FlexiNet - QoS Investigation

POSEIDON HOUSE • CASTLE PARK • CAMBRIDGE CB3 0RD UNITED KINGDOM +44 1223 515010 • Fax +44 1223 359779 • Email: [email protected] • URL: http://www.ansa.co.uk

ANSA Phase III

FlexiNet - QoS Investigation

Oyvind Hanssen

Abstract

In this report we investigate what are the main concepts and issues in the support of Quality of Service, focusing at open distributed computing and middleware platforms. We study how these issues are being addressed in research on QoS support related to middleware.

QoS is about non-functional properties in general, but research has been centred around communication protocols and multimedia. The main issues of QoS, related to each RM-ODP viewpoints are discussed. Important issues are QoS specification, QoS provision and how to deal with changing conditions. Research in QoS in middleware platforms is mainly centred around ODP, ANSA and CORBA architectures.

Distribution:

Supersedes:

APM.1977.01.00 Approved 02 June 1997

Technical Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

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2 CONCEPTS AND ISSUES 3

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3 MIDDLEWARE QOS RESEARCH 11

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4 QOS ARCHITECTURES 21

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5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 25

1 INTRODUCTION

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1 .1 Goals

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1 .2 Report summary

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1 .3 Acknowledgements

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2 CONCEPTS AND ISSUES

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›“{l‹nE{ƒslBtokmztN‰0¾jkm|yhiNt |ottlJ{ƒs„Ntoƒ{ovhgdf(zt9{o%z{vhv”kŒnpv”tf(nplJvhgu ysgt9gjl‹kŒ|Of(kmƒkŒzgdf(nVz{lBnVkmfhotlB{rsozt9r(lBgd|tN‰Deƒsz{lBnVkml?gŸ¡+{ • „Ngdogvhtnptow

gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fslJgot9gqd~Œt9np{9vhgd­‡t9gjnpogi_t€{ƒƒ(qdtnpx9ttfhz{l‹nEgdf(i

„_toƒ{ovhgfsztwx9ystfhfst|{npkmgnpkmfs|}¡+{

• ‰

2 .2 .1 Key issues in specification

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otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplJgnVnpy(t9g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh~mtt~lBy({ r(~miTqt¿g„N„_~ŒkmzgdnpkŒ{ f(€{okmtf(npt iºognpysto

npy(gdfhlBulBnpt vh€{okmtf(nptiV‰DŽVy(kmlJvhtgfslJnpy(gnVnpy(t9vht npokŒzlJrslBtiTlBys{r(~miTqt9ot ~ŒgdnptiTnp{

r(l‹to“„_tozt„_npkŒ{ fh{o%npy(t9gqdlBnpogznpkm{f(lJgd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„_o{|ogdvhvhtolJiNt g~‡x9kmnpy°‰D˜9f(t

z{rs~ŒiTƒ{o%kmf(lBnpgdf(zt9npg~m­®gdq{rsnEnpyst9kmf({zgnpkm{f(€s{o%ƒogdvht€ognptwd{o%gqd{r(nV›%™+€

¡9r(gd~Œkmnpu}t olBr(lJšVy({fst€¡9r(g~mkmnpu(‰ • ul‹nptvh€{okmtf(nptiTv”tgfsl?npysgnVvhtnpokmzlJgot

ot~mgnptiºn*{9lBuOlBnptv±otlB{rsoztlJgfsiTnpy(tkmo%„No{„_tonpkmtl‰D¾jt otw{fst9z{r(~miTƒ{o%kmf(lBnpgdf(zt

npg~m­®gdq{rsnEqdgf(i_x9kmiNnpyhkmfhnptovhlJ{ƒsqkmnE„_to%lBtz{fsiTognpt9{o%y(gdt9gjzy({ kŒzt

qt n*x9t tfhgje • ™9Š¨%€zy(gfsf(t~tol‹r(lJgf}–ŽVªÇz{f(fstznpkm{f‰–µz{vhv”{fhg„_„No{gdzy

np{9npy(kmlJkml?„_o{kmiNt9vht zy(gfskmlBvhlJƒ{o“v”g„N„_kŒfs|}g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(€{okmtfsnptiT¡9{ • np{

lBulBnpt v ~mtOt~‡¡9{ • ‰DŽVy(kmlJkmlJz~Œ{ lBt~mu}ot~mgnptiTnp{Ÿ¡9{ • npogdf(lB„_gotfszuOwdkp‰tN‰0npy(t

g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„No{ |ogv”vhto%lBy({rs~miTiNtgd~‡x9kmnpyÈi_tz~mgognpkmt9¡9{ • gf(iºf({nVq{npysto

x9kmnpyhnpy(t9lBt~mtznpkm{fhgdf(iTz{fsƒkŒ|Or(ogdnpkŒ{ fh{ƒ(vht zy(gdf(kmlBvhlJgfsiTotlB{rsoztlJƒ{o“¡9{ •

„No{ kmlBkŒ{ f‰

–f({npysto%kŒl‹lBr(t9kmlJx+ysgnVnpu„_t+{ ƒ(„Ngdogvht nptolJn*ysgnViNt lBzokŒqdt9npy(t9¡9{ • ‰D˜9f(t9zys{kmzt

kmlJqtnpx9ttfÉÂr(gd~mkŒnpgdnpkŒOt+gfsiÊÂrsgf(npkmnpgnpkmt „Ngogdvhtnptol‰0¡9r(gd~Œkmnpgnpkmt9„_gogv”tnptol

zgfhqdt9lBkmvh„N~mt9gfsiTkmf(npr(kmnpkmt9np{9r(lBt_‰DenVkŒlJnpu„_kmzg~m~mugŸzy({kmzt9qtnpx9t tfh„Noti_tƒkmf(ti

Ârsg~mkmnpkŒt lBwƒ{o%kmf(lBnpgfszt9qtnpx9tt f]ËÌ́ÎÏTÐ*wsËÑÒNÌÓ\Ð{o%ÔmÕÖ×8Ø9Ñ4Ò_ÌÓ\Ð{o%qt n*x9t tfhÔÙÎ ÚÛÖ0…w

ÔܟÝOÞ(ځ΍…wgdf(iTÔߞàTáâTݍÒ_́ÚÓ,ØNá—ÜTݍÞsځÎNЉ–nEnpyst9{npy(to%ysgf(iTnpystot9lBttv”l?np{9qdt9gjf(tti

ƒ{o%Âr(gdf(npkmnpgnpkmt9lB„_tzkmƒkmzgdnpkŒ{ f(lJ†tlB„NtzkŒgd~Œ~mu}ƒ{o%vhr(~mnpkmvhti_kŒgŸƒ~m{x9lBˆhx9yskmzyhvhgu

qt9vh{ ot+z{ f(zkmlBt9gfsiTvh{ot9ƒ~mtkmq~mt9†{f(t9z{rs~miTƒ{o“kmfslBnpgfszt+l‹gu}lB{vht npy(kmf(|}~mkm­‡t

ã Ì8äÖÖÞæåèçéjÒ_ê(Þ+ëBځÓ1Ó3Ö×%ìhç 㠈‰

–fhg„_„No{gdzyhnp{9n*yskmlJ†lBt t+l‹tznpkm{fh³I‰¶ˆskml?np{9rslBt9Ârsg~mkŒnpgdnpkŒOt9„NgogdvhtnptolJgdnEnpyst

g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh~mtt ~‡†ot|km{fhfsgvht lBˆwdx9y(kmzyhgdot+v”g„N„_tiTnp{9Ârsgf(npkmnpgdn*kmOt+¡9{ •

„Ngdogvhtnpt olBwx9y(kmzyhz{ r(~miTqt9gdzzr(ognpt ~Œu}vht glBrsotiNwd{o%x+yskmzyhz{r(~miTqdt9tglBkm~mu

vhg„_„NtiTnp{9lBuOlBnptv±~mtt~¡9{ • gfsiTotlB{ r(ozt9g~m~m{zgnpkm{f°‰–fhgi_gfsnpg|Ot+{ ƒ(npy(kml

g„_„No{gdzy(wdkŒlJnpyst+l‹t„Ngogdnpkm{fh{ƒs¡+{ • lB„Nt zkŒƒkmzgnpkm{fslJ†kp‰tN‰Dnpyst9iNtƒkmf(kmf(|}npyst

vhtgdf(kmf(|}{ ƒ(ot|km{fs€f(gdvhtlBˆ(ƒo{v±gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„_o{|ogdvhl‰DŽVy(t9kmiNt gjkŒlJkm~m~mr(lBnpogdn*t i

kmfhnpy(t9ƒkm|r(ot9qdt~m{xT‰

capacity > 100 Kb/s jitter < 5 ms delay < 1 s . . .

"CD audio"

Application program

Region definition Region name

–íot~mgnptiT„_o{q~mtv±kml?ys{x²np{9iNtgd~‡x9kmnpyhnpy(t9z{vh„_~mt}gfsiTy(tnpto{ |tfst{r(l

„_gogvht npto%lB„Ngzt_‰DŽVy(t9„N{ lBlBkmq~mt9iNkmvhtfslBkŒ{ f(lJƒ{o%iNtlBzokmqkmfs|}¡9{ • gfsiTnpy(t9zys{kmzt

{ƒsvhtnpokmzlJkŒf”gj|kmtfhl‹kŒnprsgnpkm{fhzgdfhqt9tou}fsr(vht o{r(l‰0™9kmƒƒtotfsnV„Ngogdvhtnptol

vhgdu}qt9f(t tiNtiTkmfhi_kŒƒƒtotfsnVlBkŒnprsgnpkm{fsl?gdf(iTnpyst9lBgvht9„No{ q~mtvh€iN{ vhgkmfhzgf”ttf

otfsiNto%iNkmƒƒtotfsnE¡9{ • vhtnpokmzlJ†kmƒsiNkmƒƒtot f(nV„Nt{„_~mt9got9iNtgd~mkŒfs|}x9kŒnpyhnpystvhˆ‰–f

gd„N„No{gdzyhnp{9npy(kmlJ„No{qd~mtv±kŒlJnp{9lBnpgfsiNgdoiNkmlBt9npy(t9„_gogvht nptolJgf(iºvhtnpokmzl?rslBti

kmfh|kmt fhlBkmnpr(gnpkm{fsl‰D‘V{o%tgdvh„N~mt9gl+¡9{ • i_{vhgkmfsl{o?z~mglBl‹tl npy(gdnEi_tƒkmf(t9gjlBtn

{ƒsot~mgnptiT„_gogdvhtnptolp¦1vhtnpokmzlJgfsiT†„_{lBlBkmq~muˆsgjlBtnV{ƒsot~mgnptiTvhtzy(gfskmlBvhl

©îVkŒ˜9npx9guO¸¶¬‰

¥`ystfhnpoukmfs|}np{9gf(lBx9t o“npyst9Âr(t lBnpkŒ{ fhy({x²¡9{ • kmlJlB„Nt zkŒƒkmti_wx9t9vhgu}i_kŒOkŒi_t9npy(t

otlBt gozyhtƒƒ{onVkmf(np{9npy(t9ƒ{~m~m{x9kmf(|}zgnpt |{okmtl

♦

§}lBto8¦1g„_„N~mkŒzgdnpkm{fhztfsnpotiTg„_„No{gdzy(tl9x9y(kmzyhnpu„_kmzg~m~Œu}gdot9vh{npkmgnpt i

ƒo{ v npyst9iNtlBkmot9np{9„No{OkmiNt9vhgfsg|t gq~mt9gqdlBnpogznpkm{fsl?ƒ{o%gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{f

„No{|ogdvhvhtolJgdf(iTtfsiN€r(lBt ol‰DŽVy(kmlJkml?v”gkmf(~mu}x9y(gdnEysglJqtt fhiNkmlBzrslBlBti

gq{ tN‰

♦

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ƒo{ v npyst9f(tt iTnp{+qdt9gq~mt9np{9z{fsnpo{~‡¡9{ • {ƒ(lB„_tzkmƒkmz%nptzysf({~m{|kmtlO‰Dª«rszy

tƒƒ{onVkmlJqgl‹tiT{f}–ŽVªïfstnpx9{o­l?gdf(iTgdkŒv”l?np{9i_tt~m{„Tgdozy(kmnptznprsotl

n*ysgnVlBrs„N„N{onVnpyst+„_o{kmlBkm{fh{ ƒ(tfsiN€np{€tf(iT¡9{

•

|r(gdogfsnpttl‰–µx9t~m~‡­f({x9f

tgv”„N~mt9kŒlJnpystð9œ%ª®¦,ð9“eŠ}™²gozyskŒnpt zn*rsot9©îEgdñDgo¸d¼¬‰D¡9{

•

kmlJy(t ot

lB„NtzkmƒkmtiTgl+npogƒƒkmz“z~mgl‹lBtl+gfsiºlBtokmzt9z~mglBlBt l wdx+yskmzyhot„Not lBtf(npl

lBnpgnpkmlBnpkmzg~‡v”{iNt~mlJƒ{o%kŒfsƒ{ovhgnpkm{fhl‹n*ot gvhlOòpwt gzyhx9kmnpyhgjlBtnV{ƒsz~ŒgdlBlB€

lB„Ntzkmƒkmz“¡9{ • „Ngogdvhtnptol‰0˜9npy(to%otlBtgdozyhqgdlBtiT{f¿–»ŽVªÇf(tnpx9{o­‡l

kŒfsz~mr(iNt9©‘Vtoogokm¸¹d¬(gdf(iT©%tlBlBt¸d¶¬‰Devh„_{onpgfsnEx9{o­´kŒlJgd~ŒlB{9qdtkmf(|}iN{ f(t

kŒfh¡9{ • lB„NtzkŒƒkmzgnpkm{fhqdglBtiT{ fhnpy(t9ef(npt of(tnV©“ogdiNtfs¸¶d¬4‰

♦

‘E{ ovhg~vhgnpystvhgnpkmzg~f({npgdnpkm{f(lBwdx9y(kmzyhlBtoOt+gdlJvh{ot9|tfstokmz%vh{iNt~ml {o“~mgdf(|rsg|t l?ƒ{o%lB„_tzkmƒkmzgdnpkŒ{f”{ƒ(¡9{

•

z{f(lBnpogdkmf(npl‰D©%~mgkmo¸¶dg¬(„_o{„N{ lBt9g

¡+{

•

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x+{ o­®kmf(z~mr(i_t9©šV~mg|t vhgfsf(¸¼d¬wx9y(kmzy±„No{ „N{lBt9np{9lB„Nt zkŒƒu}¡9{

•

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ŽEo{v”lB{9™+eª¯Ãô„No{;‚ctznV©Ã%~ŒkmgdlBlBtf(¸d¼¬wx9yskŒzy”kŒlJi_tt~m{„_kŒfs|}gjƒ{ovhg~npu„Nt

vh{iNt~ƒ{o%vhr(~mnpkmvhtiNkmgjƒ~m{x9lJnpy(gnVkmf(z{ o„N{ogdnpt+Âdr(gd~Œkmnpu}gnpnpokmqdr(nptl‰

ò‡õOöc÷*øÅøÅùú‡ú;û÷ü*üŒýDü÷*ö;ý7û—þÿºûýcýûd÷°ü ümý þö;ùýmý÷ü=ýöùú;ý7ú;û÷ü*üŒýDü÷*ö;ý %þö;ý[÷‹ûù—ú\÷mùþ

þö;ùýmýcùpýþ=÷4ù—þ[ümö;ýD÷ ü

2 .3 Computational Viewpoint

efhnpy(t9z{ vh„Nrsn*gdnpkm{f(gd~‡kmtx9„_{kmf(nVx9t+gdot9ƒ{ zr(lBkmf(|}gdnEnpyst9ƒr(f(znpkm{fsg~

iNt z{vh„N{l‹kŒnpkm{fh{ ƒ(lBul‹nptvhwkp‰tN‰Dys{x²kŒlJ¡9{

•

z{ f(ƒkm|r(ot iTgfsiTx+ysgnVvhgkmf

z{vh„_{f(t f(nplJgfsiTkŒfsnptogznpkm{fslJgot9f(t ztlBlBgou}np{9tl‹n*gdq~mkmlByhgfsiTvhgfsg|Ot+¡9{

• ‰

efhgi_iNkmnpkm{fhnp{9npy(t9gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fs…lJ{q‚tznplJgdf(iTkmf(nptoƒgdztlBwkmnVkŒlJotz{|f(kmlBt iTnpy(gn

†glJ„No{„_{lBtiTkmfht_‰|s‰D©“~mgdkŒo¸d¶g¬ˆEqkmfsiNkmf(|lJf(tt iTnp{9qt9kmlBkmq~mtgdlJz{vh„Nrsnpgnpkm{f(gd~

{q‚ctznpl†x9kmnpyhkmf(npt oƒgdztlBˆ(gdf(iTnpysgnVtlBnpgqd~mkŒlByskmf(|}{ƒsqkmf(i_kmf(|}lBys{r(~miTqt9t „N~mkmzkmn‰

ŽVy(kmlJg~m~m{x9l?{ f(t9np{9z{fsn*o{ ~‡npyst+¡9{

•

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npy(t ot+kmlJgjz{fszt„NnV{ƒ¡9{

•

ƒgkm~mr(ot»†ƒgkm~mr(ot9np{9qkmfsiTqtzgdr(lBt9¡9{

•

otÂrskŒot vhtf(npl

zgfsf({nVqt9v”tnpˆ4‰0ŽE{9qdt9gq~mt9np{9iNtzkmi_t+kmƒskmf(nptoƒgztlJzgdfhqt9q{ r(fsiNwx9t9fsttiTnp{9qt

gqd~Œt9np{9lB„_tzkmƒu}¡9{ • gfsf({npgdnpkŒ{ f(lJ{fhkmf(nptoƒgdztlJnp{9qt9q{rsf(iTgdf(iT†„N{ lBlBkmq~muˆ(npyst

{q‚ctznpl‰

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gnpnpgdzy(tiTnp{9qdkŒfsiNkmf(|Ol‰

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iNt lBzokŒqdkmf(|}z{vh„_r(npgdn*km{fsg~{q‚tznplBˆs„No{OkŒi_tlJgjlBtokmzt9gdn*npokmqdr(npt9z{fslBnpor(znVnp{

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npy(gdnElBnpgdnptlJx9y(gnVkmlJotÂrskmotiTgfsiTx9y(gnVzgf”qt9„No{OkmiNtiTƒo{v±npy(t9kmfsn*t oƒgdztN‰

2 .4 Engineering Viewpoint

¡9{

•

vht zy(gfskmlBvhlJgot9lBt~mtznpt iTgzz{oi_kŒfs|}np{9r(lBto%lBrs„N„N~mkmtiT¡9{

•

lB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{f(lBw

gOgkm~mgqkm~mkmnpu}{ƒ(otl‹{r(oztlJgdf(iTotlB{ r(ozt9vhgdf(g|OtvhtfsnE„_{~mkŒzus‰D¥`t9i_kŒl‹npkŒfs|rskŒlBy

qt n*x9t tf”lBnpgnpkmz?¡9{

•

vhtzysgfskŒl‹vhl?x9yskmzyhkml?ot ~ŒgdnptiTnp{9tlBnpgqd~mkŒlBysvhtfsnE{ ƒ

qkmfsiNkmf(|lJ†¡9{

•

„_o{kmlBkm{fsˆ(gfsi´iNuOf(gv”kŒz%¡9{

•

vht zy(gfskmlBvhlJx9y(kmzyhgot9ot~mgdnptiTnp{

npy(t9gdznpr(g~z{vhvhrsf(kmzgnpkm{f”„Ny(gdlBt9†¡+{

•

z{fsn*o{ ~‡gdf(iTvhgdf(g|Otvhtfsnpˆ4‰

©›“gdvh„Nqdt~m~Œ¸d¹¬sy(gdl?kmiNt f(npkmƒkŒt iTnpy(ott9vhgdkŒf”npu„NtlJ{ƒs¡9{

•

vht zy(gfskmlBvhl

♦

^{¡+{ •} „No{OkmlBkŒ{ fSvhtzy(gdf(kmlBvhlBwdx9y(kmzyhzgf”kŒfs{~mt9¡9{ • vhg„N„_kmf(|w gdiNvhkmlBlBkm{fhnpt lBnpkŒfs|}gfsiTotlB{rsozt9otlBtogdnpkm{f‰

♦

^{¡+{ •} z{fsnpo{~‡vht zy(gfskmlBvhlBwx9yskŒzyhiN{9otgd~Œ€npkmvht9npogƒƒkŒz%z{fsnpo{~‡np{9vhgdkmf(npgkmf gd|ottiT¡9{ • ‰0ŽEyskŒlJkmf(z~mrsiNt9ƒ~Œ{ x9€lBysg„_kŒfs|wdƒ~m{x9€lBzystiNrs~Œkmfs|wƒ~m{x9€„N{~mkmzkmf(|w

ƒ~m{x9€z{f(npo{ ~‡gfsiTƒ~Œ{ x¤lBuOf(zyso{f(kmlBgdn*km{f°‰

♦

^{¡+{ •} vhgfsg|OtvhtfsnEvht zy(gfskmlBvhlBwx9yskŒzy”z{r(~miTqdt+ot Âr(kmotiºn*{9t f(lBrsot9n*ysgn gd|ottiT¡9{

•

kml?l‹r(lBnpgkmfstiT{o’otfst|{ n*kmgdnptiž‰0ŽEyskŒlJz{rs~miTkŒfs{~mt9¡9{

•

vh{ f(kmnp{okmf(|OwvhgdkŒfsnptf(gdf(ztwdiNt|OogiNgdnpkm{f(wdlBkŒ|Of(gd~Œ~mkmf(|}gdf(iTlBzgd~mkŒfs|(‰

2 .4 .1 QoS provision

¾j{x²kml?t f(i_€np{€tfsiT¡9{ • „_o{kmiNti_wqdglBtiT{ fhnpy(t9lB„Nt zkŒƒkmzgnpkm{fsƓŽVyskŒlJkmlJvhgkmf(~mu

gdq{rsnEtfs|kmf(t tokmf(|}lBrs„N„N{ onE~mkm­‡t9tN‰|(‰0vhg„_„Nkmf(|l‹wotlB{rsozt€vhgfsg|Otvhtfsn*w

„_o{np{z{~mlJgfsiTg~m|{okmnpy(v”l?ƒ{o%iN{ kŒfs|}tf(i_€np{€tf(iT¡9{ • g~m~Œ{ zgnpkm{f(wdnpu„Nkmzgd~Œ~mu

z{v”qkmf(tiTx9kmnpyhlB{v”t+fst|{ npkŒgdnpkŒ{ fh{o%giNv”kŒl‹lBkŒ{ fhnptlBnpkmf(|(‰

ª«gdf(u}lB„_tzkmƒkmz%vhtzysgfskŒlBv”l?t kmlBnEgdf(iTgdot9qtkmf(|}kmfstlBnpkm|gdnptiž‰0ª«{ot9|tfstokmz

tfs|kmf(t tokmf(|}vh{i_t~ml?{ ƒ(¡9{ • „_o{kmlBkm{fhgdot9qtkmf(|}„_o{„N{ lBtiTx9kmnpy(kmfhnpy(t[–Š • –

„_o{1‚ct znE©îVkŒ˜9npx9gdu¸¶d¬(gfsiTnpy(t9ŽVeŠJ–µƒogv”tx9{o­E‰0©Š}kmz{~mgd{r(¸d½¬(kmfstlBnpkm|gdnptlJ¡+{ •

otlBt ognpkm{fhgd~m|{okmnpy(vhlJnpysgnVkŒfsz{o„N{ ognptlJvhrs~Œnpkm„N~mt9~mguOtolJgf(iºvhg„N„_kmf(|

qdtnpx9ttfhnpystvæ‰D©%~Œgdkmo¸¶gd¬(„_o{„N{l‹t+npysgnV¡9{ • vh{ f(kmnp{o%{q‚tznplJgot9otgdznpkŒOt

{q‚ct znpl‰D‘V{o%vh{ot9kmf(ƒ{ovhgdnpkŒ{ f(wlBt t9lBtznpkm{fh³I‰

–fhkmlBlBr(t9kmlJy({ x¤npyst+¡9{ • kml?z{ vhvhr(fskmzgnptiTx9kmnpyhnpy(t9gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„_o{|ogdvæ‰D˜9fst

z{rs~miTr(lBt9gdf}–»šVe°{o%gjlB„Ntzkmg~„No{ |ogvhvhkmfs|}~Œgdf(|Or(g|OtN‰DŽVy(t ot+kmlJg~mlB{9gdfh{„Nnpkm{f

{ƒsr(lBkmfs|}gjf(t|O{npkmgnpkm{f(€„No{ np{z{~‡x9yskmzyhvhgnpzyhnpyst9¡9{ • otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplJx+kmnpyhnpyst

¡9{ • npyst9r(fsiNto~mukmfs|}lBulBnptv±zgf”{ƒƒt o/‰

2 .4 .2 Dealing with changing conditions

œ%tlB{rsozt9ggdkm~Œgdqkm~mkŒnpu}gdf(iTfstnpx9{o­®Âdr(g~mkmnpu}zgfhzysgfs|t9iNuOf(gvhkmzgd~Œ~mu}gdf(iTrslBtol

vhgdu}y(gOt9gouOkŒfs|}otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl‰D‘VkmolBnEx9t9fsttiTgjx9gu}np{9i_kŒlBz{ to%npy(gdnEg

lBkm|fskmƒkmzgfsnVzy(gfs|t9ysglJy(gd„N„Ntfsti‰DŽVy(kmlJzgfhtN‰|(‰0qt9iN{ f(t9qu}vht glBrsokŒfs|}npy(t

npogƒƒkmz%n*{9i_tiNrszt9npy(t9gznprsg~¡+{

•

„No{ kmiNtiT†{o%npy(t9rslBg|t9„_gnpnptofslBˆ(~mkm­‡t9kmf

©À(kmfs­‡u¸d¹¬‰

eƒskm{~mgnpkm{f(lJnp{9npy(t9gd|ottiT¡9{ • kml?i_tnptznpti_wlB{vht9gdznpkŒ{ fhy(gdl?np{9qdt9n*gd­‡t f‰D‘VkmolBn

{fst9z{r(~miTnpou}np{9gic‚crslBnVnpy(t9otlB{rsoztlJlBrszyhnpy(gnVnpy(t9ot Âr(kmotiT¡9{

•

zgfhqdt

vhgdkŒfsnpgkmf(t iž‰DeƒskmnEzgdf(fs{npwlB{v”t+­kmf(iT{ƒsotf(t |{npkmgnpkm{fhgdf(i ¦3{o%lBzgd~Œkmfs|}kŒl

fstztlBlBgdou(‰œ“t f(t|O{npkmgnpkm{f´vhtgdf(lJnpy(gdnEnpyst9„NgonpkmtlJg|Oott9{fhgjfstx¤¡9{ • wkp‰tN‰0kŒƒ

npyst+fstx²¡9{ • kmlJgzzt„_npgq~mt9ƒ{o%npy(t9g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(€z{vh„_{fstf(nplBwdkŒnVlBys{r(~miTz{fsnpkŒfsr(t

rslBkŒfs|}npy(t9fstx¤†i_t|ogi_tiNˆs¡9{ • ‰ • zg~mkmf(|}zgfhqdt+i_{f(t9qdu}kmf(lBtonpkmf(|jƒkm~mnptol kmfhnpy(t

ƒ~m{x¤„_gnpyh{ o“qdu}~Œt npn*kmfs|}g„N„_~mkŒzgdnpkŒ{ fhz{vh„_{f(tfsnplJ†z~mkmtfsnplBwlBtoOtolBˆgiNgd„NnVnp{9npy(t

~m{x9to%¡9{ • ~mtOt~ŒlJ{ o“otl‹{r(ozt9gdgkm~mgqkm~mkmnpu(‰DŽVyst+rslBt9{ƒsƒkm~mnptolJƒ{o“l‹zg~mkmf(|}†lBtt

tN‰|(‰0©9tgdiN{fs¸¹d¬ˆszgfhqdt9tlB„NtzkŒgd~Œ~mu}rslBtƒr(~kŒf«vhr(~mnpkmzglBnV|o{ r(„NlJx9y(t ot9vhr(~mnpkm„N~mt

otzt kŒOtolJ{ƒ(gjƒ~m{x²y(gdl?i_kmƒƒtotfsnV¡+{ • otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl‰

2 .5 Technology viewpoint

ŽVy(t9kmlBlBrst+ystot9kmlJx9y(gnVnptzysf({~m{|Ou}tkmlBnVn*ysgnVlBrs„N„N{onV¡9{

•

ƓŽVtzysf({~m{|Ou}z{r(~mi

qdt+kmfsiNr(l‹npou}lBnpgf(i_goi_l?{ o“„_o{iNrsznpl‰D¾jtot9x9t9lBys{r(~miT~m{{­®gdƒn*t o

♦

^{¡9{ •} lBrs„N„N{ onE{o%lBrs„N„N{ onEƒ{o%ƒ~mtkmq~mt9otlB{rsozt9vhgfsg|t vhtf(nVkmfh{„_tognpkmf(|

lBulBnptvhl‰

♦

^{¡9{ •} lBrs„N„N{ onEkmf}–ŽVªïl‹x+kmnpzystlBw‘V™9™9efstnpx9{o­l?{ o“{npysto%f(tnpx9{o­

n*t zy(fs{~m{|kmtl‰

♦

^{¡+{ •} lBr(„_„N{onVkmf ˜9œ%“…lV¦Iœ%ŽE€3˜9œ%%…l0©

•

zy(v”kŒi_np¸Ä¬siNtl‹zokŒqdtlJnpy(t9iNt lBkm|fh{ƒ

gjot g~m€npkŒvht9˜9œ%ôx9kmnpyh†~mkŒv”kŒnpti_ˆ(¡9{

•

lBr(„_„N{onVgfsiTy(gdl?lBrsqvhkmnpnptiTnpyst

ot lBr(~mnplJglJgjœ%‘Ee°otlB„_{f(lBt9np{9npy(t9˜9ª«·

•

e·¤{f朓t g~m€ŽEkmvht9›%˜9œ“–®‰

evh„_{onpgfsnE„_gonplJ{ƒsnpy(kmlJtƒƒ{ onEkmlJnpy(t9iNt t~m{„Nv”tf(nV{ƒsg œ%tg~m€ŽVkŒv”t+efsnpto€

˜9œ%ôšVo{np{z{ ~‡†œ%e4˜9šVˆ(gdf(iTnpyst9gozy(kmnptznprsot9ƒ{ o“g´œ%tg~m€ŽEkmvht9˜9q‚ctznp€

–iNgd„Nnpto/‰’ŽVyst–Š • –µ„No{;‚ctznEysglJ„No{i_r(ztiTnpyst9œ“ŽV€=–Š • –x9got9gfsiTnpy(t

™9eª«ª´–µ„N~mgdn*ƒ{ov”wx9y(kmzyh„_otlBtfsnElB{ vht9„No{np{npuO„Nt9nptzy(fs{~m{|u}ƒ{o%¡9{

•

gdf(iTotl‹{r(ozt9vhgdf(gd|tvhtfsnB‰

2 .6 Summary

efhnpy(kmlJlBtznpkm{fhx9t9ysgt9kmf(OtlBnpkm|gnpt iTlB{vht9kmvh„N{onpgdf(nVz{fszt„NnplJgfsiTkmlBlBr(tlJkmf

tgdzyh{ƒ(npyst9ƒkmt9œ%ª«€˜9™9š«kmtx9„_{kmf(npl‰0¡+{ • kml?gdq{rsnVf({fs€ƒrsf(znpkm{f(gd~‡„_o{„Ntonpkmtl

kmfh|tfstog~mwdqr(nVotlBt gozyhysglJqtt fhztf(npot iTgo{rsf(iTz{v”vhr(fskŒzgdnpkŒ{ fh„No{np{ z{~ml

gfsiTvhr(~mnpkmvhti_kŒg7‰D¡9{ • kŒlJgf”glB„_tznE{ ƒVqkmf(i_kŒfs|lBwqdr(nVkŒnViNt „NtfsiNlJ{fhlBrs„N„N{ onEƒo{v

{q‚ctznVgfsiTkmf(nptoƒgdzt+kmvh„_~Œt vhtf(npgdnpkm{f(lBwdnp{9qt9kmf(lBnpgfsnpkmgnpti‰

efhnpy(t9kmfsƒ{ ovhgnpkm{fhkmtx9„_{kmf(nVnpy(t9vhgdkŒfhkmlBlBrst9kml?¡9{

•

lB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{f°‰Dœ%tlBtgdozy

tƒƒ{onVvhgu}qt9i_kŒOkmiNtiTkmf(np{9†¢Dˆsy({x²{fst9„No{kmi_t+v”gf(gd|tgdq~mt9gqdlBnpogznpkm{f(lJƒ{o

g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„No{ |ogv”vhtolJgfsiTtf(i_€rslBtolBwd†£dˆ(ys{x¤np{9z{ f(npo{~¡9{

•

{ƒslB„Ntzkmƒkmz

nptzysf({~m{|kmtlJgdf(iT†³ˆsƒ{ovhg~f({npgdnpkŒ{ f(l‰0¥`t9y(gdt9ƒ{zr(lBt iTgnViNtz~mgogdnpkŒOt9¡9{

•

„Ngdogvhtnpt ol‰DŽVy(t9z{vh„_r(npgdnpkŒ{ f(g~kmtx9„N{ kŒfsnEkmlJz{fsztof(t iTx9kŒnpyhx9ysgnVvhgkmf

z{vh„_{f(t f(nplJgfsiTkŒfsnptogznpkm{fslJgot9f(t ztlBlBgou}np{9tl‹n*gdq~mkmlByhgfsiTvhgfsg|Ot+¡9{

• ‰

¾jtotwdnpy(t9otz{|Of(kmnpkm{fhnpy(gdnEqdkmf(iNkmfs|lJlBy({ r(~miTqt9tO„N~mkŒzkmnVz{vh„_r(npgnpkm{fsg~{q‚tznpl

kmlJkŒvh„_{onpgfsnB‰DŽVy(t9tfs|kmf(t tokŒfs|}kmtx9„N{ kŒfsnVkŒlJz{fsztof(t iTx9kŒnpyhys{x²tf(i_€np{ €t f(i

¡9{

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vhgfsg|OtvhtfsnE{ƒs¡9{

•

‰DŽVy(tot9vhgdu}qt9gjlB„Nt zkŒƒkmz%f(tt iTnp{+i_tg~x9kmn*y”iNufsgvhkmzg~m~mu

zy(gdf(|OkŒfs|}z{f(i_kmnpkŒ{fslBwqdu}r(lBkmfs|}otf(t|O{npkmgnpkm{fh{o%lBzgd~Œkmfs|}†npyso{r(|OyhƒkŒ~mnptokmf(|}{ o

gi_g„Nnpgdnpkm{f(ˆ‰

ŽVtzy(fs{~m{|u}ƒ{o%lBr(„_„N{onpkmfs|¡9{

•

z{r(~miTqt9kmfsiNr(lBnpou}l‹n*gdf(i_goiNlJ{o%„_o{iNrsznpl‰D¥`t

lBys{r(~miT~m{{­®gdƒnpt o“†¢Dˆs{„_tognpkmf(|}lBuOlBnptvhlBwd†£dˆ(fstnpx9{o­®nptzysf({~m{|OkŒt l?gdf(iT†³ˆ

ª«kmiNi_~Œt x9got9nptzy(fs{~m{|u}†1˜9œ“%…lBˆ4‰

3 MIDDLEWARE QOS RESEARCH

ª«{lBnV{ƒsnpy(t9¡9{

•

ot lBtgozyhnp{9i_gnpt9y(gdlJqttfhi_{fst+kmfhnpyst9z{f(nptOnE{ ƒ(kmf(i_kŒOkŒi_r(gd~

gozyskmnptznpr(ogd~‡~mgut ol‰D¥`t9v”gu}iNkmkmiNt9npyskml?ot lBtgozyhkmfsnp{+npyst9ƒ{~m~Œ{x9kmfs|}~Œgdutol

♦

Š}tnpx9{o­®†vhr(zyht ƒƒ{onVkmfh¡9{ • „_o{kmlBkm{fhƒo{v¨–ŽEªÇfstnpx9{o­‡l‹ˆ4‰

♦

ŽEogdf(lB„_{onB‰

♦

˜+„_tognpkmfs|}lBulBnptvæ‰

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•

lBrs„N„_{onEƒ{ovhkmiNi_~mtx9got

x9y(kmzyhx9t9zgf”z{f(lBkmiNt o“gdlJgjƒ{ r(onpyh~mguOto/‰DŽVy(t9otl‹tgozyhvht f(npkm{f(t iTy(tot9kmlJg~m~

gqd{r(nViNkmlBnpokmqrsnptiTlBul‹nptv±„N~mgnpƒ{ovhl ‹‰

¡9{ • lB„_tzkmƒkŒzgdnpkŒ{ f(lJgnVnpy(t9vhkmiNi_~mtx9got9~mgut o“lBys{rs~ŒiTqdt9r(lBto€{okmtfsnptiTgfsi

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ot~mtgdf(nV¡9{ • „_gogv”tnptolJgfsiTy(kmiNt9kmoot~mtgdf(nViNtnpgdkm~Œl‰

3 .1 IMAC - Multimedia extensions to ANSA

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€iNokmt f

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npy(t“–»Š

•

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•

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f(t x¤z{fszt„NnplJgdf(iTgozy(kmnptznpr(ogd~‡lBtokmztlJnp{+i_tg~x9kmn*y”vhr(~mnpkmvhtiNkmgjgdf(iT¡9{ • w

tN‰|(‰lBnpotgvhl’gf(iºlBnpot gv±npu„Nt l ‰

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lBulBnpt v kmlJkmtx9tiTgdlJgj¡9{ • „No{ kmiNto%†{o%lBtotoˆsgfsiTz~mkŒt f(nplJlB„Ntzkmƒu}npy(t9lBt okmztl

gdf(iTotlB{ r(oztl‰ ¡9{ • f(t|O{npkmgnpkm{fhkmlJnpy(t9„_o{ztlBlJ{ƒsvhgnpzyskŒfs|}gj„NgdonpkŒzrs~mgo9¡9{ •

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otlBt ot9otlB{rsoztlJƒ{o%npy(t9zy({ lBtfh{„_npkŒ{fsl‰

ŽVy(t9gd„N„No{gdzyhnp{9¡9{ • lB„_tzkmƒkmzgdnpkŒ{ fhkŒlJnp{9iNkmOkŒi_t9npy(t9x9{o~miTkmf(np{º¡9{ • i_{vhgkmfsl‹w

i_kŒOkŒi_t9tgzyhi_{vhgkmfhkmfsnp{»¡9{ • €~mgutolgdf(iT„_o{kmiNtvhg„N„_kmf(|l qdtnpx9ttfh~mgdutol‰

ŽVy(t9z{fszt„NnV{ƒs¡9{ • f(t |{npkmgnpkm{fhkmlJtnpt f(iNt iTnp{+qdt9„Nto%~mgut o“kmfhnpyskŒl

gdozy(kmnptznpr(ot_‰Defhnpy(kmlJx9gu}eª®–› „No{kmi_t+v”tnpy({iT{ ƒ(vhgd„N„Nkmfs|}ƒo{ v i_tz~mgogdn*kmOt

gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fs€{ okŒt f(nptiT¡9{ • n*{9npyst9vh{ot9z{vhvhrsf(kmzgdn*km{f”{okmtf(nptiT¡9{ • {„Nnpkm{fsl‰

eª®–›ônpgd­‡tlJgdfh{r(np€{ƒ€qgdf(iTg„_„No{gdzyhnp{9tf(i_€np{€tf(iT¡9{ • ‰DŽVy(kmlJvhtgdf(lJnpy(gdnEnpyst

¡9{ • { „Nnpkm{f(lJlBt ~Œt zn*t iTqu}gjz~mkmtf(nVkmlJz{vhvhrsf(kmzgnptiTnp{9npyst9lBtoto%kmfhgjlBt„_gogdn*t

kmf(O{zgnpkm{f°‰–µqdkmf(iN€kmf(npt oƒgdzt9kŒlJ„_o{kmiNtiTqdu}tgzy”lBtoto%zgd„NlBr(~mtN‰0ŽEyskmlBwrslBti

x9kmnpyhnpy(t9„_to€~Œgduto%f(t |{npkmgnpkm{fswotgd~ŒkmlBt9tfsiN€np{€tf(iT¡9{ • ‰DŽVyst+ƒkm|rsot9qt~m{x

km~m~ŒrslBnpognpt l?npyst9g~m|{okmnpy(v]–lJgjotlB„N{fslBt9np{9gj¡9{ • otÂdr(tl‹npwnpy(t9lBuOlBnptvhlJnpou}np{

otlBt ot9¡9{ • gdnEtgdzyh~mgut o“gdnEqd{npyhlBkmiNtlO‰Deƒ(npyskml?ƒgkm~mlJgnV{fst+~mgdutowt tou

otlBt ognpkm{fhx9yskmzyhy(gdl?qdttfhi_{f(t9ysglJnp{9qt9zgfszt~m~mtiTqtƒ{ot9ot n*rsof(kmfs|}g

ƒgkm~mr(ot9kmf(i_kmzgnpkm{fhnp{9npy(t9rslBto/‰DeƒsotlBtoOgnpkm{fhlBrszzttiNlJgdnEgd~Œ~~mgutol?gdnEqd{npy

lBkmiNt lBwkmnVkŒlJqt kŒfs|}z{fsƒkmovhtiº†z{ vhvhkmnpn*t iTnp{ˆ(gdnEt gzyh~mguOto“qdtƒ{ot9gjlBrszztlBlJkŒl

kmf(i_kmzgnptiTnp{9npy(t9rslBto/‰

Q oS request

C ancel R eserve

C ancel R eserve

Confirm C ancel

R eserve

Confirm C ancel

R eserve C onfirm

F ailure Success

C onfirm

Server C lient

3 .2 RM-ODP related research

œ%tlBtgdozy(tolJgdnE›%Š}Ã%Ž«gfsiTîVgf(zgdlBnpto%§}f(kmtol‹kŒnpu}ysglJiN{fst9lBkm|f(kmƒkmzgfsnEx9{o­´kŒf

„_o{kmiNkmf(|}lBrs„N„_{onVƒ{o%vhrs~mnpkŒvht iNkmgjgfsiT¡9{ • kmfhnpy(t9z{ f(nptnV{ƒsœ“ª¯€˜9™9šJ‰DŽVy(tu

„_o{„N{lBt9gdfhtnptfsiNtiºz{vh„Nrsnpgnpkm{f(gd~‡vh{ iNt~ƒ{ o“vhrs~mnpkŒv”tiNkmgj©“~mgdkŒo¸d¶gdw

%~mgkmo¸¶dq¬wx9y(kmzyh„_gonp~mu}y(gdl?qdttfhgdiN{„_nptiTqu}npyst9˜+™9š¯z{vhvhrsf(kmnpu(‰0ŽEystu}g~mlB{

kmf(OtlBnpkm|gnpt9tfs|kmf(t tokmf(|}lBrs„N„N{ onEx9kmnpyhƒ{zr(lJgdnEnpyst+{ „NtogdnpkŒfs|}lBulBnptv±~mtOt~p‰

• r(„_„N{onVƒ{o“z{ f(npkmf(rs{lJvhtiNkmgjkmlJ„No{OkmiNtiTqdu}giNi_kŒfs|}npy(t9z{fszt„NnplJ{ƒlBnpotgv

kmf(npt oƒgdztlgfsiºlBnpotgv±qkmfsiNkmf(|Ol np{9npyst9vh{iNt~p‰ • rs„N„N{ onEƒ{o%otgd~Œ€npkmvht

lBuOf(zy(o{ f(kmlBgnpkm{fhkmlJ„No{ kmiNtiTqdu}giNi_kmf(|}npy(t9z{ f(zt„_npl?{ ƒlBkm|Of(g~mlJgfsiºotgznpkmt

{q‚ct znpl‰0ŽE{9lBrs„N„N{ onE¡9{ • vhgfsg|tv”tf(nVnpy(t9ƒ{~m~m{x9kmf(|}got9gdiNiNt iTnp{+npyst9vh{iNt ~*

♦

ŽEyst9gqkm~mkmnpu}np{9lB„Ntzkmƒuj¡9{ • gfsf({ npgnpkm{f(l{fhkmfsnptoƒgztl‰

♦

ŽEyst9kmiNtgj{ƒItO„N~mkmzkŒnVqkmfsiNkmf(|(‰

♦

ŽEyst9kŒi_tgjnpy(gdnEqdkmf(iNkmfs|lJgot{q‚tznplJx9yskŒzy”„No{kmi_t+kmfsnptoƒgztlJnpy(gdnEgd~m~Œ{ x+l { f(t9np{9z{f(npo{ ~‡npy(t9qdty(gdkm{r(o%†¡9{

•

ˆ({ƒsnpy(t9qkmfsiNkmf(|(‰

♦

ŽEyst9r(lBt9{ƒIotgdznpkŒOt9{q‚tznplƒ{o%iNufsgvhkmz%vhgfsg|tv”tf(nV{ƒs¡+{ • ‰

3 .2 .1 QoS annotation language

¡9{ • gdf(fs{npgnpkm{f(lJz{ f(lBkmlBnV{ƒ(†¢DˆsghotÂrskŒot iTz~Œgdr(lBt»i_tlBzokmqkmf(|}¡9{ •

otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplBwkp‰tN‰Dnpyst9¡+{ • npy(t9kmf(npt oƒgdzt9t„_tznpl?ƒo{v±kmnplJtf(Okmo{f(vht f(nVgf(iº†£dˆ

gj„_o{kmiNt iTz~Œgdr(lBt»i_tlBzokmqkmfs|}n*yst9¡9{ • npyst+kmfsnptoƒgzt9{ƒƒto%n*{9kmnplJz~mkŒt f(npl‰0ŽE{

g~m~m{x²npx9{+kmfsnptoƒgztlJnp{9qt9q{ r(fsiNwnpystu}y(gdt9np{9qtj¡9{ • z{vh„NgdnpkŒqd~Œt

†otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl?kmlJvhtnVqu}npyst9„No{kmlBkm{fsˆ4‰

ŽV{+„_o{kmiNt9gj~mgdf(|rsg|t9ƒ{o%¡9{ • gdf(fs{npgnpkm{fswgjotgd~Œ€npkmvht9~m{|kmzw¡9î¯kŒlJ„_o{„N{lBt i

©• nptƒgdf(km¸³d¬4‰0efhtlBlBtfsztw¡9î¯gfsf({npgnpkm{fslJgot9lB„Nt zkŒƒkmtiTgdl?npt vh„N{ogd~‡ot~mgdn*km{fsl

qt n*x9t tfhlBkm|fsg~mlJ†tv”kŒl‹lBkŒ{ fh{o%gookmgd~‡{ƒslBkm|f(gd~ŒlJgdnEkmf(npt oƒgdztlBˆ‰

3 .2 .2 Reactive objects

œ%tgznpkmt9{q‚ct znpl?gdot9{q‚tznplJx9y(kmzyh|rsgogdf(nptt9otgd~m€npkmvht9qt y(gdkm{r(o%kmfhnptovhlJ{ƒ

npy(t kŒo%otgdznpkŒ{ fhnp{9kŒfsz{vhkmf(|}t tf(nplJqdu}|tfstognpkmf(|}{rsnp|{kmfs|}ttfsnpl‰DŽVy(tu}gdot

f(t tiNtiTkmfhot g~m€npkmvht9lBuOf(zyso{f(kmlBgdn*km{f”gf(iT¡9{

•

z{f(npo{ ~‡np{9„No{ kmiNt9„Noti_kmznpgqkm~mkmnpu

x9kmnpyhotlB„Nt znEnp{9npkmvhtN‰

efhgi_iNkmnpkm{fhnp{9otg~m€npkmvht9lBufszy(o{fskŒl‹gnpkm{f(wdotgznpkmt9{q‚tznpl?zgfhqt9rslBtiTgdl

¡9r(gd~Œkmnpu}{ƒ

•

t okmzt9vh{f(kmnp{ol‰0ŽEystu}lBys{r(~miTotgdznEnp{9¡9{

•

km{~mgnpkm{f(lJgdf(iTkmf(kmnpkmgnpt

ot€f(t |{npkmgnpkm{fh{ƒsnpy(t9¡9{

•

zr(ootfsnp~Œu}„_o{kmiNt iž‰DenVlBy({ r(~miTqt9„_{lBlBkmq~mt9np{

|tfstognpt9lBrszyh¡9{

•

v”{f(kmnp{o%grsnp{vhgnpkmzg~m~mu}ƒo{v±¡9{

•

gdf(f({ npgnpkm{f(lJkmfh¡9îJ‰DŽVy(t

ƒkŒ|Or(ot9qdt~Œ{ x¤km~m~mr(lBnpogdn*t l?ys{x²gj¡9{

•

vh{fskmnp{o%{q‚tznVz{r(~miTqdt+gdnpnpgzystiTnp{9g

qkmfsiNkmf(|}np{9vh{fskmn*{ o“gdf(iTvhgdf(gd|t9kmnB‰

Binding

R eactive object V ideo

cam era

V ideo display

ŽV{+„_o{kmiNt9npt vh„N{ogd~‡„Not iNkmznpgqdkŒ~mkmnpuwdotgznpkmt9{q‚ctzn*lJlBys{r(~miTz{ f(ƒ{ov±np{9npy(t

lBufszy(o{fsu}y(uO„N{npystlBkmlJ©• nptƒgfskŒ¸d£¬sx9y(kmzyhlBnpgnpt l?npysgnVgjotgznpkm{f”n*{9t nptof(gd~

tt f(nplJnpg­tlJf({9npkmvhtN‰Def”„Nogznpkmzt9npy(kmlJvhtgdf(lJnpy(gdnEot gznpkm{f(lJlBys{r(~miTysg„N„_tf

x9kmnpy(kmfhq{ r(f(i_tiTnpkmvht€kmf(nptoOg~mlJgf(iTnpysgnVnpy(tu}l‹y({rs~ŒiTqdt9gnp{vhkmz/‰0ŽEyskŒlJgd~Œ~m{x9l

ƒ{ovhg~otgdlB{f(kmfs|}gq{rsnVnpkŒvht9gdf(iTkmnVg~m~m{x9l?l‹uf(zyso{f(kmlBgdnpkŒ{ fhlB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{fsl?np{

qt9x9okmnpnptfhkmfhgjnpkmvht9kmf(iNt „NtfsiNtfsnEv”gf(fsto/‰DŽV{9„No{ |ogv±otgdznpkŒOt9{q‚tznplBw{ f(t

vhgu}rslBt9lBufszy(o{fs{rsl?~mgdf(|rsg|t l?~mkm­‡tÓl‹nptot~©“t oou2131d¬(†npy(gdnEot~mu}{f”n*yst

lBufszy(o{fsu}y(uO„N{npystlBkmlBˆ‰

3 .3 ANSA research

• kŒ|Of(kmƒkmzgf(nVx9{o­®ysglJqt tfhiN{fst9kmfhtnptfsiNkmf(|}npyst[–»Š • –%¦3˜9™9š«z{ vh„Nrsnpgnpkm{f(gd~

gdf(iTtfs|kmf(tt okŒfs|}vh{i_t~‡x9kmnpyhlBrs„N„N{onEƒ{o%t„_~ŒkmzkmnVqkmf(i_kŒfs|wd¡+{ • lB„Nt zkŒƒkmzgnpkm{f

gdf(iT„No{ kmlBkm{fh©îEkm˜9npx9guO¸¶¬‰DŽVyskŒlJnp{9lBr(„_„N{onVotgd~Œ€npkmvht9g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(lJgdf(iTysgl

qdttfh†„NgdonpkŒgd~Œ~muOˆ(kmvh„N~mtvht f(nptiTkmfŸ–Š • –»x9gdot€œ“Ž¯gf(iTkmfhnpyst9™9eª«ª®–µ„_o{np{npu„_t

„_~Œgdnpƒ{ ovæ‰D›%r(oot f(np~muw™9eª«ª´–µlBrs„N„N{ onpl?¡9{

•

„No{OkŒlBkm{f”gnVn*yst9tf(|Okmf(ttokmfs|

~mtt ~*‰

3 .3 .1 Binding framework

ŽVy(t[–Š • –ínptgv±ƒkmolBnE„_o{„N{ lBt9np{+gdiNiTtO„N~mkmzkŒnVqkmfsiNkmf(|}np{9npyst–Š • –

z{v”„Nr(npgdnpkŒ{ f(g~vh{i_t~mwglJnpyst+kmvh„_~mkŒzkmnVqkmf(i_kŒfs|}vh{i_t~‡kmlBfs…nV|{{iºtf({rs|yhx9ystf

kmf(npt ogznpkm{fhqt npx+t tfh{q‚ctznplJqdtz{vht9z{vh„_~mkŒzgdnptiTgfsiTy(gdl?¡9{ • otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl‰

ŽVy(kmlJx9kŒ~m~g~m~m{x¤l‹„NtzkmƒkŒzgdnpkm{fhgfsiTvhgfsg|t vhtf(nV{ƒs¡9{ • ƒ{o%qkmf(i_kmf(|l‰

–íqkmf(i_kŒfs|}ƒogvhtx9{o­hkmlJ„No{„_{lBtiTx9yskŒzyhi_tƒkmf(t9npy(t9ƒ{~m~m{x9kmf(|}z{vh„_{f(t f(nplJkmf

npyst+t f(|kmfsttokmf(|}OkŒtx9„_{kmf(nB

♦

“kmfsiNtolJx9yskŒzy”zotgnptlJqkmfsiNkmf(|Ol?qdu}r(lBkmfs|}otlB{rsozt+v”gf(gd|tol‰0%kŒfsiNtol got9ot|gdoiNtiTgdlJnpogf(lB„_gotfszu}vhtzysgfskŒlBv”l?gdf(iTysglJnpy(t9o{~mt9{ƒsvhg„_„Nkmf(|

¡+{

•

otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl?np{9gj~m{x9to%~mtt ~‡npy(gdnVz{r(~miTqt9rslBtiTqduotlB{r(ozt

vhgfsg|tolO‰D%kŒfsiNtolJvhgdu}qrskŒ~miT{f”{npy(to%qkmfsiNtolJnp{9„No{OkmiNt9y(km|ysto%~Œt t~

¡+{ • kmfhgjy(kmtogdozy(kmzg~vhgfsf(to/‰

♦

“kmfsiNkmf(|}vhgdf(gd|tolwdx9y(kmzyhkmlJr(lBto%„No{ |ogvhlJnpysgnVvhgfskŒ„_r(~mgnpt9qdkŒfsiNtolO‰

♦

œ“t lB{r(ozt9vhgdf(gd|tol‹wtgdzyhx9y(kmzyh„_o{kmiNt9¡9{ • ƒ{o%npy(t9„_gonpkmzr(~mgo otlB{rsozt+kmnVvhgfsg|Otl‰

3 .3 .2 QoS Framework

–íƒogdvhtx9{o­®ƒ{o%t„_otlBlBkm{fhgdf(iTvhgdf(gd|tvht f(nV{ƒ(¡9{

•

kŒlJ„_o{„N{lBt iž‰DenVz{fslBkmlBnpl

{ƒsnpy(t9ƒ{~m~m{x9kŒfs|}z{vh„_{f(tfsnpl

♦

^{¡9{ •} iN{ vhgkmf(l’glBlB{ zkŒgdnptiTx9kmnpyhlB„Ntzkmƒkmz%gotgdl?{ ƒ(g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh{o%lBtoOkŒzt_‰–

¡+{ • iN{v”gkmfhiNtƒkmf(t l?gŸlB„Ntzkmƒkmz“lBt nE{ƒs¡9{ • „_gogv”tnptolJ†i_kmvhtf(l‹kŒ{fslBˆ(gdf(i

n*ystkmo%z{vhqkmfsgnpkm{f(l‰0™9{vhgkmfslJzgfhqt9z{ f(lBnporsznptiTr(lBkmfs|}{npy(to%iN{ vhgkmf(l‰

♦

^{¡9{ •} vhgdf(g|OtvhtfsnVx9y(kmzyhkmlJgjlBtnV{ƒ(npgdlB­‡lBwdglBlB{ zkŒgdnptiTnp{9tgzy”¡+{ • iN{vhgdkŒf”†t_‰|s‰D¡9{ • „_o{kmlBkm{fh{o%f(t |{npkmgnpkm{fsˆ4‰0ŽEgdlB­‡lJzgdfhqt9|tfstokmz%{o

iN{vhgdkŒfs€lB„Ntzkmƒkmz/‰

♦

“gdlBkmz“¡9{ • vhtzysgf(kmlBvhl+kp‰t_‰Dtfs|kmf(ttokmfs|}lBr(„_„N{onpwdglBlB{zkmgdn*t iTnp{9tgzy

¡+{

•

iN{v”gkmf‰0ÓgdzyhiN{v”gkmfhy(gdt9gjlBtnV{ƒsqglBkmz%vhtzysgfskŒlBv”l?x9yskmzyhzgf

qt9iNkmƒƒt otf(nVƒ{o%iNkmƒƒt otf(nV¡9{ • i_{vhgkmfsl‰

♦

–µz{v”vh{fh~mgfs|r(gd|t9ƒ{o%¡9{

•

t„_otlBlBkm{f‰0Ókmnpy(t o“gj~mgdf(|rsg|t9{ o“gdf}–»šVe

qglBt iTg„N„_o{gzy”z{r(~miTqt9zys{lBtfhƒ{o%¡9{ • t „Not lBlBkm{f‰–»f}–šVeqdglBt i

g„N„_o{gzyhkmvh„_~mkŒtlJgjlBt nE{ ƒ(„No{ |ogvhv”kŒfs|}kmf(nptoƒgztlJƒ{o%tgdzyh¡9{

•

iN{vhgdkŒf°‰–í~Œgdf(|Or(g|Ot9qglBt iTkŒlJ„_otƒtootiTqdtzgrslBt9kŒnV„No{ kmiNt9gjy(km|y”~Œt t~

{ƒ(gdqlBnpogznpkm{fswkmnVkŒlJƒ~mtkmq~mt9gfsiTkmnEgd~m~Œ{x9lJnpyst+gd„N„_~Œkmzgdn*km{f”{ƒ(gdr(np{vhgdnpkm{f

n*{ {~ml‰

lB„Nt zkŒƒukmfs|}¡9{ • otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplJx9y(tfhi_{kmf(|}tO„N~mkŒzkŒnVqkmfsiNkmf(|}†qgdlBtiT{fhnpyst

npogi_to%z{f(lBnpogdkŒfsnV~Œgdf(|rsg|Otˆ‰

efhnpy(kmlJƒogvht x+{ o­‡w¡9{ • zgfhqdt9glBlB{zkmgdnptiTnp{9qkmf(i_kŒfs|lBwdkŒfsnptoƒgztl‹w{q‚tznplBw

{q‚ctznm¦1kmf(nptoƒgdzt9n*t vh„N~mgnptlJgdf(iTgdznpkŒOkŒnpkmtl‰0¡9{ • gl‹lB{zkmgnptiTnp{9fs{f(€qkmfsiNkmf(|Ol?gdot

ot|gdoiNtiTgdlJ¡9{ • nptvh„_~ŒgdnptlJx9y(kmzyhgot9gdznpkŒOgnptiTx9ystfhgj„Ngdonpkmzr(~mgo%qkmfsiNkmf(|}kml

tlBnpgdq~mkmlBy(ti‰

3 .4 CORBA Objects and adaptability

ŽVy(t9¡9r(˜²„No{1‚tznV©À(kmf(­u¸Äd¬(kmlJvh{npkmgdn*t iTquºvhkmiNiN~mtx9gdot…lJ†tN‰|(‰0›“˜9œ%–»ˆs~Œgdz­

{ƒslBr(„_„N{onVƒ{o“ysgfsiN~mkmf(|}tfskmo{f(v”tf(npgd~‡gdokmgq~mtlJ~mkm­‡t9¡9r(gd~Œkmnpu}{ƒ

•

t okmztN‰–f

{qdlBtogdn*km{f”kŒlJnpysgnViNkmlBnpokmqr(npt iTg„N„_~mkŒzgdnpkŒ{ f(lJnptf(iºnp{+qdt9ƒogd|km~mt9x+ystf

tfskmo{f(vht f(nVgfsiTr(lBgd|t9„Ngdn*npt of(lJzy(gdf(|Ot+†tN‰|(‰0x9y(tfhv”kŒ|Oognpkmf(|}gdfhg„N„_~mkŒzgdnpkŒ{ f

ƒo{v±î‡–Š¨np{9¥S–Š}ˆ4‰0ŽEyst9„No{1‚tznVkml?i_okmtfhqdu}gjiNtvhgdf(iTƒ{o%vhkmiNi_~Œt x+gdot9npy(gdn

zgfhi_tg~x9kmnpyh¡9{ • otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplBwzysgfs|kmf(|}rslBg|t9„_gnpnptofsl?gdf(iTrsf(i_to~mukmf(|

otlB{rsoztlJgfsiTnpy(tot qu}lBrs„N„N{ onEgdiNg„_npgqkm~mkmnpu(‰

–fhgozyskŒnpt znpr(ot9kmlJqtkmf(|}i_tt~m{„_tiNw_¡9rs˜¤†¡9{ • ƒ{o%›%˜9œ“–µ{ q‚tznplBˆ(np{9lBrs„N„_{on

¡9{ • gdnEnpyst9›“˜9œ%–µ~mgut o/‰DenVtnptfsiNlJnpy(t9ƒr(fsznpkm{f(gd~‡kmf(nptoƒgdzt9iNtƒkmf(kmnpkm{f

~mgfs|r(gd|t9†e™+îVˆsx+kmnpyhgj¡9{ • iNtlBzokm„_npkŒ{f”~Œgdf(|Or(g|Ot9†¡9™9îVˆ4‰0ŽVy(kmlJzg„Nnprsot

g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(…lJt„_tznptiTr(l‹g|t9„_gnpnptof(lJgdf(iT¡9{ • otÂrskŒot vhtf(nplJƒ{o%z~mkŒt f(npl

z{fsf(tznpkm{fsl?np{9{ q‚tznpl‰

ŽVy(t9„No{;‚ctznVgkmv±np{9lB{~mt9npyst+„_o{q~mtv”l?kmfhƒ{rso“z{ vh„N~mtvhtfsnpgou}x9guOl‰D†¢Dˆsqu

iNt ƒkmfskŒfs|}z{f(zt „NnplJƒ{ o“kmfsnpt|ognpkmfs|}­‡fs{x9~Œt iN|t9{ƒslBulBnptv±„_o{„NtonpkmtlJgdf(iT¡9{ • w†£ˆ

qu}vhgdlB­‡kmfs|}gokmgfszt9kmfhlBulBnptv±„_o{„NtonpkmtlBwd†³ˆ(qdu}vhg­kmf(|}ot~mtgdf(nV{q‚ctzn

iNt lBkŒ|OfhiNtzkmlBkm{fslJkmlBkmq~mt9gf(iT†¶dˆ(qu}„_o{kmiNkmfs|}gjƒogdvhtx9{o­®np{9ot iNr(zt

„No{ |ogvhv”kŒfs|}tƒƒ{ onEgdf(iTlBrs„N„_{onEot r(lBtN‰

3 .4 .1 QoS Specification

•

ulBnptv±„No{„_tonpkmtlJgot9vhgdiNt9ƒkŒol‹nEz~mglBlJtfsnpkmnpkŒt l‰DefhnpyskŒlJz{fszt„Nnprsg~ƒogdvhtx9{o­

z{fsf(tznpkm{fslJ†qkmf(i_kŒfs|lBˆsvhgu}qdt+t lBnpgq~mkmlBystiTqtnpx9tt fhz~mkŒt f(nplJgfsiT{q‚tznpl‰0Ógdzy

z{fsf(tznpkm{fhkmlJglBl‹{zkmgnptiTnp{9g®z{ f(npogznx9y(kmzyhzg„_npr(ot9t„_tznptiTrslBg|Ot+„_gnpnptofsl

gfsiT¡9{

•

otÂdr(kmotvht f(npl‰DŽVyst+z{ f(zt„_nE{ ƒ¡9{

•

ot |km{f(ly(t ~Œ„_lJlBkmvh„N~mkmƒu}npyst

„No{ q~mtv±{ƒ(i_tg~mkmf(|}x9kmnpyhgjfs€i_kmvhtf(lBkm{fsg~¡9{

•

lB„_gztN‰0‘E{o%gj|kmt fhƒr(f(zn*km{fsg~

kmf(nptoƒgzt+npystot9zgfhqdt9vhr(~mnpkm„N~mt9qtysgOkŒ{ r(olBwdtgzyhqd{r(fsiTnp{9gj¡9{

•

ot|OkŒ{ f‰

3 .4 .1 .1 Connections and QoS

ŽV{+„_o{kmiNt9t f(iN€np{€tfsiT¡9{ • wdlBulBnptv±kmfsƒ{ ovhgnpkm{fhƒo{v±q{ n*y”npy(t9lBtoOtownpyst

z{vhvhrsf(kmzgdn*km{fslJkmf(ƒoglBnporsznpr(ot9gfsiTnpy(t9z~mkmtf(nVvhrslBnEqdt9otz{fszkŒ~mti‰DŽVy(tot9gdot

npy(ot t+„_~mgztlJnp{9iN{9npyskŒl0kmfhnpy(t9z~mkmtf(npwdn*yst9z{vhvhrsf(kmzgnpkm{fslJkŒfsƒoglBnporszn*rsot9{o

npy(t9{q‚tznB‰D§}f(~mkm­‡t9v”{lBnE{ npy(tolJnpyst¿¡9r(˜²„No{1‚tznViN{ tlJkŒnVkmfhnpy(t9{q‚ct znB‰

efhnpy(t»¡+rs˜¤gd„N„_o{gzyh„_gonV{ƒ(npyst9{q‚tznp…l?kmvh„_~mtvhtfsn*gdnpkm{fhkmlJvh{tiTkmfsnp{

tO„NtznptiTrslBg|Ot9„NgnpnptofslJgfsiT¡+{ • otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplJkŒlJg|OottiTrs„N{fswkmlJnpy(tf

~m{zgdn*t iTkmfhnpy(t9z~mkmtf(nplJgi_iNotlBlJlB„_gztN‰–»i_gfsnpg|t l?x9kmnpyhnpyskŒlJkmlJnpy(gdnEnpystot9kŒl

kmonprsg~m~mu}f({9iNt~mgdu}qtnpx9ttf”z~ŒkmtfsnEgdf(iTnpyst9z{f(fstznpkm{fh{q‚ctznVgdf(iTnpy(gdnEg

i_t~Œt |gnpt9{q‚ct znEx9km~m~‡fstto%ƒgkm~‡kmfsiNt„_tf(i_tf(np~mu}{ƒsnpy(t9z~mkmtf(nB‰0™+kmlBnpokmqrsnpkm{fhgfsi

¡9{ • v”gf(gd|tvht f(nVvhgu}npystfhot|OgoiNtiºglJtf(zgd„NlBrs~mgnptiTkmfhnpy(t9{ q‚tznEkmnplBt~mƒ‰DŽVy(t

ƒkm|r(ot9qdt~m{x¤km~m~mr(lBnpogdnptlJy({x²npy({ lBt ã l‹vhgonV„No{OkŒt l04Ei_kmlBnpokŒqdr(npt9{q‚ctznE~m{zgdn*km{f

gdf(iTlBnpgnpt_‰

Object

Client Client

Client R

W

R

R

3 .4 .1 .2 QoS regions

ŽV{9y(gdf(iN~mt9iNkmt o|tfszt9qtnpx9ttfht „Nt zn*t iTgfsiT„No{OkŒi_tiTlBulBnpt v z{ f(iNkmnpkm{fslBwnpyst

¡9r(˜²g„_„No{gdzyhg~m~m{x²lB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{fh{ƒsnpx9{9~Œt t~mlJ{ƒ(lBuOlBnptv±z{f(i_kmn*km{fsl

♦

Š}t|{npkmgdn*t iTot|km{fslJx9y(kmzyhot ƒ~mtznVnpy(t9tO„NtznpgdnpkŒ{ f(lJ{ƒ(¡9{

•

gfsiTr(lBgd|t

„Ngnpnptofsl‰

♦

œ“t g~mkmnpu}ot|km{f(lJx9y(kmzyhotƒ~mtznVnpy(t9gznprsg~z~ŒkmtfsnVr(lBg|Ot\¦1{q‚tznV¡9{ • w vhtglBrsotiž‰0‘E{ o“{ f(t9f(t |{npkmgnptiTot |km{fhnpy(t ot+v”gu}qt9vhgdf(u}otgd~mkŒnpu

ot|km{f(lO‰

–íot|km{fhkmlJiNtƒkmf(t iTqu}gjlBtnV{ƒsÂr(gdf(npkmnpgnpkmt9¡9{ • „NgogdvhtnptolJx9kmnpyhglBlB{ zkŒgdnpti

gd~mr(tlJ{o%ogfs|tlJ{ƒsg~mrstl‰DenVkmlJn*ystfh„_{lBlBkmq~mt9np{9npt~m~‡kmƒ(npyst9lBulBnptv±kmlJkŒf”g

lB„_tzkmƒkmz%ot|km{fhqdu}z{vh„_gokmf(|}ot|OkŒ{ f(€iNtƒkmf(kmnpkm{fsl?x9kmnpyhgdznpr(g~vhtgdlBr(otvht f(npl‰

¾jgfsiN~mtolJvhgdu}qt9zg~m~mtiTx9y(t fhnpogfslBkŒnpkm{fslJqtnpx9ttf”ot|km{fsl?{ zzr(ownp{9kmfsƒ{ov

npyst+z~mkmtfsnE{ o“z{fsf(t zn*km{f”{q‚tznVlB{9npy(gdnEgdiNg„_npgnpkm{fh{o%otfst|{npkmgnpkm{fhzgfhnpg­t

„_~ŒgdztN‰

3 .4 .2 Adaptation and Transparency

ógokmgfszt9kmfhlBulBnptv±„_o{„NtonpkmtlJgot9v”glB­tiTqu}gj~mguOtotiTlBnpgdz­®{ƒ(i_t~mt|gdnptlJgn

npyst+z~mkmtfsnElBkmi_tN‰DÃ%gzyh~mgduto%t„_{onplJgjf(t|O{npkmgnptiTot|OkŒ{ fhnp{9npy(t9~mguto%gdq{t_‰

Ã%gzyh~mgduto%vhg­t9r(lBt9{ƒsgokm{rslJnptzy(fskmÂr(t l?np{9vhgdlB­®zy(gdf(|OkŒfs|}z{f(i_kmnpkŒ{ f(lJgfsi

vhgdkŒfsnpgkmfh¡9{ • ‰

¥`ystfhgj~mguOto%zgfsf({nVvhgkmfsnpgkmfhnpy(t9¡9{ • z{ ootlB„N{ f(iNkmfs|}np{+npyst9zr(ootfsn

fst|{npkmgnpt iTot|km{fhkmnVy(glJnp{9„No{„Ng|Ognpt9kmf(ƒ{ovhgdnpkŒ{ fhgqd{r(nVnpy(kmlJr(„_x9goiNl‰0Š}{x

tgdzyh„Ngdonpu}zgfhnpou}np{9gi_g„NnV{o%kmƒ(z~mkmtf(nplJtO„NtznpgdnpkŒ{fslJzgfsf({nVqt9vht nEgdf(uvh{ ot

otfst|{ n*kmgdnpkŒ{ fhvhr(lBnVqt9npokm||Ototiž‰

tgdvh„N~mt9gjiNt ~Œt |gnpt9~mguOto“zgdfhr(l‹t+z{ vh„Notl‹lBkŒ{ fhnp{9vhglB­®~m{x9to%qdgf(i_x9kŒi_npyhƒo{v

npy(t9~mguOto%qt~m{xT‰DŽVyst+ƒkm|rsot9qt~m{x²km~Œ~mrslBnpognptlJnpy(kmlJkmiNtg7‰

Masking

Masking

System interface Functional interface

Degraded Normal Interrupted

Compressed Normal Degraded

Client delegate

Object delegate

3 .4 .3 Making key decisions explicit

ŽVy(t9¡9r(˜²g„N„_o{gzy”y(glJgdiN{„_n*t iTgfh˜9„_tfhevh„N~mtvht f(npgnpkm{f}–„_„No{gdzy

©59kŒzñD|Og~mtlB¸7¢D¬(np{9gd~Œ~m{x²{q‚ctznEi_tlBkm|f(t ol?np{9tO„N{lBt9­tu}iNtl‹kŒ|OfhiNtzkmlBkm{fslJn*ysgn

gƒƒtznV¡9r(g~mkmnpu}{ƒslBtokmzt#6B‰DŽVy(kmlJvhgd­‡tlJkmnE„_{lBlBkmq~mt9np{9g~mnpto%npy(t9†f({ f(€ƒr(f(zn*km{fsg~mˆ

qt y(gOkŒ{ r(o%{ƒ(npyst9g„N„_~mkŒzgdnpkm{fhqu}zys{{lBkmf(|}npyst9{q‚tznVkmvh„N~mtvhtfsnpgnpkm{fhx9yskŒzy”kŒl

qt lBnElBrskmnptiTƒ{o%n*yst9lBkmnpr(gnpkm{f°‰DŽVy(rslJnpy(tj¡9r(˜²g„N„_o{gzy”{ƒƒtol?gjƒogdvhtx9{o­®np{

t„_~m{kmnEtOkŒl‹npkŒfs|}lB{~mr(npkm{fsl?np{9npyst9„No{qd~Œt v { ƒ(gi_g„_n*gdqkm~mkmn*us‰

ŽVy(t9vhtnpgd€i_gnpgjx9y(kmzyhi_tlBzokmqt9kmvh„N~mtv”tf(npgdnpkŒ{ f(lJgot9lB„_tzkmƒkmtiTlBt „Ngogdnpt~mu}ƒo{ v

npy(t9ƒr(fsznpkm{f(gd~‡kmf(npt oƒgdztl‰–í~mgf(|Or(gd|tw¡9™9¡9{ • iNtlBzokm„Nnpkm{f”~Œgdf(|rsg|Otˆ(kml

„No{ kmiNtiTnp{9lBrs„N„N{ onElB„_tzkmƒkmzgdnpkŒ{ fh{ƒVvhtnpgi_gnpgI‰0ŽEyst9¡9™+î¯z{f(l‹kŒlBnV{ƒsnpy(ott9lBrsq€

~mgfs|r(gd|tl

♦

–µ›%{f(npogdznE™9tl‹zokŒ„_npkŒ{ fhîEgdf(|Or(g|Ot9†›“™9îVˆwx9y(kmzyhi_tƒkŒfstlJnpy(t9tO„Ntznpti rslBg|Ot+„_gnpnptofslJgf(iT¡9{ • otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl?ƒ{o%gjz{fsf(t zn*km{f”np{+gdfh{q‚ctzn

†¡9{ • ot |km{f(lBˆ

♦

–µœ%tlB{rsozt9™+t lBzokm„Nnpkm{fhîVgf(|Or(gd|t9†œ%™9îEˆwx9yskmzyhgql‹n*ogznplJnpy(t9„NysulBkmzg~

ot lB{r(ozt l?rslBtiTqdu}npy(t9{q‚tznB‰

♦

^{– •} n*orsznpr(ot9™9tlBzokm„_npkŒ{ fhîEgdf(|rsg|Ot9† • ™9îEˆwx9yskmzyhiNtƒkmf(tlJnpyst9kŒfsnptof(gd~

lBnporsznpr(ot9{ƒsgfh{ q‚tznVgf(iTys{x²kŒnVz{fslBr(vht l?ot lB{r(ozt l‰

6_õ#*ý-7‹ý'8 'Bû—ý %ýp÷mùþ'9:Bö;þD÷*ú*÷*ûü=þ“ü;<;cýDü#=*ýNü=ý7þøö;ýøÅû—ý4úmù(cý‹ö;þ;cöc÷ ' %ù; +*ù>ýþ

3 .5 Summary

¥`ystfhlBrsvhvhgokŒlBkmfs|}npy(t9vhkmiNi_~Œt x+gdot9{okmtf(npt iTotlBtgozy(wnpystot9got9npx9{9vhgkmf

Âdr(tlBnpkm{fsl?x9t9gdkŒv±np{9gfslBx9to/0†4¢0ˆ(¾j{x²kml?¡9{ • lB„NtzkŒƒkmzgnpkm{fhgdiNiNot lBlBtiTgfsiT†£ˆ

ys{x¤kmlJ¡9{ • „_o{kmlBkm{fhgdf(iTvhgdf(g|OtvhtfsnEgdiNiNotlBlBti_Æ

3 .5 .1 Declarative QoS specifications

%{npyhnpyst+eª´–»› gfsi9–»Š • –µvh{ iNt~mlJlBttvhlJnp{9vhkm}npy(t9lB„_tzkmƒkmzgdnpkŒ{ fh{ƒ(¡9{ • gfsi

npyst+zys{kmzt9{ƒ(„_{~mkmzu}ƒ{ o“„_o{kmiNkmf(|}kmnB‰0‘E{o%tOgvh„N~mt9npyst+zys{kmzt9{ƒ(„_o{np{z{~mw

tfsz{iNkmfs|}{o%lBzy(ti_r(~mkmf(|}„N{ ~Œkmzu}zgdfhqt9gj„NgdonV{ƒ(¡9{ • l‹„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{f(l‰0ŽEyst9eª®–›

gdf(i9–Š • –ívh{iNt ~ŒlJ{ƒƒtolJg„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(€{okmtfsnptiTtfsiN€np{€tf(iT¡9{ • lB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{fhqdu

rslBt9{ƒ(fst|{npkmgdn*km{f”gf(iTv”g„N„_kmf(|}np{9~m{x9to%~Œt t~‡¡9{ • ‰0ŽEyst–Š • –µvh{i_t~iN{tlBfs…n

gdiNiNotl‹l?fst|{ n*kmgdnpkŒ{ fh{o%vhg„_„Nkmf(|}vhtzysgfskmlBvhlBwqdr(nVƒ{zr(lJ{fhgjv”{iNt~ƒ{o

i_tƒkmfskŒfs|}¡9{ • i_{vhgdkŒfslDwx9y(kmzyheª®–›ôi_{tlJfs{nE|O{9kŒfsnp{9iNtt„_~Œus‰

ŽVy(t9›%Š}Ã%Ž‡¦1îEgdf(zgdlBnpto%otlBtgdozyhy(gdl?gŸiNkmƒƒtot f(nVg„N„_o{gzy”np{+¡9{ • lB„Ntzkmƒkmzgnpkm{f°‰

–íotg~m€npkŒv”t+~m{|OkŒz%†¡9îEˆsƒ{o%q{rsf(iNkmfs|}nptvh„N{ og~‡ot ~ŒgdnpkŒ{ f(lJkmlJ„No{„N{ lBtiž‰0ŽEyskml?kml

vh{ot+|Otf(t og~‡gd„N„_o{gzyhnp{9lB„_tzkmƒkmzgdn*km{f”x9y(kmzyhg~m~m{x9lJƒ{ ovhg~otglB{ f(kmf(|OwqrsnEkml

otlBnpokmznptiTnp{nptv”„N{ogd~ot~mgnpkm{fsl‰DŽVy(kmlJkml?gd~mlB{9gjz{vh„N~mtnpt~mu}Âdr(gfsnpkmnpgnpkmt

gd„N„No{gdzy‰

efhnpyst9¡9r(˜²gozyskŒnptznprsotnpyst+{ q‚tznVkmlJotlB„N{ f(lBkmq~mt9ƒ{o%vhg„N„_kmf(|}g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fs€

{okmtfsnptiT¡9{ • np{9gj~m{x9to%~mtt~¡9{ • wnpy(o{ r(|yh~mgdutotiTi_t~mt|gdnpt+{ q‚tznVlBnpor(znprsotN‰

–„N„_~Œkmzgdn*km{f”„No{|ogvhlJzgfhlBt t9¡+{ • glJot|OkŒ{ fhf(gdvhtlBwx9yskmzyhz{r(~miTqdt+ot |goi_ti

gdl?lBkmvh„_~mt+gdf(iTÂdr(gd~Œkmnpgnpkmt9¡9{ • €otƒtotfsztl‰DŽVy(t9i_tƒkŒfskmnpkŒ{ fh{ƒ(ot |km{f(lJx9y(kmzyhkml

i_{f(t9lBt„_gogdn*t ~Œu}ƒo{v±gd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh„_o{|ogdvhlJgf(iºƒrsf(znpkm{fsg~‡kmfsnptoƒgzt€

i_tƒkmfskŒnpkm{fslBwkmfhgjlB„_tzkmg~~Œgdf(|Or(g|Ot9†¡9™9îVˆwkmlJÂr(gdf(npkmnpgnpkmt9gdf(iT{ƒƒto%ƒrs~m~

ƒ~mtkmqkm~mkmnpu(‰Defhnpyskml?x9gdu}npy(t¡9{˜²gozyskŒnpt znpr(ot9vhg­tlJgjz~mtgf”iNkmlBnpkmf(znpkm{f

qdtnpx9ttfhÂrsg~mkmnpgnpkmt9gfsiTÂrsgfsnpkŒnpgdnpkŒOt9¡9{ • €lB„_tzkmƒkmzgnpkm{fslJx9y(kmzyhz{ootlB„_{fsiNl

np{9zy({ kŒzt9{ ƒ(ot|km{f”gf(iºiNtƒkmf(kmnpkm{fh{ƒsot|km{fhotl‹„Ntznpkmt~mu(‰

3 .5 .2 QoS provision and management

efheª®–›ô¡9{ • „No{OkŒl‹kŒ{ fhkŒlJi_{f(t9qdu}vhg„N„_kmf(|}gfsiTf(t |{npkmgnpkm{fhx9yskŒzy”iN{tlJ¡9{ •

otlBt ognpkm{fslJgnViNkmƒƒtot f(nV~mgutolJgdnEz~mkmtf(nVgfsiTlBtoOto%lBkŒi_tN‰D›%{fsƒ{ ovhgfszt9nptlBnpl

gdot+i_{f(t9qdu}vhgnpzyskŒfs|}otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl?x9kmnpyh¡9{ • €{ƒƒt ol‰DîVgut o“lB„_tzkmƒkŒz%¡9{ •

otlBt ognpkm{fhkmlJvhgd„N„Ntiºn*{9ot lB{r(ozt9ot lBtogdn*km{f”gf(iT¡9{ • otÂrskmotvhtfsnpl?np{

rsf(iNt o~ŒuOkŒfs|}~mgut ol‰DŽVy(tot9kmlJf({9lBrs„N„_{onEƒ{o%iNuOf(gdvhkŒz%zysgf(|Otl‰

ŽVy(t[–Š • –ívh{iNt ~‡kmf(z~mrsiNt9t„_~mkŒzkmnVqkmf(i_kŒfs|wdx+ystot9¡9{ • €ot ÂrskŒot vhtf(nplJgot

lB„_tzkmƒkmtiTkmfhkmfs{zgnpkm{fslJnp{+qdkmf(iN€{„_tognpkm{fsl‰DÃ%gzy”¡+{ • iN{v”gkmfhlBy({ r(~miTiNt ƒkmf(t wg

qdkŒfsiNkmf(|O€kmfsnptoƒgztN‰0™+rsokmf(|}qkmfsiNkmf(|Owgjz{fsƒ{ovhgfszt9nptlBnVkŒlJzgookŒt iT{r(nB‰

œ%tlB{rsozt9g~m~m{zgnpkm{fhgdf(iTotl‹{r(ozt9vhgdf(gd|tvhtfsnEkmlJlBrs„N„N{ onptiTqu}gjyskŒt ogozysu{ ƒ

qdkŒfsiNto€{q‚ct znpl?gdf(iTotl‹{r(ozt€vhgdf(gd|tol‰

efhnpyst9›“Š}Ã%Ž¦3îVgfszglBnpto%g„_„No{gdzy(wdnpy(tot9kmlJlBr(„_„N{onVƒ{o%t„N~mkmzkmnEqdkmf(iNkmfs|}gf(i

z{fsƒ{ovhgfszt9nptlBnVqu}vhgnpzyskmf(|}otÂdr(kmotvhtfsnplJx9kŒnpyh{ ƒƒtolO‰Dœ%tgznpkmt9vh{fskmnp{ol

zgdfhqt9|tfstogdn*t iTƒo{ v±¡+îJ‰DŽVystu}z{r(~miTqdt+rslBtiTnp{9npokm||t o“ot f(t|O{npkŒgdnpkm{fhkmƒ

fstztlBlBgdou(‰

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otfst|{npkmgnpkm{fhgdf(iTgd„N„N~mkmzgnpkm{f”giNgd„Nnpgnpkm{f°‰

3 .5 .3 Implications

ŽVy(t9iNkmƒƒtotf(nVg„_„No{gdzy(t l?i_tlBzokmqtiTystot9got9fs{nVvhr(nprsg~m~mu}tz~mr(lBkmt9x9ystf

z{fslBnpor(znpkmf(|}„_ogznpkmzg~vhkmiNiN~mtx9gdot9lB{~mr(npkm{f(lO‰DŽV{+l‹{vht9iNt|Oottwnpystu}ƒ{zr(lJgdn

iNkmƒƒtotf(nV„No{q~mtvhlBwdgfsiTnpy(totƒ{ot wlB{vht9gdlB„NtznplJ{ƒsnpy(tl‹t+v”gu}qt9rslBtƒr(~m~mu

z{vhqdkŒfstiž‰0˜9„Nnpkm{fsl?ƒ{o%ƒr(nprsot9otlBtgozy”vhgu}qt9np{9kmf(OtlBnpkm|gnpt9ys{x²n*ys{lBt

vh{i_t~ml?gdf(iTnptzy(f(kmÂdr(tlJvhgdu}qt9z{vhqdkŒfstiTkmfh„NogdznpkŒzgd~‡lB{ ~Œrsnpkm{f(l‰0¥`ystf

ƒ{zr(lBkmfs|}gnVy({x²g„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{f(lJlBkmvh„_~Œu}gdf(iTz~mtgdf(~mu}zgfhz{ f(npo{~¡9{ • {ƒ

kmf(nptogdznpkŒ{ f(lBwdnpy(t9˜9„Ntf”e4v”„N~mtvhtfsnpgnpkm{f}–„N„_o{gzyhlBt tvhlJ„No{v”kŒlBkmfs|}qtzgdr(lBt9{ƒ

kmnpl?z~mtgdo%lBt„Ngdognpkm{fh{ƒsz{f(zt of‰DenVotvhgdkmf(lJnp{9lBtt9y({ x¤x9t~m~‡npyskml?zgdfhqt

z{vhqdkŒfstiTx9kmnpyhg„_„N~mkmzgnpkm{fh{okmtfsnptiTiNt z~Œgdognpkmt9¡9{ • lB„_tzkmƒkŒzgdnpkŒ{ f‰

4 QOS ARCHITECTURES

–zz{oiNkmfs|np{9©—–r(ootz{tzy(t g¸¹d¬(vh{ lBnEi_tt~m{„_vhtf(nplJkmfh¡9{

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l‹r(„N„_{onVy(glJqdttf

iN{ f(t9kmfhnpy(t9z{fsnptnV{ƒ(kmfsiNkmkmiNrsg~gozy(kmnptznprsog~~Œgdutol‰0›%{f(lBkmiNt ogq~mt9„No{ |otlBl

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f(t npx+{ o­®lBr(„_„N{onpwdqrsnEvhrszyh~mtlBlJ„No{|OotlBlJy(gdl?qdttfhv”giNt9kmfhgi_iNotl‹lBkŒfs|}gf

{t og~m~‡¡9{

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{ƒs¡+{

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otlBtgdozyhlBrsƒƒto%ƒo{væ

♦

e4fsz{vh„_~Œt nptf(tl‹l

♦

îEgdz­®{ƒ(v”tzy(gdf(kmlBvhlJnp{9lBr(„_„N{onV¡9{ • |Or(gogdf(nptt l

♦

îEgdz­®{ƒ(gdfh{t og~m~‡ƒogv”tx9{o­

ŽV{+l‹r(„N„_{onVtf(i_€np{ €t f(iT¡9{

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|Or(gdogf(npt tlBwx9{o­®{ fh¡9{

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i_okŒOtfhtfsiN€lBulBnptv

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lBtokmztl

gfsiT„No{np{ z{~ml‰ • {vht9otlBtgdozy(tolJnpou}np{9gi_iNotl‹l?npystlBt9„No{ q~mtvhlJqu}„_o{„N{lBkmfs|

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~mgut ol?gdf(iTvhgdkmvhkmlBt9tƒƒkŒzkmtfsnE¡9{ • vhgfsg|t vhtf(nB‰

4 .1 Overview

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♦

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♦

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©îVgñDgdo¸¶d¬4‰

♦

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vhg„_„Nkmf(|

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•

otÂrskŒot vhtf(nplJgdot+gd~mlB{9giNi_otlBlBti‰

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giNgd„NnptolO‰

♦

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tf(i_€np{€tfsiT¡9{ • lBrs„N„_{onEgdlJkŒnplJ„_okŒvhgdou}{q‚tznpkmt_‰

♦

ŽEyst9Ófsi

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uOlBnptv±¡9{

•

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kmvh„_~Œt vhtf(npgdnpkŒ{ f‰

♦

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gdf(i

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kŒfh{ „Ntf

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