡›Ž• ȋ•Ȍǡ „”‘‹ƒ–‡† ˆŽƒ‡ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–• ȋ •Ȍ ƒ† ’‡”ˆŽ—‘”‘ƒŽ›Ž •—„•–ƒ…‡•

ȋ •ȌǤ Š‡‹…ƒŽ •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ† †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’‘—†• …ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡

’’‡†‹šǤ

1.2 Heavy metals

‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‡–ƒŽ•™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š†‡•‹–‹‡•ǡƒ–‘‹…™‡‹‰Š–•ǡ

‘”ƒ–‘‹…—„‡”•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘

”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‘……—””‹‰…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–ȋƒ‹•Šƒƒ”‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͶǢƒ†”‹‰ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹ǢƒŽ‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ƒ›

”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ•—…Šƒ•™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ˆ”‘…•ƒ†˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‡”—’–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘

ˆ”‘ ƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• •—…Š ƒ• ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ‹‹‰ǡ ‹’”‘’‡” ™ƒ•–‡

†‹•’‘•ƒŽǡ’‡•–‹…‹†‡—•‡ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȋƒŽ‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ

‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ‘–„‡„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ǡŠ‡…‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‡”•‹•–‡–ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

–‘„‹‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡‹Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ƒ†„‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ›‹ˆ‘‘†…Šƒ‹•ȋ‘›Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͷǢƒŽ‡”‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ„‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ••‡–‹ƒŽ

Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›‘”‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ––‘Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡

‹”‘ ȋ ‡Ȍǡ …‘„ƒŽ– ȋ‘Ȍǡ …‘’’‡” ȋ—Ȍǡ …Š”‘‹— ȋ”Ȍǡ œ‹… ȋȌǡ ‹…‡Ž ȋ‹Ȍǡ Ž‹–Š‹— ȋ‹Ȍǡ

•‡Ž‡‹— ȋ‡Ȍ ƒ† ˜ƒƒ†‹— ȋȌǤ ‘Ǧ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• †‘ ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ› ‘™

„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‘” ‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹… ˆ—…–‹‘ „—– …ƒ „‡ –‘š‹… –‘ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• •—…Š ƒ• Ž‡ƒ† ȋ„Ȍǡ

‡”…—”›ȋ‰Ȍǡ…ƒ†‹—ȋ†Ȍǡƒ”•‡‹…ȋ•Ȍƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—ȋŽȌǤ••‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ

ƒŽ•‘„‡–‘š‹…–‘Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹•™Š‡–Š‡‹”…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡…‘‡†‡†

†‘•‡ƒ†ƒ›…ƒ—•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•‹…ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹…‹‡…›ǤŠ‡Ž‹•–ƒ††‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›

‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ’’‡†‹šͳǤ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠƒ”ˆ—Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹

Š—ƒ• ƒ† „‹‘–ƒǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• ƒ‹ –‘ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡‹” ‡‹••‹‘ ȋ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•…‘‘‹…‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”—”‘’‡ȋȌƒ†‘‰Ǧ”ƒ‰‡”ƒ•„‘—†ƒ”›

‹”‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ȋȌȌǤŠ‡‘˜‡–‹‘ˆ‘…—•‡•‘‡”…—”›ȋ‰ȌǡŽ‡ƒ†ȋ„Ȍƒ†…ƒ†‹—

ȋ†Ȍȋǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ

1.3 Pollution in Aquatic Environment

—‡ –‘ Š—ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Š –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ”‹• ‘ˆ ƒ”‹‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ

’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ–Š‡†‹ƒ…‡ƒ”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡••—…Šƒ•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ

ƒ†—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‹’”‘’‡”™ƒ•–‡†‹•’‘•ƒŽƒ††‹•ƒ–Ž‹‰‘ˆ

•Š‹’•ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋƒ…Š‹™ƒǡʹͲͳͲǢ‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ‹˜‡” ƒ† ”ƒ‹ ”—‘ˆˆ• ˆ”‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ’‡•–‹…‹†‡• ƒ†

ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ‡ˆˆŽ—‡–•™‹–Š‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•–‡•ƒ†•‡™ƒ‰‡ǡƒ›…ƒ””›’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•‹…Ž—†‹‰•

ƒ† Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ•ǡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ȋǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‹Ž ƒ† ‰ƒ• ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ Œ—•– •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” †‹ƒ …‡ƒ ȋȌ

”‡‰‹‘ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǡƒ†ƒ›ƒŽ•‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ

1.4 Human exposure to POPs and heavy metals 1.4.1 POPs

—ƒ• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• …ƒ „‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ • –Š”‘—‰Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‘—–‡•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹‡–‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘””‘—–‡‘ˆ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•ȋƒ”‡”—†

‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣƒƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣ‹‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͲǢ‘Ž†‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͲǢŠ‡‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍƒ†

†—‡–‘ –Š‡ Ž‹’‘’Š‹Ž‹…ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ•ǡ…‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆˆƒ––›ˆ‘‘†• …‘–”‹„—–‡• ‘•– –‘ –Š‡

Š—ƒ ‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ –Š‡” ”‘—–‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡ ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ …Š‡‹…ƒŽǡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ ƒ†

ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ȋƒ›‹Ž‹œ— ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳ͹ǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ ‘‰ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͳǢ Š‘•‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡˜‹…‹‹–›‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹‡•‘”‡ƒ”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘”‡

‡š’‘•‡†–‘•–Šƒ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘‘’ƒǦ‡••‡„‘‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͶǢòŽŽ‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͸Ǣ

‹‡—™‘—†–‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ„‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ• •ˆ”‘‹†‘‘”

ƒ‹”ƒ††—•–ȋƒ””ƒ†‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‘”„‡”ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ

1.4.2 Heavy metals

Š‡‡š’‘•—”‡”‘—–‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•–‘Š—ƒ•ƒ”‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ•ƒ†

ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• †‹‡–ƒ”› ‡š’‘•—”‡ ‹• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ εͻͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ

‡š’‘•—”‡ ȋ‘”ƒ‹•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹǢŠ‡‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘‘† ‹–‡• †‘…—‡–‡†ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–

•‘—”…‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹…Ž—†‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡˆ”—‹–•ǡ‹Žǡ„‡ƒǡ‡‰‰ƒ†•‡ƒ’”‘†—…–•

‹…Ž—†‹‰ ˆ‹•Š ȋŠ‡‰ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ƒ”‹‘—• ˆ‘‘† ‹–‡• …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡‰”‡‡ –‘

Š—ƒ‡š’‘•—”‡ˆ”‘Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†•‡ƒˆ‘‘†…‘–”‹„—–‡ͶͺΨƒ†

ͶʹΨ–‘‰‡š’‘•—”‡™Š‹Ž‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•…‘–”‹„—–‡ͷͶΨƒ†͵ͲΨ–‘„‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ ‘”†ǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•…‘–”‹„—–‡ͷ͹ΨȋŠ‡‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡—•‡‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•ƒ†‹Ǥƒœƒ‹ƒǡ‰”‘—†

™ƒ–‡”‹•…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ˆ”‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ˆ”‘…•ƒ†ˆ”‘‹‹‰

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ȋƒ••‡‰ƒƒ†ƒ–‘ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡™‘”‹‰ƒ†Ȁ‘”Ž‹˜‹‰‡ƒ”„›‹‹‰ǡ‡–ƒŽ

•‡Ž–‹‰ ƒ† …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ‹†—•–”‹‡• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ˜›

‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ †‘…—‡–‡† –Š‡ …‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ‹ –Š‡

˜‹…‹‹–›‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‡‘”ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†‹‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒȋƒœ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǢ‹–ƒŽƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ‘‡œ—Ž—‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͺǢ–—‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ—ƒ•…ƒƒŽ•‘‰‡–‡š’‘•‡†–‘

„ƒ†‰–Š”‘—‰Š‹ŠƒŽƒ–‹‘ȋƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǢǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ„Šƒ•„‡‡—•‡†‹‰ƒ•‘Ž‹‡

ˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–•„ƒ‹ͳͻͻͲ•ȋƒ†”‹‰ƒǡʹͲͲʹȌǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”–Š”‘—‰Š‡‹••‹‘ˆ”‘

ƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡•ƒ††—‡–‘‹–•’‡”•‹•–‡…‡ǡ‹–‹••–‹ŽŽˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ ƒ…Š‘Ž‹ ƒ† ƒŠ—ǡ ʹͲͳͺȌǤ ƒ‹–‹‰ ƒ† –‘›• …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ „ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ ƒ••—‡† ƒ• ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘„‹ˆ”‹…ƒȋǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

1.5 Health effects of POPs and heavy metals 1.5.1 Human health

1.5.1.1 POPs

—ƒ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ…‘…‡”†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘…ƒ—•‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•

ȋ‘”‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǢ‘‰‡…‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͹ǢǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•…ƒ—•‡†„›•Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡†‘…—‡–‡†ˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ†‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ȋ‘”‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǢƒ•‡

‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͻǢ‘Šƒ‡†Š‡†‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͺȌǡˆ”‘‹’”‘’‡”—•‡ƒ†ƒ……‹†‡–•ȋ‡•ƒ–‘”‹‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻǢ•—‹‘”‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•‹…Š‹Ž†”‡

•—…Šƒ•‡†‘…”‹‡†‹•”—’–‹‘ǡ‡—”‘’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ‹’ƒ‹”‡–‘ˆ

’•›…Š‘‘–‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‹—‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡŠƒ‡ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†ƒ•–Šƒȋ ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹Ǣ

‡‹Œ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻǢ‹ƒ”‡•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǢǡʹͲͳͲǢ—‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ•

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–‡•–‹ƒŽ–—‘—”ǡ‡†‘…”‹‡†‹•”—’–‹‘ǡ–‡•–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ’”‘•–ƒ–‡ƒ†

–Š›”‘‹† …ƒ…‡”ǡ †‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ȋ”‹‹‘ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ‘”‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ

ƒ”—•Šƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͺǢ›Žƒ†‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͷȌǤƒœƒ‹ƒǡˆ‡™•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡†‘‡‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š

‡ˆˆ‡…–‘Š—ƒ•ˆ”‘•Ǥ™‘•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡‘•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†•›’–‘•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•

‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ˆ”‘—•‡‘ˆ••—…Šƒ•…Š‡•–’ƒ‹ǡ‡‘”›Ž‘••ǡ‡›‡ƒ†ˆƒ…‡‹””‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‹

”ƒ•Šǡ”‡•’‹”ƒ–‘”›†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ‹’‘–‡…‡ƒ†Ž‘••‘ˆŽ‹„‹†‘ƒ†‹•…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ȋƒ›‹Ž‹œ—‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳ͹ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ…—–‡’‡•–‹…‹†‡’‘‹•‘‹‰‹…Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†„›ȋ‡‡‹‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘’‘••‹„Ž‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘—•‡‘ˆ•

‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›’‡•–‹…‹†‡•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒ

1.5.1.2 Heavy metals

Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•†‡’‡†‘–Š‡”‘—–‡‘ˆ‡š’‘•—”‡ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›

‡–ƒŽǤ†˜‡”•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‰ǡ„ǡ†ƒ†•‹Š—ƒ•

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰‹˜‡’”‹‘”‹–›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‘š‹…‹–›ȋǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‰Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š

ƒ†˜‡”•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ Š‡ƒ”– ˆ—…–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š›”‘‹† •›•–‡ ƒ† ‹’ƒ‹”‡– ‘ˆ

‡—”‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ȋƒ‹•Šƒƒ” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͶǢ ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ „ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š

‹’ƒ‹”‡– ‘ˆ ‡—”‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡† …‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ

’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‹…Š‹Ž†”‡ǡƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†„Ž‘‘†’”‡••—”‡‹ƒ†—Ž–•ȋǡʹͲͲ͹ƒǢ‘•…Š‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳ͸ǢƒŠ—”’ƒ™ƒ”ǡʹͲͳͷǢǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ†ƒ†•ƒ”‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–‘„‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ”…‹‘‰‡•

…ƒ—•‹‰Ž—‰ǡ‹†‡›ƒ†•‹…ƒ…‡”ȋǡʹͲͲ͹ƒǡʹͲͲͷǢ¡”—’ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‘”ƒ‹•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹǢ ǡʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤŽŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–‘ŽœŠ‡‹‡”†‹•‡ƒ•‡ȋǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǤš–”‡‡Ž›

Š‹‰Š ‘” Ž‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‡–ƒŽ• …ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–• •—…Š ƒ• ƒƒ‡‹ƒǡ

‡…œ‡ƒǡ …ƒ…‡”Ǣ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ Šƒ‡ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ ‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ ‹—‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ ”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ǡ …ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”ƒ†‡†‘…”‹‡”‡•’‘•‡•ǡƒ††ƒƒ‰‡ȋǡʹͲͳͳǢƒ‹•Šƒƒ”‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͶǢƒŠ—”’ƒ™ƒ”ǡʹͲͳͷǢŽ—‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͲǢƒ”‹ƒǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

1.5.2 Fish health 1.5.2.1 POPs

‹•Š…ƒ„‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘•†‹”‡…–Ž›ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”‘”‹†‹”‡…–Ž›„›ˆ‡‡†‹‰‘‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹••

‘”•‡†‹‡–•Ǥ ‹•Š…ƒ„‹‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡•‹–Š‡‹”–‹••—‡•ƒ†–Š‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡•

ȋ„‹‘ƒ‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‡ƒ…Š•–‡’—’‹–Š‡ˆ‘‘†…Šƒ‹ǡ™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡†ƒ–‘”ˆ‹•ŠŠƒ˜‡

–Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ȋ—–Šƒǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ Š—•ǡ ’”‡†ƒ–‘”› ˆ‹•Š ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ —•‡† ƒ•

„‹‘‹†‹…ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ‹ ƒ“—ƒ–‹… •›•–‡• ȋ—–Šƒǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ ‘•– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Š‡

ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ • …ƒ …ƒ—•‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…– –‘ ˆ‹•ŠǤ š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•

†‘…—‡–‡†ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›ƒ††‹•”—’–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‘…”‹‡•›•–‡‹ˆ‹•Š‹†—…‡†„›

‹š–—”‡•‘ˆ•ȋ‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͸ǢŠ‡œ”‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹Ǣ—‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ‘‹„”ƒƒ†‡‹•Ǧ

‡”‹“—‡•ǡȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–•…ƒ…ƒ—•‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‹”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡–‹••—‡•Ǣƒ†ƒˆˆ‡…–

–Š›”‘‹†Š‘”‘‡•‹ƒ†—Ž–ˆ‹•ŠǤ‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‹•Šˆ”‘ƒ‘”™‡‰‹ƒŽƒ‡

…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•Šƒ†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡‘ˆ–—„‡”…—Ž‘•‹•ƒ†

’ƒ”ƒ•‹–‹… ‹ˆ‡…–‹‘• …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ˆ‹•Šǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ‹—‡ •›•–‡ •—’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ

—”‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡȋʹͲͳͺȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‹•Šˆ”‘”‹˜‡”•‹–Š‡œ‡…Š‡’—„Ž‹…™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ

•Šƒ† ”‡†—…‡†‰‘ƒ†•‹œ‡ǡƒ†…Šƒ‰‡•‹„‹‘ƒ”‡”• —•‡† ˆ‘”ƒ••‡••‹‰‡•–”‘‰‡‹…Ǧ ȋ˜‹–‡ŽŽ‘‰‡‹Ȍ ƒ† †‹‘š‹ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ȋǡ ͶͷͲ …‘–‡–ȌǤ • …ƒ ƒˆˆ‡…– ”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ

ƒ†—Ž–ˆ‹•Š–Š”‘—‰Š‹’ƒ‹”‹‰ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‡…—†‹–›ǡ•‡…‘†ƒ”›•‡š—ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•‡•ƒ†‡‰‰

ƒ† Žƒ”˜ƒŽ •‹œ‡ ȋ‹‰Ǧ‡‹†‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ • ƒ”‡ †‘…—‡–‡† –‘ …ƒ—•‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–• •—…Š ƒ• ‘’‡”…—Žƒ” †‡ˆ‡…–ǡ ”‡†—…‡† Š‡ƒ”– •‹œ‡ǡ ƒ† „‘‡

ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‹‰Ǧ‡‹†‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ

1.5.2.2 Heavy metals

––‘š‹……‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒŽŽŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡š‡”–˜ƒ”‹‘—•Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•‹

ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ˆ‹•Š ȋ…Š‘—™‘— ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ †˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹†—…‡† „› ‘Ǧ

‡••‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•‹ˆ‹•Šǡƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›˜ƒ”‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡƒ”‡„”‹‡ˆŽ›•—ƒ”‹œ‡†Ǥ‰‹•

”‡’‘”–‡†–‘…ƒ—•‡‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹’ƒ‹”‡–ƒ†”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–••—…Šƒ•”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ

•’‡”ƒ–‘œ‘ƒ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡‰‰’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒˆˆ‡…–•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡‰‰•

ƒ†ˆ”›ȋŽƒ”•‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͺͷǢƒŽ†ïƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ„‹•†‘…—‡–‡†–‘ƒˆˆ‡…–‰‘ƒ†ƒŽ‰”‘™–Šǡ

†ƒƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡” ƒ† ”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ ‘”‰ƒ•ǡ ‹’ƒ‹”‡– ‘ˆ ‡„”›‘‹… ƒ† Žƒ”˜ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹Š‹„‹–Ǧƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹„Ž‘‘†ȋ—–ŠƒǡʹͲͳͷǢ‘•ƒ–‘•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ

ƒ††‹†—…‡•Š‹•–‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•‹Ž‹˜‡”ȋ‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ•–—†›„›ŽǦ•ƒ™ƒˆ‹

‡–ƒŽǤǡȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–œ‡„”ƒˆ‹•Š‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†„”ƒ‹…‡ŽŽ•†‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘†

™Š‹Ž‡‘™ƒ†‹‰‰•ǡȋʹͲͳͷȌ•Š‘™‡†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ—†‹–‘”›•›•–‡Ǥ

ƒŽŽƒ—‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’‘•—”‡‘ˆœ‡„”ƒˆ‹•Š–‘•…ƒ—•‡†ƒ†›•ˆ—…–‹‘‹

–Š‡ ‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡ ƒ† –Š‹• ‹‰Š– ‹†—…‡ ‰‡‡–‹… ‘” ‡’‹‰‡‡–‹… …Šƒ‰‡• ‘˜‡”

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—–ŠƒǡȋʹͲͳͷȌ†‘…—‡–‡†–Šƒ–•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹•Š‹—‡•›•–‡Ǥ

‘””‡‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡȋʹͲͳͲȌ•—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒŽ—‹—ƒ•ƒ‡†‘…”‹‡†‹•”—’–‹‰‡–ƒŽ‹ƒ–—”‡–‹Žƒ’‹ƒǤ

••‡–‹ƒŽ Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• …ƒ ‹†—…‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ†˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–• –‘ ˆ‹•Š ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǡ

”‡•’‹”ƒ–‘”›’”‘„Ž‡•ǡŠ›’‡”’Žƒ•‹ƒƒ†‡…”‘•‹•ǡŠ‹•–‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†Š‹•–‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•

‹–‹••—‡•ǡ‹’ƒ‹”‡–ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†‹—‡ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ†‹•”—’–‹‘‘ˆ

…ƒŽ…‹——’–ƒ‡ȋŠ›’‘…ƒŽ…‡‹ƒȌǡˆ‡…—†‹–›ǡ‰”‘™–Šƒ†Šƒ–…Š‹‰ȋ—–ŠƒǡʹͲͳͷǢ‡‹–‘—

ƒ†‡ŠƒƒǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•…ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹‹Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ‰”‘™–Šǡ

†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹ „‘†› ™‡‹‰Š–ǡ Šƒ‡‘‰Ž‘„‹ ƒ† ’”‘–‡‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ …Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘Ž

ȋ—–ŠƒǡʹͲͳͷǢƒ˜‡†ƒ†•ƒ‹ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

1.6 Assessment of human health risks related to POPs and heavy metals

‹•ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆŠ—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹•–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ

ƒ†˜‡”•‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹ Š—ƒ• ™Š‘ ƒ› „‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ• ‹ …‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ‘™‘”‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ȋǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ–‹…Ž—†‡•ǡŠƒœƒ”†‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ

Šƒœƒ”† …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ƒ••‡••‡– ƒ† ”‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–ŠŠƒœƒ”†•‘ˆ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•ǡ

Š—ƒ ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ –Š‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ‘‰ ‡š’‘•—”‡ǡ †‘•‡ ƒ† ƒ†˜‡”•‡

‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‘†‹‡••—…Šƒ•ǡ ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒš‹—”‡•‹†—‡

Ž‹‹–•ȋ•Ȍˆ‘”•ǡƒ†ƒš‹—Ž‡˜‡Ž•ȋ•Ȍˆ‘”Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ•ƒ†•ƒ”‡

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ••ƒˆ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘‘†…‘‘†‹–‹‡••—…Šƒ•ˆ‹•Š

„‡–™‡‡…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡǡȋʹͲͲͲȌŠƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š”‹•ƒ••‡••‡–

‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›‡–ƒŽ•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹–Š‡‡š–•—„…Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ

1.6.1 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)

‹•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›‹–ƒ‡‘ˆƒ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ…‡Ǥ‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ†

…‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ‹Ž›‹–ƒ‡ȋȌǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›†‘•‡Š—ƒ•

…ƒ„‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡™‹–Š‘—–’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ„Ž‡”‹•–‘Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ

ܧܦܫ ൌܯܥ כ ܫܴ݀

ܤܹ

Š‡”‡ǡ‹•–Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ…‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‹•Š—•…Ž‡•ȋ‰Ȁ‰™™Ȍǡ†‹•–Š‡

†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰‡•–‹‘„›ƒƒ†—Ž–’‡”•‘ȋʹͶǤ͸͸‰Ȁ†ƒ›Ȍȋ ǤǡʹͲͳ͸Ȍƒ†‹•ƒ

ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡„‘†›™‡‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒƒ†—Ž–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽȋ͹Ͳ‰ȌǤ ǡȋʹͲͳͺȌƒ••—‡•͵ͺǤ͵͸‰Ȁ†ƒ›ˆ‘”

–Š‡Š‹‰Š…‘•—‡”‹ƒ•–ˆ”‹…ƒǤ

1.6.2 Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)

‹•–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ…‡ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‡•–‹ƒ–‡††ƒ‹Ž›

‹–ƒ‡ȋȌ‘ˆƒ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ–™Š‹…Š‘ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡‡š’‡…–‡†ǡ

‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†‘•‡•ȋˆȌ•‡–„›‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‘–‡…–‹‘‰‡…›ȋȌǤ

ˆ‹•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ‹Ž›‘”ƒŽ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒ–‘š‹…•—„•–ƒ…‡–Šƒ–‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ

ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ„Ž‡”‹•‘ˆŠƒ”ˆ—Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–•†—”‹‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡

ܶܪܳ ൌܧ_ிכ ܧ_஽כ ܨ_ூோכ ܥ

ܴ_௙஽כ ܹ_஺஻כ ܶ_஺ כ ͳͲ^ିଷ

‹• –Š‡ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡…› –‘ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ •—„•–ƒ…‡ ȋ͵͸ͷ †ƒ›•Ȁ›”ǤȌǢ ‹• –Š‡ ‡š’‘•—”‡

†—”ƒ–‹‘ȋ͸ͳǤͺ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘Ž‹ˆ‡‡š’‡…–ƒ…›Ǣ ‹•–Š‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰‡•–‹‘”ƒ–‡ȋš‰Ȁ†ƒ›ȌǢ

‹• –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ˆ‹•Š —•…Ž‡ ȋ‰Ȁ‰ ™™ȌǢ ˆ ‹• –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ †‘•‡

ȋ‰Ȁ‰Ȁ†ƒ›ȌǢ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ „‘†› ™‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†—Ž– ’‡”•‘ ȋ͹Ͳ ‰Ȍ ƒ† ‹• –Š‡

ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‡š’‘•—”‡–‹‡™‹–Š‘Ǧ…ƒ”…‹‘‰‡‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋȗȌ Š‡‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆ”‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡–ƒŽǤ

ܪܫ ൌ ෍ ܶܪܳ_௜

௡

௜ୀଵ

‹ ‹• –Š‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ •—„•–ƒ…‡ ƒ†  ‹• –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ

•—„•–ƒ…‡•ƒƒŽ›•‡†‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‹•ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡†

–‘–Š‡–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳǤˆ–Š‡‘”‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡Ž‡••–Šƒͳ–Š‡‘ƒ†˜‡”•‡

Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡‡š’‡…–‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥˆ–Š‡‘”‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒͳǡ–Š‡

ƒ†˜‡”•‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

1.6.3 Carcinogenic risk (CR)

‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’…ƒ…‡”‘˜‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–

‘ˆ ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ …ƒ”…‹‘‰‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ „‡Ž‘™ ȋǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡ Šƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡ …ƒ…‡” ”‹• Ž‡˜‡Ž• ”ƒ‰‡ ȋͳšͳͲ^Ϋ͸ –‘ ͳšͳͲ^ΫͶȌǤ

„‘˜‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘™–Š‹•”ƒ‰‡–Š‡”‹••ƒ”‡—ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ—‡–‘

–Š‡–‘š‹…‹–›ǡ…ƒ”…‹‘‰‡‹…‹–›‘ˆ•‹–‹•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒŒ‘”…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•‘ˆ…‘…‡”ȋǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ ǡȋʹͲͲͷȌ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡…ƒ…‡”•Ž‘’‡ˆƒ…–‘”ȋ Ȍ‘ˆͳǤͷ‰Ȁ‰™™†ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ••‡••‡–

‘ˆ…ƒ…‡””‹•ˆ”‘•‘˜‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ

ܥܴ ൌܧ_ிכ ܧ_஽כ ܨ_ூோכ ܥ כ ܥܵܨ

ܹ_஺஻כ ܶ_஺ כ ͳͲ^ିଷ

1.6.4 Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF) and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)

‘”ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆŠ—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š”‹•ˆ‘”†‹‘š‹ǦŽ‹‡•ǡŠƒ•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–

ˆƒ…–‘”ȋ Ȍ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ…‘’‘—†Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–‘š‹…‹–›”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡–‘š‹…‹–›‘ˆ

–Š‡‘•––‘š‹…†‹‘š‹ȋ‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ •ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡–‘š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ȋȌ‘ˆ

–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǦ•Ǥ•ƒ”‡–Š‡—•‡†–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡†‹‡–ƒ”›‹–ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ•Ǥ

˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǣ

ܶܧܳ_{௧௢௧௔௟}ൌ ෍ሺܥ_௜כ ܶܧܨ_௜ሻ

Š‡”‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‹• –Š‡ •—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹‘š‹ǦŽ‹‡ ǡ ‹ƒ† ‹ ƒ”‡ –Š‡

…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ˆƒ…–‘”Ǥ

1.7 Fish health risk: EQS

—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘Šƒ••‡–˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ—ƒŽ‹–›–ƒ†ƒ”†•ȋȌˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•…Š‡‹…ƒŽ• ‘ˆ

…‘…‡”‹…Ž—†‹‰•ƒ†‡”…—”›‹„‹‘–ƒǡ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•‡†‹‡–ȋǡʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‹••–ƒ†ƒ”†

™ƒ• ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡” ”ƒ‡™‘” ‹”‡…–‹˜‡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ‹”‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ʹͲͲͲȀ͸ͲȀȌǡ™Š‹…Šƒ‹•ƒ––Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ“—ƒ–‹…‡˜‹”‘‡–

ȋǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ”‹‘”‹–›•—„•–ƒ…‡•™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡ƒ…–‹‘ƒ––Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘

ȋȌŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡••‡”˜‡ƒ•„‡…Šƒ”…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”Šƒ”ˆ—Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–•–‘™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†

Š—ƒ•Ǥ‘‹–‘”‹‰‹ˆ‹•Š‹•ƒ†˜‹•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡‹‰Š–•—„•–ƒ…‡•ȋǡʹͲͳ͵ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤǣ ^ͳǡ•^ͳǡ^ͳǡ ^ͳǡ†‹…‘ˆ‘Žǡǡƒ†Š‡’–ƒ…ŠŽ‘”ąŠ‡’–ƒ…ŠŽ‘”‡’‘š‹†‡ȋą

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