1.Introduction SimulatedNorthAtlantic-NordicSeaswatermassexchangesinanisopycniccoordinateOGCM

During the past decade, record-high salinities have been observed in the Atlantic Inflow to the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean, which feeds the North Atlantic thermohaline

Adjoint-derived sensitivities are evaluated against non-linear forward perturbation experiments, for perturbed surface forcing in the subpolar North Atlantic, the Nordic Seas and

• Radioactive tracers from Sellafield and La Hague offers a unique possibility for studying transport and mixing processes in the Nordic Seas, the Arctic Ocean, and the North

High-resolution lithic and surface climate records from Eirik Drift, together with previously documented records from the Nordic Seas and subpolar North Atlantic, provide

In summary, observed hydrographic vari- ability in the subpolar North Atlantic and in the Atlantic inflow branches to the Nordic Seas leads cod stock variations in the Barents Sea

• The upper layers of the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas were warm and sa- line in 2008 compared with the long-term average. • In the Labrador and Irminger Seas a cold winter led

Continuous arrows indicate flow of Modified North Atlantic Water (MNAW) and North Atlantic Water (NAW) in the upper layers (red), the cold Norwegian Seas Deep Water (NSDW) (purple),

This creates a strong salinity stratification in the Nordic seas, similar to today’s Arctic Ocean, with a cold fresh surface layer protecting the overlying sea ice from the