CM_1953_36.pdf (641.7Kb)

Conseil International pour 1 'Exploration de la Mer

Gunnar Rollefsen.

---

5

C.M. 19

3

^{}I, .j(,?}

Special Scientific Meeting "The Cod^{ll •}

Age, length, and growth studies, tagging experiments etc.

undertaken on cod in Norwegian and Arctic waters have shown that there are

many

reasons for regarding the cod of the Barents Sea, and the spawning cod which every year appear on the Lofoten ballies, as belonging to one population;

The Arcto-Norwegian Stock of Cod, or sherter, The Arc'tic Cod.

It seems on the other hand justified to place the cod

occurring all the year round in the Norwegian fjords, and on the coastal banks, in another separate group, The Coastal Cod.

Even if the cod of the coast consist of numerous pop~~ations,

stocks, races, types, or whatever sub-groups there may be found, the cod belonging to the coastal waters show some common features which tie them together. However, our knowledge of the biology of thls group of cod is little compar.ed with the information we possess of the Arctic Cod.

Since 1913 we 'have taken yearly length measurements of the cod from Lofoten, and we are thereby able to folloW the fluctuatlons in length distribution of the mature part of the Arctic Cod - the

Skrei • through a period of 40 years. Since 1932 when age determinations by means of the otoliths were taken up we have an uninterrupted se~ies

of observations of the age distribution of the skI'ei through a per:LoJ of 20 years.

_- In our studies of the Arctic C,.,d the official fisheries statistics have been of fundamental value. As from 1860 we know the number of

icod taken every year in Lofoten, and also the number of fishermen

~ngaged in the fisheries. Accordingly we also know how fortunate or unfortunate the Lofoten fishermen have been over a period of gO

years. --

From 1883 onwards we know the average gutted weight of the

Lofoten cod, this being still another valuable series of observations of the size of the spawning skrei through 70 years.

The illustrations Will, in a striking manner, show the fluctuat:l.ons in the cod fisheries of Lofoten, and also the Variations in the size~

length, and age of the cod. .

The Age Dis~r1bution! Fi~ure 1.

From age determinations on scales we have certaj.n information on the year-classes before the period covered by the otolith readings.

1904, 1912, and 1915 are mentioned as good brood-yeax·8.

The age de terminations by means of the otoliths have shown outstanding year-classes born in 1917, 1918, 1919, 1929, 1930, and 1937.

- 2 - The Length Distribution, Figure 2.

The length measurements show the years in which the spawning stock has been renewed. As the recruit spawners appear in greater abundance

in their 8th. year we can, with some certainty, point out those year- classes which cause the renewal. The results of the age determinations support the conclusior.swhich we draw from the length measurements.

From the length measurements alone it should be justified to point out the years 1904-1906, and 1912 as good brood years.

_ " -

Figures

3

and 4 show the deviations for each ~ear from a long time average distripution of length and age respectively.

As will be discussed later we have found fluctuations both in growth rate and in rate of maturity. - The average size of the 10 years old cod is not always 'the same, and the average spawning age of a year- class will also fluctuate. 'lihe average frequency distributions for length and age will thus be affected and broadened.

Figure 4 showing the yearly deviations of each single year-class from the long time average age distribution gives the impression that some promising year-classes are fading out early, whilst others show an increasing frequency as the time goes by. This, however, may not only be due to accelerated or retarded rate of maturity but may also be caused by the varying strength of the concurrent year-Classes.

The Yearly Total Yield of the Lofoten Cod Fishery 1860-1953.

Figure 5. The fluctuations in the number of cod caught in Lofoten indicate fluctuation~varying duration.

a. Lopg time fluctuations: Catches above average from about 1875-1899, below average from 1900 - 1925, and again above average from

1926 - 1950.

b.

c.

Short time fluctuations: The catches show an increasing tendency over a couplre of years followed by a decrease in the next 3 to 5 years.

Unregular -rearlY fluctuations: The increasing or decreasing tendency ⁰ the catches seems to be "disturbed" by factors

which in the particular season affect the fishing activity + or ^+.

Speaking of the last period, when we can find support in the age and length investigations; we find that the good catches in 1945-47 were mainly due to the 1937 year-class.

The year-classes 1929-30 gave the good catches in 1940, and the 1917- 18 and 19 year-Classes are responsible for the catches in 1926 - 1930 •

.

As there seems to be a close connection between the number of cod taken-and the numerical strength of the year-Classes in the period 1925-1950 it seems justified to suppose that there has been a

relatively poor reproduction of the stock in the years 1890-1915, but a relatively rich reproduction in the period 186, - 1890. Perhaps we could point out 1887, 1882, 1878 and 1872 or a preceding or subsequent year as good brood-years in this past period.

'. )

-

Number of Fish Per Man Per Season.

From the number of cod cBught and the number of fishermen taking part in the Lofoten fishery each year we can calculate the number of

cod per man per season, Figure 60

The average catch is about 900 fishes, but as will be seen there are great fluctuations. In this diagl'am we are using smoothed data both regarding fish and fisher'men to remove the ^tt disturbing!! factors.

The good catches in the years 1925 to 1930 are based on the rich year-classes 1917, 18, and 19. The year~classes born in 1928-30 are responsible for the increase of the catches j.n the late thirties, and

the record catch in 1946 is mostly due to the 1937 year-class.

Turning to the more distant year's: we could perhaps ascribe the

increasing catches from 1892 onwards to the year-Classes born about 1885.

Furthermore year-Classes from about 1878 could have increased the

catches as from 1884. And we could perhaps ascribe 'fihe good catches in the years 1866-1880 to good year-classes born within the period

1862-1872.

The Gutted Weight of the Lofo~en Cod; 1883-1953.

The average gutted weight of the Lofoten cod J.s given in the official statistics, and the values we have plotted in figure

7.

The diagram shows fluctuations of a conspicuous regularity.

In the period from which we have age and length determinations we have found that decreaSing average weight coinCides with the appearance

and dominance of young spawners belongihg to rich year~classes, and that the average weight and length increase when the x'enewal is poor.

As the fluctuations occurring in this period seem closely connected with the abundance of the year-classes entering the stoeJc (and not

produced by varying fishing intenSity) we may assume that a substantial renewal of the spawning stoc1,c has 'caken place ih the years 1889, 1894, 1900, 1909, 1917, and 192L~o pO.iJ.1ti1:lg t,o' good brood-years in 1882,

1887, 1892, 1900, 1909, 19H3, or any rlej.ghbouring year.

Note: The shifting tendency vvhicCl occurs every 8th. or 9th. year may be caused by a density regulating factor.

The Yield of ^~he Various Year-Cl;:lss8~

Our age and length investigations being based on catches from long lines neither show the correct p:Lcture of the spawning stock proper nor the composition of the catches taken by net~ or purse seines.

Table 1, therefore, only gives the yield of the various year-Classes taken by long lines.

Questions Concerning the Geographic,a]. Distribution of the Cod

Populations. .

As mentioned abOlle it seems justified to divide the cod occurring in Norwegian waters in two main groups, The Arctic Cod ahd the Coastal Cod, of which the latter may comprise numerous local subgroups.

The following table gives some features which may serve as a means of indentification of the two groups.

- 4 -

The Arctic'Cod. The Coastal Cod.

---

Geographical distribution

In the Barents Sea all year round and at the Norwegian coast from Finnmark to M0re Nov.to June.

The entire No~egian

coast in the fjords and on the coastal banks

all the year round.

--- ..

---~---

Body shape slender heavy

---~---

Vertebrae 53.50 - 80 52.00 - 52.80

---

Bones in the skull thin (primitive) thick (develope d)

---~---~----~---- ---

Otoliths:

Form plane twisted

&---

Structure terse diffuse

---~---~---

Fracture easily broken in the middle

easily broken near the ends

---~---.---~---- ---

Growth rate:

Immature ca. 10 cm per year

---

Mature 1 - 3 cm per year

---_._---

Maturity 6 -

14

^years 3 -

7

years

---~--- ---

Duration of life up to 30 yearis up to 17 years

---~--- ---

Spawning grounds Norw .Coast f1"om

VI! • Finnmark to Mire the entire coast

---~---~--- ---

Migratiohs Long ?

---

Questions Concerning Changes in thE( Cod P012ulations.

Changq,s in Grow~h 13-8. te • . In figure. 8 we have plotted the mean value of the average lengths of age groups 8 - 13 years. The diagram shows the fluctuations in length of cod of equal age during the last 21 years.

At the same age the Cod ih 1936 and in 1951 were about 8 cm longer than in 1932 and in 1944~ These fluctuations in growth .rate seem to correspond with the density of the stock. In the years 1932-1936 the stock consisted of remains of the year-classes born in 1917-19. But from 1936 the 29 and 30 year-classes being

7

and 6 years respectively start to join the mature stocks.

The denSity of the stock is obviously increased by these two year- classes and increasea even more when the very strong 37 year-class makes its appearance.

As the fish grow the demand of each single fish for space and food adds up until mortality and the poor recruitment in the years 38 to

41

have reduced the stock to a lower level. ThEn the growth rates start climbing again reaching the peak in 1951.

From this year decreasing growth rate may indicate increasing denSity, or poorer food conditions, or both.

- 5 -

Changes in Age of Maturity.

By means of the spawning zones in the otoliths it is poss"ible to determine the age at the first spawning and the changes in the rate of maturity.

In figures 9 and 10 we have chosen the abundance of first time spawners of each age group as a means of demonstrating the changes in the age of maturity.

If a year-class have matured early the percentage of first time spawners will be low at a more advanced age and vice versa.

It is interesting to note that the year-classes which constituted the spawning stoClt in the years 1932-1938 all have been influenced by a factor causing an accelerated maturity. Between the seasons 1938-39

there is a sudden change, all year-classes react simultaneously on a factor causing a retarded rate of maturity and since then only slight changes have taken place.

What happened in the summer of 1938 in the Barents Sea ?

Rate of Mortalitz.

A calculation of the total mortality of the cod can be undertaken by means of the method used by Einar Lea on the herring, based upon the frequencies on the age groups and starting from an age of which the year-classes dos not receive any more first time spawners. In the case of the cod a year-class may receive new spawners 14 years old and at that age a year-class is mostly worn down, and only a very small part of the age material can be llsed in the calculations.

If we introduce spawning classes instead of year-classes we can base our calculations on the entire age samples. Such calculations are

carried out for 5 successive periods on the basis of age material from long line catches in Lofoten.

--~---,---Females Males

- - - ________________ J _____ - ________________ - ____ - __ _

Surv. Mort. ^I Surv. Mort.

ist~-p;ri;d--i932:36----o~53---0:47----'----o~54---0:46--- ---~---

~DQ..!. ___ t~ ___ __

=!:22Q:l±Q ____

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QQ ___

Q!.l}g ____ ..! ____ Q!.~2 _____ Q!.lH: ____ _ 3rd. ^It 1940-45 0.49 0.51 ^I 0.48 0.52

---~---

4th. ^tI 1944-48 0.48 0.52 ' 0.48 0.52

5th:-

^--~

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The coefficients of mortality seem not to have changed very much.

The Belative Strength of the Yeal'-Class'es.

The study of the purse seine catches from Lofoten has shown that long line catches dos not give a true picture of the age composition.

Celculations based on line samples will accordingly not be correct and will not pass for real stock.,

When using the age composition of the line samples as a basis for a calculation of the relative strength of the ^yea~- classes we have to bear in mind that our results are not exact. It may perhaps be pos- sible later to introduce corrections.

Table 11 gives the relative strength of the year-classes bas~d

on a 19 year average composition.

Year- Table 11.

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1932 JJ J4 J5 36 37 38 39 1940 41 42 4J 44 t.S 46 47 48 49 SO 51 52 53