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I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l f o r v+m C -L: Y. 1g75/B:26

t h e E x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e S e a Gear and B e h a v i o u r Committee

@&~rbmic)k&oc&t&

&W&&&

ON THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

INTEGIUTED ECHO INTENSITY AND FISH DENSITY

by

Odd Nakken

I n s t i t u t e o f M a r i n e R e s e a r c h , B e r g e n .

INTRODUCTION

Echo i n t e g r a t i o n i s now w i d e l y u s e d t o o b t a i n e s t i m a t e s o f

a b u n d a n c e o f f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s (DRAGESUND a n d OLSEN 1 9 6 5 , BODHOLT 1 9 6 9 , JOHANNESSON a n d LOSSE 1 9 7 3 , MIDTTUN a n d NAKKEN 1 9 7 1 , THORNE e t . a l 1 9 7 1 )

.

The f u n d a m e n t a l b a c k g r o u n d f o r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n method

- -

i s g i v e n i n FORBES a n d NAKKEN ( 1 9 7 2 ) and c a n b e summed'up a s f o l l o w s : when a t i m e v a r i e d g a i n , c o m p e n s a t i n g f o r o n e way geo-

m e t r i c a l s p r e a d i n g a n d two ways a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e s o u n d , i s a p p l i e d , a n d t h e e c h o v o l t a g e i s s q u a r e d b e f o r e i t i s i n t e g r a t e d , t h e n t h e o u t p u t o f a n e c h o i n t e g r a t o r b e a r s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o f i s h d e n s i t y . The l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e c h o i n t e n s i t y and f i s h d e n s i t y e m p i r i c a l l y shown by SCERBINO a n d TRUSKANOV ( 1 9 6 6 ) , i s d e p e n d e n t on t h e s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n o r t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e f i s h and i s t h u s a c o n s t a n t f o r a g i v e n s p e c i e s and s i z e ( C R A I G 1 9 7 3 ) . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n e s t i m a t e s o f a b s o l u t e d e n s i t y o f f i s h f r o m i n t e g r a t i o n v a l u e s , t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p m u s t b e q u a n t i f i e d , i . e . t h e s l o p e and t h e i n t e r s e c t o f a s t r a i g h t l i n e m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d .

T a r g e t s t r e n g t h s f o r a l a r g e number o f f i s h f r o m v a r i o u s s p e c i e s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d d u r i n g t h e summer 1971. The main r e s u l t s from

t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e (NAKKEN and OLSEN 1 9 7 3 ) . The p r e s e n t p a p e r d e a l s w i t h come r e s u l t s from t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s w h i c h may s i m p l i f y t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u e s o f

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e c h o i n t e n s i t y and f i s h d e n s i t y i n p r a c t i c e .

l

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

The r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i n t e g r a t e d e c h o i n t e n s i t y , M , and t h e number o f f i s h p e r u n i t a r e a ,

P~ i s (THORNE and WOODEY 1 9 7 0 , M I D T T U N a n d NAKKEN 1 9 7 3 ) :

The d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t , C , e x p r e s s e s t h e number o f f i s h p e r u n i t a r e a w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o o n e u n i t o f t h e i n t e g r a t e d e c h o i n t e n s i t y . The d e n s i t y , d , i s t h e l o w e s t d e n s i t y w h i c h c a n b e r e c o r d e d and . c a n t h u s b e r e g a r d e d a s a t h r e s h o l d d e n s i t y .

The d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t , C , d e p e n d s o n f i s h s p e c i e s and s i z e and 1 o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s o u n d e r and i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m . I t i s t h e r e f o r e c o n v e n i e n t t o w r i t e C a s a p r o d u c t (NAKKEN and VESTNES 1 9 7 0 , CRAIG 1 9 7 3 )

.

.

w h e r e C f now d e p e n d s o n l y on f i s h s p e c i e a n d s i z e and Ci i s a n

" i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c o n s t a n t " w h i c h c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s .

A s C f i s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n

o n e a r r i v e s a t i

w h e r e 1 i s t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i s h and b o t h C s and b a r e c o n s t a n t s f o r a g i v e n s p e c i e s . N u m e r i c a l v a l u e s o f b a r e g i v e n b y s e v e r a l a u t h o r s (LOVE 1969 and 1 9 7 1 , FIIDTTUN a n d HOFF 1 9 6 2 , Mc CARTNEY and STUBBS 1 9 7 1 , GODDARD a n d WELSBY 1 9 7 3 , NAKKEN and OLSEN 1 9 7 3 ) .

E q u a t i o n s I1 a n d I11 g i v e

When C s , b and C i a r e known, C c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r any l e n g t h , 1.

Examples o f s u c h c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e g i v e n b y C R A I G ( 1 9 7 3 ) . NAKKEN a n d DOMMASNES ( 1 9 7 5 ) a n d BUZETA a n d NAKKEN ( 1 9 7 5 ) u s e a d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h . They d e t e r m i n e d one ( o r a few) s e t o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s

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o f C a n d 1 b y d o i n g i . n t e g r a t i o n on i n d i v i d u a l f i s h a n d c o u n t t h e number o f t r a c e s on t h e r e c o r d i n g p a p e r (MIDTTUN and NAKKEN 1 9 7 1 , and 1 9 7 3 ) . U s i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s o f C and 1 i n e q u a t i o n I V ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h a n e m p i r i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d v a l u e o f b (NAKKEN and OLSEN 1 9 7 3 ) t h e y a r r i v e d a t e s t i m a t e s o f Cs

.

C i f o r t h e s p e c i e s a n d i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . N e x t , e q u a t i o n I V was u s e d t o o b t a i n e s t i m a t e s o f C f o r a l l l e n g t h g r o u p s i n q u e s t i o n .

I n s t e a d o f u s i n g e q u a t i o n I V i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f C , a s u i t a b l e t a b l e c a n b e made which c o n t a i n t h e e m p i r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on Cs a n d b . The " f i s h d e p e n d e n t " p a r t o f t h e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C c a n i n s u c h a t a b l e t h e n b e f o u n d f o r a s many s p e c i e s and s i z e

g r o u p s a s t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t knowledge o f . I n t r o d u c i n g a r e f e r e n c e

1 t a r q e t w i t h a d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C = C i n e q u a t i o n I1 o n e q e t : r e f

a n d p u t t i n g C f = r o n e f i n a l l y h a s :

r - L r e f

,

From t h i s e q u a t i o n r e l a t i v e v a l u e s o f C a r e f o u n d when v a l u e s o f r a r e a v a i l a b l e .

V a l u e s o f r were o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d by NAKKEN and OLSEN ( 1 9 7 3 )

.

I n t h a t p a p e r t h e i n s t r u m e n t s e t up a s w e l l a s t h e w o r k i n g p r o c e d u r e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t w e r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l and h e r e j u s t a few r e m a r k s w i l l b e g i v e n . F o r t h e d o r s a l a s p e c t o f e a c h f i s h a n a v e r a g e e c h o i n t e n s i t y A , was c a l c u l a t e d a s a r u n n i n g

i

mean a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a

w h e r e $d i s t h e a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a c o u s t i c a x i s o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r and t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e f i s h i n d e g r e e s . V i s t h e o b s e r v e d e c h o v o l t a g e . The maximum v a l u e s o f t h e s e

r u n n i n g means w e r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o s p e c i e s and l e n g t h and mean v a l u e s a n d c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s f o r e a c h g r o u p w e r e c a l c u l a t e d . F i n a l l y r was c a l c u l a t e d b y i n v e r t i n g t h e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t i e s ,

(4)

m u l t i p l y i n g them w i t h 1 0 0 , a n d t h e n s e l e c t Cref e q u a l t o C f f o r a 100 c m c o d .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

F i g . 1 shows t h e mean v a l u e o f t h e r e l a t i v e e c h o i n t e n s i t y p e r i n d i v i d u a l f i s h a s a f u n c t i o n o f f i s h l e n g t h f o r t h e o b s e r v e d s p e c i e s . The 95 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s a r e i n d i c a t e d . The c u r v e s a r e f i t t e d by e y e , and e x c e p t f o r t h e i n t e r v a l 15-25 c m w e r e t h e y show a downward b e n d , t h e y a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f i t t e d

t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e maximum d o r s a l a s p e c t s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n s by a l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s (NAKKEN and OLSEN 1 9 7 3 ) . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f maximum d o r s a l a s p e c t t a r g e t s t r e n g t h c a n t h e r e f o r e i b e u s e d t o o b t a i n r e l i a b l e r a t i o s o f e c h o i n t e n s i t y b e t w e e n

s p e c i e s and l e n g t h g r o u p s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u e s o f t h e power b d e t e r m i n e d f o r t h e maximum d o r s a l a s p e c t s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n , c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d f o r t h e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C . The d e v i a t i o n s from a smooth l o g a r i t h m i c c u r v e i n t h e i n t e r v a l 15-20 cm a r e p r o b a b l y c,aused by i n t e r a c t i o n i n t h e r e f l e c t i o n f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e f i s h body. I n t h i s i n t e r v a l where t h e r a t i o b e t w e e n f i s h l e n g t h a n d wave l e n g t h a r e 4-5, t h e r e i s a t r a s i t i o n zone w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e back s c a t t e r i n g .

I n o r d e r t o compare d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s and l e n g t h s i n s t e a d o f t h e e c h o i n t e n s i t i e s i n F i g . 1, T a b l e 1 w e r e made. The v a l u e s i n t h e t a b l e a r e a r r i v e d by i n v e r t i n g t h e v a l u e s i n F i g . 1, m u l t i p l y i n g them by 100 a n d u s i n g C r e f = C f f o r a 100 cm c o d . T a b l e 1 e x p r e s s e s t h e n how many f i s h e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s a n d s i z e s which m u s t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i n t e q r a t e d e c h o i n t e n s i t y i n o r d e r t o e q u a l t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from a 100 c m c o d . When T a b l e 1 i s u s e d t o a r r i v e a t a b s o l u t e v a l u e s f o r t h e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C , t h e v a l u e o f C m u s t b e known f o r o n e s p e c i e and s i z e . When s o i s t h e c a s e , t h e c o r n b i n a t i o n o f e q u a t i o n I1 a n d T a b l e 1 g i v e t h e a b s o l u t e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r a l l t h e o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s i n T a b l e 1. F o r e x a m p l e : I f , f o r a g i v e n i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m , t h e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C f o r a 60 cm c o d i s f o u n d t o b e 6 . 4

.

10 6

numbqr

- ( r l m ) L

.

m m 1 t h e n a l l v a l u e s i n T a b l e 1 m u s t b e m u l t i p l i e d by 6 . 4 6

l o

.

The new t a b l e a r r i v e d a t by t h i s o p e r a t i o n t h e n c o n t a i n s 3 . 4

a b s o l u t e v a l u e s f o r t h e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m f o r a l l s p e c i e s a n d l e n g t h s c o v e r e d by T a b l e 1-

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5 .

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BUZETA, R . a n d NAKKEN, 0. 1 9 7 5 . Abundance e s t i m a t e s o f t h e s p a w n i n g s t o c k o f b l u e w h i t i n g ( M i c r o m e s i s t i u s p o u t a s s o u Rissa, 1 8 1 0 ) i n t h e a r e a w e s t o f t h e B r i t i s h Isles i n 1 9 7 2

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T a b l e 1. R e l a t i v e d e n s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s , r , a t 3 8 k H z , a c c o r d i n g t o species a n d l e n g t h . N u r n b e r s i n b r a c k e t s a r e e x t r a p o l a t e d .

S P E C I E S

L e n g t h C o d , s a i t h e , H a d d o c k , H e r r i n g , M a c k e r e l P r a w n

-

CM p o l l a c k b l u e w h i t i n g s p r a t

0 7 5 2 6 . 3 ( 5 2 6 . 3 ) 6 2 5 . O

0 8 3 8 4 . 6 ( 3 8 4 . 6 ) 4 1 6 . 7 1 2 5 0 . O

0 9 2 7 0 . 3 ( 2 7 0 . 3 ) 3 0 3 . 0 8 3 3 . 3

1 0 2 0 8 . 3 ( 2 0 8 . 3 ) 2 7 7 . 8 6 2 5 . 0

11 1 6 1 . 3 ( 1 6 1 . 3 ) 2 0 4 . 1

1 2 1 2 8 . 2 ( 1 2 8 . 2 ) 1 7 5 . 4 l

(9)

Fig. 1. R e l a t i v e e c h o i n t e n s i t y p e r i n d i v i d u a l a t 38 kHz ( p e r c e n t o f t h e e c h o i n t e n s i t y o f a 1 0 0 cm c o d ) a s a f u n c t i o n o f f i s h l e n g t h f o r some s p e c i e s . l ) Cod, P o l l a c k and S a i t h e , 2 ) H e r r i n g and S p r a t , 3 ) Haddsck and Blue w h i t i n g and 4 ) M a c k e r e l .

9 5 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s a r e i n d i c a t e d .

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