Anatomy and allostratigraphy of deep-marine Mount Messenger Formation (Miocene), eastern-margin Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

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Anatomy and allostratigraphy of

deep-marine Mount Messenger Formation (Miocene), eastern-margin Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Enclosures and appendices

Thesis for partial fulfillment of Candidatus scientiarum degree in sedimentology/petroleum geology

for

Kristian Helle

Department of Geoscience

University of Bergen

2003

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This volume contain enclosures and appendices to “Anatomy and allostratigraphy of deep-marine Mount Messenger Formation (Miocene), eastern-margin Taranaki Basin, New Zealand” which is a thesis for partial fulfillment of Candidatus Scientiarum degree in petroleum geology/sedimentology for Kristian Helle. A total of 9 enclosures and 2 appendices are included:

Table of content

Enclosures

1. Enclosure 1: Sedimentary log and photo mosaic of southern bank of Tongaporutu River estuary.

2. Enclosure 2: Sedimentary log and photo mosaic of Tongaporutu Beach.

3. Enclosure 3: Sedimentary log and photo mosaic of northern part of Waikiekie Beach.

4. Enclosure 4: Sedimentary log and photo mosaic of coastal cliff between Mangapukatea Fault and Waikiekie Stream.

5. Enclosure 5: Summary profile and photo mosaic of coast-near outcrops between Awakino and White Cliffs.

6. Enclosure 6 Topographical map of study area and Okau Sub-basin. Locations where lower contact of Sandstone Element 1, 2, 3 and Heterolithic Element 2 are exposed is marked. Strike line of base Sandstone Element 2 indicated.

7. Enclosure 7: Profile and photo mosaic of coastal outcrops between Kawau Pa and Omahu Pa Fault.

8. Enclosure 8: Profile and photo mosaic of coastal cliffs between Omahu Pa Fault and Tongaporutu River estuary (including Rapanui Graben).

9. Enclosure 9: Panorama photos of coastal cliffs between Tongaporutu River estuary and Waikiekie Stream.

Appendices

1. Appendix I Detailed correlations across Omahu Pa Fault, Umukaha Fault Zone and Patangata Island Fault Zone.

2. Appendix II Sedimentary raw logs from the detailed study area between

Tongaporutu River estuary an Waikiekie Stream outlet

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Enclosures

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Localities of Enclosure 1-4 marked with numbers 1-4 on map. Map redrawn from King et al. (1993).

ClifftonRoad

StateHighway3

N

Patangata Island

CrabGulchFault Umukaha FZ

1

2

3

4

Waikiekie S tream Wareka

riang a Stream

Rapanui Stream

1km

Tongaporutu River estuary

Mangapukatea Fault

Patangata Island FZ

(5)

Overview of localities and position of profiles in Enclosure 5-9. Map drawn from NZMS 260 Q18 Tongaporutu Edition 1, published by Department of Land and Survey, New Zealand.

Mangatoro Road

ToiiR oad Man

gaon gaon

gaRo ad

OkauRoad

Kiwi Road State Highway 3

Hutawai Road

Mohakatino Road

Tong aporu

tu River

Tongaporutu Rv Omahu Pa Fault UmukahaFZ

OtukehuFault

Patangata Island FZ Crab Gulch Fault

Rapanui Graben Kawau Pa Enclosure7

Enclosure9

Enclosure8

Mangapukatea Fault

White Cliffs WaikiekieStream

Mokau River

Mohakatino River Awakino River

Mokau Road

Rapanui Stream

Awakino Road

Enclosure5 5km

Profile Enclo in

sure6

Paoria kawira

Point

C B

A

Okau Ahiti Hill X

266X X

Tonga porutu Hill

Seaview Motorcamp

Pull inn re sting area

Roa V alley

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Dewatering structure

Channel with climbing ripples and mudclasts Amalgamation surfaces

N

1 km Tongaporutu Rv

Rapanui Stream

Wakiekie stream

Patangata Island

Patangata Island Tongaporutu Hill

5m

Deformed association Massive sandstone association

A1

0,5m

B

pen

D

C

0,2m

Enclosure 1

Mudstone

Enclosure 1: Massive sandstone association, southern bank of Tongaporutu River estuary. Position of panorama picture and logged section indicated by red line on map in upper left corner.

A:Erosive base of massive sandstone association. Note rip-up clasts.

B:Dewatering processes caused 40cm relief on mudstone lithofacies.

C:Channel with climbing ripple lamination and rip-up clasts truncates thick-bedded sandstone lithofacies.

D:Amalgamation surfaces.

Base of MSA

Amalgamation surfaces

Channel margin

Base MSA A2

10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m

M vf

Massive sandstone association Deformed association Heterolithic association

Planar lamination

Amalgamation surface Concretion

Scour Finely-laminated sandstone association

Legend enclosures 1-4

Climbing ripple lamination Ripple lamination

Mudstone clasts

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Patangata Island

Thinning upwards from massive sandstone association to heterolithic association N

1 km Tongaporutu Rv

Rapanui Stream

Patangata Island

Erosive relief of massive sandstone association

White Cliffs

A

B

C

Enclosure 2

Enclosure 2 Massive sandstone association and heterolithic association, Tongaporutu Beach.

A:Ripped-up, mudstone conglomerate lithofacies. Sandstone dark colored.

B:Erosive lower boundary of thick- bedded sandstone lithofacies.

C:Thinning up from massive sandstone association to heterolithic association. Stack about 15m high D:Close up of thinning up succession on stack in C.

E:Close up of stack in C & D, thin- bedded sandstone lithofacies, ripple laminated tops. F:Compensation style bedding of thin-bedded sandstone lithofacies (white arrows).

Position of panorama picture and logged section indicated by red line on map in upper left corner. See

Enclosure 1 for legend.

70m 80m 90m 100m 110m 120m 130m

M vf f

D

E F

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N

1 km Rapanui

Stream

Tongaporutu Rv

White Cliffs Slump scar

Detachment surface

Relatively high sandstone Mudstone ratio Relatively low sandstone: mudstone

ratio

A

Sandstone

Mudstone D

Deformed association

Enclosure 3

Enclosure 3 Heterolithic association and deformed association. Sandstone dark colored.

A:Beds of thick-bedded sandstone lithofacies are overall thinning upwards, with minor thinning upwards sequences superimposed.

B:Heterolithic association; Mudstone lithofacies intensely bioturbated. Thin ripple laminated beds of thin- bedded sandstonelithofacies.

C:Syn-sedimentary faulting caused by stress against slump scar during slump movement.

D:Sand injected into mudstone due to stress against the slump scar during slump movement.

Position of panorama picture and logged section indicated by red line on map in upper left corner. See Enclosure 1 for legend.

B B1

C

M vf f 160m

170m 180m

Estimated10m mudstonedominatedHeterolithicassociationnotaccessiblein cliff

140 150

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Massive sandstone association

Massive sandstone association Finely-laminatedsandstone association

Deformed association Deformed association

Wakiekie Stream

White Cliffs

N

1 km Rapanui

Stream

Wakiekie Stream

Tongaporutu Rv

Mangapukatea Fault

Enclosure 4

Same stratigraphic

level;

deformed association erodes down

towards the south Deformed association

25cm

D E

Enclosure 4 Laminated-sandstone association, heterolithic association and deformed association.

A: Climbing ripple lamination of finely-laminated sandstone lithofacies.

B & C:Dewatering structures.

D:Thin interval with deformed association overlain by a thin interval of heterolithic association.

E: To the south, the heterolithic association in D is truncated by the overlying deformed association.

Position of panorama picture and logged section indicated by red line on map in upper left corner. See Enclosure 1 for legend.

Heterolithic association

A B

C

Heterolithoc association

190m 200m

M vf f 210m

220m 230m 240m

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Umukaha FZ Kawau

Pa

Omahu Pa F

Crab Gulch F Awakino

Rv

Tongaporutu Hill

Mohakatino Fm 100

200

0m Manganui Fm

Waikiekie Stream

Mangapu- katea F

Waikorora Stream Rapanui

Stream C

H B

Mohakatino N Rv

Rapanui Graben

Mokau River estuary

Sandstone Element 2

Mohakatino Fm

G

White Cliffs Deformed Element 1

Sandstone Element 2

Base Sandstone Element 2

? D1

Mokau Rv

20km

I

Innermost part of

Rapanui Valley’s northern branch

Sandstone Element 2 Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element Heterolithic

Element 2

base

? ?

Otukehu Fault D2

DE 2 HE 2 Manganui Fm

Mohakatino Fm

SE 3

?

Tonga porutu Rv

Detailed section inEnclosure 8

Detailed in Enclosure 7 Detailed section inEnclosure 9

Legend Enclosures 5-9

SE 2

SE 4 DE 1

SE 1

HE 4 DE 3+

HE 3 Deformed

Element 1

Not studied

E

Top of Sandstone Element 1

White Cliffs Close-up

photo E

Deformed Element 1

?

F= Fault DE 4

? ?

?

Not studied Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element

Deformed Element 1 H

G E & F

C B A

I

Quarternary Slump at base Mt Messenger Fm

Sandstone Element 1

Enclosure 5Profile and photos of coast near outcrops between Awakino and White Cliffs (red line on map). Inland exposures have been projected down to the coastal cliffs along strike of faults (050 degrees). Major topographical relief is included in profile. Black squares labeled A-I indicate stratigraphy shown in photos labeled A-I. Colored squares refer to detailed profiles in Enclosure 7, 8 and 9. Red frame along profile represent strata exposed in coastal cliff transect. Patangata Fault Zone is not marked in figure due to reasons of space.

A:Northernmost exposure of Sandstone Element 1.

B:Exposures of Sandstone Element 1 and 2 at Mokau River estuary.

C:Coastal cliff exposure of base Mount Messenger Formation.

D:Exposure of Deformed Element 1 and base Sandstone Element 2 at abandoned coastal cliffs

E:Deformed Element 1 erosively overlies Sandstone Element 1.

F:Channel complex in Sandstone Element 2.

G:Deformed Element 1 at Kawau Pa.

H:Base Sandstone Element 2.

I: Northernmost exposure of Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element and Heterolithic Element 2.

A

Sandstone Element 1 Mohakatino Fm

Mohakatino Fm

? Mohakatino Fm

X

N

Awakino

Tongaporutu Rv

Mokau Rv

Mohakatino Rv

Kawau Pa

Rapanui Stream

White Cliffs Omahu Pa Fault

Waikiekie Stream Mangapukatea Fault

Umukaha Fault Zone Crab Gulch Fault

Otukehu Fault 2km

F

Channels in Sandstone Element 2,

pull in resting area; Channel bases marked with arrows

Enclosure 5

D1 &D2 Seaview Motorcamp

Pull inn resting area

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266

0m 50m

Toii Rd Okau

100m 150m 200m 250m

Kiwi Rd

? Tongaporutu

Hill Ahiti Hill

SE 1 SE 2

? ?

?

? ?

Okau Sub-basin

?

12km

Tongaporutu River outlet

Tongaporutu Valley

?

B Enclosure 6 A:Mapped areas inland of the coastal cliff transect. Locations where lower contacts of Sandstone Element 1, 2, 3 and Heterolithic Element 2 are exposed marked on map. The strike line (marked red) of base Sandstone Element 2 construct a S-shape. Black line marked ABC on map correspond to ABC on profile.

B: Profile of architectural elements toward south-east. Heterolithic Element 2 thickens markedly toward the south-east to 266. East of 266, the element is markedly thinner. The element is interpreted to have been deposited in a syn-sedimentary subsiding sub-basin (Okau Sub- Basin). However, the correlation of Sandstone Element 3 from west of 266 to east of 266 is uncertain.

Toii R oad Man

gaon gaon

gaRo ad

Kiwi Road HutawaiRoad

Tongaporutu Rv Omahu Pa Fault

UmukahaFZ Patangata

Island FZ Crab Gulch Fault

RapanuiGraben

Mangapukatea Fault

White Cliffs

WaikiekieStream

Rapanui Valley

C B

A

X

266 X

Roa V

alley

OkauRoad

StateHighway3

OtukehuFault

MangatoroRoad

Dip s urface Dip s urface

Dip surfa

ce

Tong aporu

tu

Hill

X

Dip surfa

ce

ProfileABC

shownbelow

N

Equidistance 20m

Map generated from Digital Terrain Model provided by IGNS, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

Exposure of base Sandstone Element 1

Exposure of base Sandstone Element 2

Exposure of base Heterolithic Element 2 Exposure of base Sandstone Element 3

OKA U SU

B-BA SIN Okau

2.5km

Ahiti Hill

Orientation of strata (measured)

Tongap orutu V

alley

Legend

Hutawai Valley

2 3

5 Strike line of

base Sandstone Element 2

3

5

3

?

A

A B C

HE 1 Legend

Deformed Element 2 Heterolithic Element 2 Sandstone Element 3 Sandstone Element 2 Deformed Element 1 Sandstone Element 1 Quarternary

Enclosure 6

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West side of Omahu Pa;

Soft sediment deformed massive sandstone association C1

Green frame refers to green frame in Enclosure 5

Otukehu Fault

Soft sediment deformed massive sandstone association

B

Coastal cliffs fromKawau Pa to Otukehu Fault dominated by soft sedimentary deformation

Enclosure 7 Idealized profile of coastal outcops between Kawau Pa and Omahu Pa Fault.

A:Section from Kawau Pa to Otukehu Fault is dominated by soft sedimentary deformation making stratigraphy uncertain.

However, Sandstone Element 2 can be traced toward the south for 1km. X-marked cliff to the left in photo corresponds to X- marked cliff in enclosure 5 H.

B &C:Footwall of Otukehu - and Omahu Faults both contain deformed massive sandstone association and possibly

represents time equivalent strata.

See Enclosure 5 for legend.

N

Awakino

Tongaporutu Rv

Mokau Rv

Mohakatino Rv

Kawau Pa

Rapanui Stream

White Cliffs

Omahu Pa Fault

Otukehu Fault 2km

A1

Kawau

Pa White

Cliffs Sandstone Element 2

Sandstone Element 2 Deformed Element 1

10m 0m

Otukehu Fault N

Sandstone Element 1 Kawau Pa

Sandstone Element 2

Deformed Element 1

Omahu Pa Fault (Seen from west)

Stratigraphy uncertain

?Sandstone Element 1 Slump

? MSA

?

? 3km

X

Deformed Element 1 A2

C2

Enclosure 7

?

A B C

?

C

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element

Omahu Pa Fault (seen from north)

Omahu Pa

C1

Omahu Pa

?Sandstone Element 1

?Rapanui DeformedSub-Element

?Base Sandstone Element 2 Otukehu Fault

Omahu Pa Fault

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Omahu Pa

Omahu Fault

Rapanui Deformed Sub- Element

D

Minor offset faults in Umukaha FZ

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element Thick white bed

Thick white bed

B

C

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element reappeares

Thick white bed

Major offset fault in Umukaha FZ

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element Quarternary

Thick white bed bed

A1

Omahu Pa Fault plane E

10m soft-sedimentary deformed strata Omahu Pa

Omahu Fault

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element 6m thick

Rapanui Stream F

Close-up of major offset fault Thick white bed terminates against Fault

Fault plane

MSA Quarternary (Q)

Omahu Pa Fault

(050/60 SE) Umukaha FZ (230/60 NW)

Minimum offset: 10m Maximum offset 50m Minimum offset: 20m

Maximum offset: 60m

RAPANUI GRABEN

Section at

Tongaporutu River estuary Eroded

1,5km

Red frame represent strata exposed in coastal cliff transect Tongaporutu

River valley

Sandstone element 1 30-35m

Section compressed Eroded

? N

Deformed Element 1 Minor offset faults

Major offset fault

Stratigraphy uncertain Q possibly Sandstone Element 1 10

20 30 40m

Sandstone Element 2

?

? Rapanui

Stream

Light blue frame refers to light blue frame in Enclosure 5

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element

Enclosure 8 Structure and stratigraphy of the Rapanui Graben.

A:Umukaha FZ juxtaposes massive sandstone

association and Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element.

B, C, D & E: The strata can be traced from Umukaha FZ to Omahu Pa Fault.

E: Omahu Pa Fault Plane.

F: Omahu Pa is a block of soft sedimentary deformed strata far to big to represent the same deformed element as Rapanui Deformed Sub- Element. Omahu Pa probably exposes to Deformed Element 1.

Topographical position shown with red line on map above. Red arrows indicates position of photo within coastal cliff. Yellow frames represent enlarged part in succeeding photo. Red frame along profile represent strata exposed in coastal cliffs.

N

Awakino

Tongaporutu Rv Mokau Rv

Mohakatino Rv

Kawau Pa

Rapanui Stream

White Cliffs Omahu Pa Fault

Otukehu Fault 2km

Enclosure 8

Massive sandstone association

A2

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N

Awakino

Tongaporutu Rv

Mokau Rv

Mohakatino Rv

Kawau Pa

Rapanui Stream

White Cliffs

Omahu Pa Fault

Otukehu Fault 2km

C

White Cliffs

Deformed Element 2 erodes down to the south Heterolithic Element 2

A

Southern bank of Tongaporutu River estuary Sandstone Element 2

Deformed Element 1

Tongaporutu Hill

Heterolithic Element 2

DE 3SE 3

Rapanui Deformed Sub- Element Patangata Island

White Cliffs E

B

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element White Cliffs

Tongaporutu Beach

Sandstone Element 2 Heterolithic Element 2

D Mangapukatea

Fault

Deformed Element 3

Waikiekie Steam

MSA Sub-Element DA Sub-Element

LSA Sub-Element

Heterolithic Element 3 Detailed in Figure 3.24

Detailed in Figure 3.25

Enclosure 9 Photos from coastal cliff transect between

Tongaporutu River estuary and just south of Waikiekie Stream.

Color on frame of photos A-E refer to colored line on map above.

A:Southern bank of Tongaporutu River estuary;

Stratigraphy between Deformed Element 1 and Rapanui

Deformed Sub-Element exposed.

B:Upwards thinning from Sandstone Element 2 to Heterolithic Element 2.

C:Heterolithic Element 1 is erosively overlain by Deformed Element 2 which thickens towards the north.

D:Complex architecture of Sandstone Element 3; LSA Sub-Element and DA Sub- Element terminates against Mangapukatea Fault plane whereas MSA Sub-Element is down-faulted to beach level by Mangapukatea Fault.

E:Coastal exposure of Sandstone Element 4. Photo E stitched by Malcom Arnot.

F:Thinning up from Sandstone Element 4 to Heterolithic Element 4

Blue frame refers to blue frame in Enclosure 5

Patangata Island

Enclosure 9

F

Heterolithic Element 4

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Appendices

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Appendix I

Calculation of throw on Patangata Island -and Umukaha Fault Zone: the strata at Patangata Island can be correlated across Patangata Fault Zone to Tongaporutu Beach but not to the southern bank of Tongaporutu River estuary. However, faults exposed south of Tongaporutu Beach project east of Tongaporutu River estuary and

consequently the Tongaporutu River estuary -and Tongaporutu Beach sections belong to the same fault block. Patangata Island Fault Zone must therefore have an throw of more than the cliff face at the south-east side of the fault zone (10m) but less than the distance between the projection of the thick white marker bed exposed at the northern end of Tongaporutu Beach section and the same bed exposed at Patangata Island (15m) (Bed III in Figure 3.15) (distance between Patangata Island and start Tongaporutu Beach 220m, apparent N-S dip 4°).

Umukaha Fault Zone must have a throw of more than the cliff face (i.e. 10m).

Between Umukaha Fault Zone and Tongaporutu River estuary, only MSA laterally equivalent to the MSA exposed on the southern bank of the estuary is exposed.

Therefore, the marker beds present on both sides of Umukaha Fault Zone exclude a throw of more than the stratigraphic thickness between Deformed Element 1 and the marker beds. This stratigraphic interval is exposed along the southern part of Tongaporutu River estuary: the stratigraphic thickness from the top of Deformed Element 1 to the base of the estuary is approximately 25m. In addition the thickness from the base of the exposure at Patangata Island to the marker beds is approximately 10m. An additional 10-15m must be added due to the throw of Patangata Island Fault Zone between Patangata Island and Tongaporutu River estuary section: the maximum throw of Umukaha Fault Zone is therefore likely to be between 45-50m.

Calculation of throw on Omahu Pa Fault: Umukaha Fault Zone juxtaposes

MSA and Rapanui Deformed-Sub Element whereas Omahu Pa Fault juxtaposes a

stratigraphically lower soft-sediment deformed (Sandstone Element 2) interval and

Rapanui Deformed Sub-Element. This suggests a minimum additional throw on

Omahu Pa Fault equal to the exposed height of the soft-sedimentary deformed block

at Kawau Pa (additional 10m: total 20-45m throw).

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Appendix II

Appendix II contains sedimentary logs from the detailed study area between Tongaporutu River estuary and Waikiekie Stream. The section was logged at different scales due to the different outcrop quality at different locations. The scale of the logs in this appendix therefore varies, but is indicated on upper right corner of every page.

Map of detailed study area between Tongaporutu River estuary and Waikiekie Stream outlet. Numbered sections refer to sedimentary logs. Map redrawn from King et al. (1993).

Climbing ripple lamination Ripple lamination

Planar lamination Massive

Soft sedimentary deformed Mst clasts

Amalgamation surface Wavy structures Dewatering Structure Convoluted bedding Concretion

+ reacts C: Contact Mst: Mudstone Sst: Sandstone Vf-f: Very fine to fine Legend to sedimentary logs

ClifftonRoad State Highw

ay3

49 65

48 62

61

60 N

Patangata Island

CrabGulchFault Umukaha FZ

2 1

3

4

5

6

Waikiekie Stream Warekarianga

Stream

Rapanui Stream

1km