This report noU~_gj.'!Jlli...wtth2}1~ .:grior ~J~.~nc2...i.(L_t~._<Lq.u.p..,ill*
';' n';M 1977!Bi-4 ,"""
" '.' \:1'0 .. . ' . . " , .
International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea Gear and Behaviour Committ'ee:
,'. r ";
REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ,}
ON REAC11IONS 'OF FISH TO FISHING OPERATIONS ,I , " ',I (( " ,.,~; ;' .::
,,-,
\ J ~ J,' .
~ This Report has not yet been approved by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; it has therefore at present the status of an internal document and does not represent an advice given 011 behalf of the Council. ' ", The proviso that it shall not be cited without the consent of the Council should be strictly observed. ',Cl " : . , " , > , " : "", "", '
Chairman: Dr C S vJardle Rapporteur: Dr S J de Groot
"
1. Meeting ti!11e~.~nd El~':'~1_~il 197.1.Jambro:'K 20 Participant§.L
Belgium
G Vanden Broucke
Station de Peche Maritime Ankerstraatj 1
8400 Ostende
, ,,',)
i "
i ~ h)., II ",
1>" \.1
~'1 .i it .• ; ,I ;"', .' ';/.' .' .. ' .' ;", ' ~ ':.,
. j. J , ~ 1.
(. ,';:' :{
" I' jJ,.
'. 'J ,(,! l.: . 1 ~'; i '1 ' : !y'
'I"
i'; ..
, 1,:'1: :. " ':~:'" , ': i) 'j .
CanaSta " ,'<1
P J G Carrot hers
]'isheries & Marine Service Environment Canada
Biological Station St Andrews NB EOG 2XO France
G Kurc ISTPM
B.P. 1049 rue de l'Ille d'Yeu 44037 Nantes Cedex
Germany! Fed~';l!. Republis, __ gf R Steinberg
Institut fUr Fangtechnik 2 Hamburg 50
Palmaille 9
" , {~I
"
,I
"
:-',(:. (".\~!~ .. ~·~:,.c~.r:·.'.;·
';"}\'.~ ,~~;) I~';.r :.\
,"j("\::.;', ",1
".",
,'" I"!'
l' . , ' I
,1.:1"
'"
" \ \ (', ~ ) .!'. .
,".'
,':',..'
'.:<1, \,
'I: . < : I': t', \1 '_ :; c!'
"
' ' ' 1 1
t,:',
---~---~~--~ -== - - "-- ~\I
* The General Secretary! ICES 7 Charlottenlund Slot, Charlottenlund".pell!llark: l . , , ' . ' , ' ',', .••. J \ " . ~)t: i. .1 ':
.. ,1," :',.!. \'/.,
:,1
Avon Brandt.
Institut fUr' FangtE3chnik 2 Hamburg 50
Palmaille 9 W Fischer
Institut fUr Fangtechnik 2 Hamburg 50
Palmaille 9
~therlallds
G P Boonstra
Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations PoO. Box 68
Haringkade 1 Ijmuiden S J de Groot
Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations P.O. Box 68
Haringkade 1 Ijmuiden Norway A Ferno
The Norges Fiskeri~gskole
Bergen K Olsen
Institute of Marine Research PoOo Box 2906
Nordnesparken 2 5011 Bergen.Nordnes S Olsen
Institute of Fishery TechnoloB7 Research P.Oo Box 2900 ; 50~j Bergen-Nordnes Portugal
F F Lima
Secret aria de Estado das Pescas Servico de Tecnicas de Pesca
Alges-Praia~ Lisboa 3
§:Le den
J K Lunde
Charmes University of Technology Gothenburg
United Kingdom A D Hawkins DAFS
Marine Laboratory
PO Box 101 Aberdeen
"
C SWard-le DAFS
Marine :La.bo~atoJ:ly} ',:) .': ,'"j' ': ,,',
PO Box 101":\ ' ,~ .~:f:~d;.l'~),1
Aberdeen P A M St~wart DAFS
Marine Laboratory PO Box 101
Aberdeen
J F Foster ' " " :
i' ",1'.1
vJFA Industrial Development Unit St Andrews:DObk ,:,,:,::::.
Hull ",' I,,;" '.1,:
)". "
~ '1,- ,I
E Saburenkov
,,~:' ,I .. ri, C";}, " :1 ;'0' ~;:. J " 1);1,:
ni '".,. Cl .... ' 1,:; ",.,-., .~ ",'
11:', .j.' '. (y, ,'; ,i) ,', :1' ,',{,
.~,. ' , ,
, ,
"(. l' " .. '
. I,:)
~ ", I} ,
,',. .
'.>' j " , "
Institute of Fisheries Divisior{ of Fisheries' Azchipov~
no
4 Moscovt 'Information
A ~:t.rTres6heV
UNrRO "',: I.>
. ;':.,.,:'
Verkhne <,:
Krasnoseiskaya 17' Moscow B'>140 ,.,' Observer!?.
J Scharfe FAO
:,,:.',;'(,:"',
Fisheries ,Department',:
',!:I,.
,"
Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome
\' ,
C Nedelec FAO ,', ".
I' ( : ~ ,_: ) ("
Fisheries Department
Via delieTerrile' dii'Caraca:Ua ' 00100 Rome
" .
3.
Introduction"
'.
!",
,',:'
'.:\ ,
!:!.d;' ,-'"l ',!
•. 1
• ,:-. l ~ J "
: i "-l:':"
. .1
I', I ",-',:!'
i I ' ' • 'i .;. i I, ~
',.i ::' .. \'
! <i',;'[
:'J \
.'.'. ,,I:
\ ' . ,~
, ,
!':,',,,'
"
Relevant Resolutions (passed at 64th Statutory Meeting) 1976)
C Res. 1976/2:20. (b) "
,~ /
:.'
~\ ~ ;"" \ ,,' '.)( ~ .~ . ;
,I:
, l'
~ . , . ; -,'
.1, •
j\ I
,t,·
., .. ,
' \
. i.
",
',o,
1:"
,I: "'1
' : ' \ I
.,',;
"
\"" I.!::'
'i).{,<
I
\ : ~.
;,L ,
',,1:'''-
, , '
, ,,'!'
, , '
' 1 : . ,.1._,
"
,"
"
, , ; ~ "! • J. ' ' , i'.'
, i.-i
The \Olorking Group on Reaction of Fish to Fishing Operations, c0ll;vened' by "
Dr C S Wardlej to discuss in particular '!Methods of Attracting Fish"j as' well as sound and vibrations in relation to fish capture) electrical fishing,.,p.p.d ,other relevant matters at the discretion of the Convener" ' .' "; " .
C Res. 1976/2:20 (e) ,'1, The Working Group on Sound and Vibration in Relation to Fish Capture should be merged with the Working Group on the Reaction of Fish to Fishing Operatio:p.s,.' , The Chairman of the Gear and Behaviour Committee and the Conveners of the
Reaction and Engineering Working Groups agreed that the progress in electrical fishing might best be considered at a joint session. This took place as the morning session of 21 April 1977.
His;torical Note
The aims of the Working Group have not changed s~nce its first meeting at Nantes in 1973. '!hey are: to discuss current practical proplems in fishing operations particularly those that might involve aspects of fish behaviour, to keep in touch with techniques and facilities used to observe the reaction of fish to fishing operations, to maintain an up-to-date knowledge of relevant' studies of fish physiology and behaviour, to discuss interpretation of fish behaviour in relation to fishing operations, and to identify and encourage co"operative experimental work where this seems worthwhile.
. -
The first meeting, in Nantes in 1973, considered and defined these.: aims •. The
~ ~ , , I
;:',
: ,1,'"
second meeting, in Aberdeen in 1974, gave special attention to .,the, swimming , performance of fish and generated a special ad hoc meeting at Texel which
published a 76 page report on design and practical operation of researchaquariu!1l .' systems (Gear and Behaviour Committee, CoM. 1975/B:3L 'rhe third meeting in " "
Ostend in 1975 concentrated on the effect of electric fields on fish (C.M.
1975/B:19 and B:20)o The fourth meeting in Hull in 1976 as well a~ producing a general report (CoM. 1976/B:2) , held a joint session with the engineeri;ng working group and produced a special joint session report on the methods for observing gear and reaction of fish to gear (C.M. 1976/B:3).
40 Agend&.
Thursday morning, 21 April 1977, 0900 - 1200 reported as separate meeting Short business session. P J G Carrothers, Chairman
Joint session on biological and technological aspects of electrical . fishing, C S Wardle and E J de Boer, Co-conveners. Chairman G P Boonstrao Thursday afternoon) 21 April 1977, 1330 - 1700 and Frid~ 22 April 0900-1700.
Fish Reaction Working Group, C S Wardle Convener.
Progress reports - summaries from member countries of current research relevant to this Working G r o u p . ' New Contributions
Discussion of methods of attracting fish Future' special topics .
Recbmmendation .. ~. , .)
,"
!)' "1.:: :} (1~, '.
50 ProS~2~'B~dris';:illicf'Otirr.erit li'~~~ar'ch To)?ic.~' . , ' .
i , , - , , <, ."( ',:.1.. • " .. ',;.: . • . .' '( j: , I I ,f'
FRANCttKurc). th~ r~'t3ea.rch;
or.{"el'e·cti'ic:
fishing has been 'cioncXuded and 'isno", . ready for commercial application. However the recent succ~ss of pelagic nets together with the reduced commercial interest in species suG\hap,sardine and .~chovy throw doubt on the need to put in operation the electric fishing method, at least for the time being. Further effort will be made in the tuna trolling
studie~h il'lyCluding anC\l.ysis of th,e catcJ:P.ng power of artificial lures. Surveys .' qi~co.~~tio rh.e~:h,od~' :h'-o"~iisessQi'bni~st3 and' s'chooiing beJ:?;a'ltfour of Other :pelagic
f:Lshesshotild 'start in'the 'neck- ·future.'· .' : ' , ,,"
, \ ~. • 1 ;
. ,;~~~ . See progress report ~ngineering WoGo reporting work on blue whiting and
" . :t:~~her'~,tudies ,6~ kr~lL :Stein'b~r~ preserit'ed ~ :t:ilm on':t~e German SUrveys: of: . the .. Ari~a:r:ctic Krill,( 1976')~' ".~ . . . . '
, . . , ' 'y, , ' , . • ,i:,: . .' ,.' ',,;
:-, ,,' ; ',d. , ; , \ , . ;," .. .., ; ' f . ' " ~.,., , . ' , . ' l ' j , '
NET~RL~p,s~ Work ,continued a~ .. Unive~s:ttYdf:Utrecht j .lLab COffi:p" Physidl. bn /I.
h~arin~jrri('f'ish. in91ilding a jOint''Sc6ttish; DUtch 'investigation whicll 'will take·!:
plac~:in the' s\lmrrte~ 'bf 1977~ ; The institute also studies jtlie sensitivity-of fish·
to n8:t;tirafelecttib~:Cfieid$. ,! L~boratory"stuaies on ·the' rhythmic Ja0tivity of" .' ..
fl.a~ .:ti~he~
..
have'·beeh"resurhed:·tOgeth~~'·with l:i.nalysisbf. data'!colleoted::in the' fi~;t.~~!!:A .;n.~W·~q~~iun{building willibe'stai'ted in:"t1:J,esummer of 1977··!, " " \- ,,' ',q " , ; ' , . ' , " , . ) .J. 1,. '! ,1 "~ ' : . , • :. , \ i , '-.: . '" ',','; ',,', ' . . . , . <' I ' " ",: ~, :' i ' ,! ,,;.
NORWAY. The plans ~titlined 1.n'detailin:'1sl76Report C'.M .. 1976/B':2:are being' :.
continued.
: ',( ~ i , ~; ~ j
UmTED KIIDDOM 0 (DAFS)., .1Iawkins descril::>~d the work including the determination ot', contrast p'eX'gep't:tonb:r cod
and
~ incl udiilg~"some work.' ob;' colour sensitivity .' ;,'.using .·he~·t 'h~a.t contlitionfng tech.:niques:: They'demonstr'cited that deep reii,iight is n9t )3~f3n by.' the' cod." knd', can therefo.r~ beus'ed to, illuminate experiments' with, coo. for TV'±-ei::ordi:ng.· Other' \,{o:rk
is'
investigating the imprbvement i0t:ll.,bngline structure and design of hOdks'ancf
pb'sitiorll!{of the bait,~': lIeai'ing'stud'ie's noli '.' inclu,de the hearing s~l1sit:i.yity of salmoJ;l (S. salar) and together vJith Sand(No:rway) st~di~Ef;bf '.the 'spatial discrim:i.nat:ton-oFsotmd :sources.The acoUstic' trabking :tange"~s1)eing used' 'to l'stus1;y 'Che(iactJ.vityof t11e ' c'od iir'1;he sea' and ' ....
factors 'contro1.1J.ng pr~(dation by the cod. ' . " , " , ' . ),.' ,,,
.j, " J; , , .. ) j " : , :,'" ' _' , , ' , : ; , • : " '-.~' .'." :
War~le ~~owed extracts of videot~pes demonstrating th~ reaction of fish to
V'6.r'ibus" p·ttt:'f:~:dffishl.ng gears; :fecord~d by new divil1gt~'cYlniqueS')with'a:',divetsti v~~iCl~.: d~velop~d during the last year~'! Oopie~ of tIle tape shown, will
be :' .
'av?ila;bl~'; by' the, end of 'the year for.' tho's'e 'in:t'~rested. ,~' He . p~o:pose~ la . paper· to
th~ neXt" Council : Me~ting' surh!narising' sWimming' pel'formahbe and rela.ted this .. to' .' fis!? gero-'mov~'mell:tls'''': 'A'graph'summarising' what is known of fish swimming 's:peedS'"
" wai:r discus'sed 'in· relation to fish reactions. . '. I ' : ' •
. ~ ~ '} /.C r 1 ~ , , , ' . , '
1 , , '
USSR. Saburenkov informed the iheeting: that three'contribution's relevant·to' this working group on the. fo:l;lowing subjects;. 1 .• a ne~f e:eotx:ical fishing generator;
2. therea:cti'bn 'of fish to'sounCts and el~ctrica1'fields;'3~ the' aila:lysi6:~o.f .. fieili', beh~V:iour:JJfi'at:&a.wl, will be presented to the Couricil Meeting.: '. :./ " , ' i ' ,,'I"~
.")~: ,,~ 'il!:, . .!'.:' .. :'-: "".:1 '~"J":J',, . ~j'~J
60 Bioluminescence anc!.. its importan'ce in:'fish:reactipns to g e a r ' : :,'; . It·,'' Wardle'presented a 'cont;ribution}'by P 'Tett·c and,P Anthbny' (Oban:; :Aberaeeh)' ;;"
estimating the quMtity 'of' il1umina:t:l.oll:· g'eneratedby .1iettfn~\noviiJ.g through' ' .•
water containing bioluminescent organisms and related this light level to the light sensitivity of the eye of the codo The meeting asked after discussion:that this contribution be prepared for. presentation to the coming Council Meeting.
~ : (! ' '. ~.l ' ,I i ' ',' ," " . I, ' " ' ; , ,
; ~ ; i' ,'.i' { I
:I.":i ' ' I
Further work was obviously required both in the literatUre and at sea on
investigating the distribution of , these organisms in commercial~;shing areas.
Di:rect measurement of the level of,bioluminesoence might also be' :relat'e'd" ~tothe type of fish reaction s,een in pelagici':i:-shillg, gears obserVed with son~ devices.
' . ' ' , ' . . . ,. , . . ,
7.
Methods of attracting fish :, ' • ~ ,-I ,I,:Light
Kurc presented a paper, by Diner and hims~lf on the attraction of fish by artificial light, which reviewed particularly the use'of lights to attra.ct sardines 'and some experiments which developed this teohnique.
Disqussion qO,noluded that there were qangers, in att'r;;;'cting f.ry: of many other species together with the species fished for, and that this techpique is therefq~e banned in several countries, particularly in fresh waters. However'G~ KurceXIilained that in France the use of light attr~ction ip. freshwater is q,lso bannedi);n~tj in the sea fisheries it is reasonable to use this method. :et :should be noted'tha:t the juvenile fish axe attracted in such'a way as'tobecome 'i@nohile and they are washed aWay by tl+e, current and do not remain available for capt\g'~. Only the ' adultf! m~ntain an active reaction to the attracting light,a.nc1 9anbecaught.' In fact one c~ say th,at" theat:t;raction by light in these condi~~ons 'is'seiectiv,e and moreover the shoals of fish caught by this method are typically homogeneous;
as pelagic fish often , ,',appear to group together according to size. . . . . ' . ' ,
Lures and baits
Fer~ presented a pl;'eliminary paper on the behav~ouro:r fish in ;t'ela~ion ~o
longlines. This was a,progresS report, describing the way,in w~i9h fish took the ba:i,tont;he line and also had the aim of determining the fishing v6;Lilme of the I longline and these stuq.ies ,will make use. of the a<;:.oustic tag, piripoint":'sys~em to shpwup,,:rllQyements of fish in :relation, to ,baited ho0lJ:~o ' ,
The'meeting discussed';n detail the,possible complications:ln behaviour 'studies of reaction of: fish ~Q lQnglines, including the chemistry of the, bait, the"wat,er currents, the lay of the line, the line material" the snood struct~e; Md "
properties, the temperature and seasonal changes and' distribution o'f'the fish.
Hawkin~ reviewed theevoiution of the longline fishing, technique 'Ip,f? ,an, ~ttract,~9n
method for fish, and pointed out the E,l.dvantages particular~y in J;'elation to ,fuel saving and, rough ground fishi1)g,o He stressed the importatic,e of understanding the attrE,l.ction,of both the artificlal and, natUral bait~ in order to develop baits , suitable for automatic baiting machines. He went on to describe systematic
laboratory studies
(A.
Johnston and himself) designed to., classify the acceptability of any particular best bait. The meeting encouraged him to present thesetech,'p.iques ,and results'in a ICES, paper to the next CeM.
, ,
: ,,' . - ,~'.'. '. . ' . ,
Kurcpresepted a comparative studY,of ;Lures tuna (authors ... H Alo.nde and ~ Delapo:rte).
of a number of coloured plastic lures using recommended that this paper be present~d to.
used by french fishermen't9,catch The paper analysed the success val~e
a computer technique. The ~eeting
C.M.
The pl'oblem. of-sound of, the fi~hing bO,at, effecting the success of this, f~shing
method was discussed but as yet no r.~search has' be,en carrie,<;1 out on tp,is subject 0
'\.1, , "
"
Sound,
K Olsen outlined a successful series of experiments carried out by Balchen and his team in Trondheim which showed that fish could be rapidly trained to be
attraoted to a sound source when this is associated with food.
Electrj.ci tI
T~s subject was dealt with in a special joint session and is reported separately.
Recomm~~~ationso It was agreed to recommend that tije working group be reconvened in' Bergon - Norway in Hay
19780
K Olsen (Norway) suggested -Chat it would be appropriate to take up the Council Resolutions Co ReaQ1975/4:11
and Co Reso1976/5:4
relating to acoustic methods fot pelagic and demersal stock assessment, and. discuss the behaviour patterns of commercial fish and their effect on e~hotarget strengths. The Meeting agreed to recommend tllis subject to the Council Heeting. However, it was also stressed that the special subject chosen should not: limit the overall contribution to the working group meeting but should as described in the historical note add to the subject matter covered by the working group members.
