2.Observations 1.Introduction Directobservationsofinjectioneventsofsubauroralplasmaintothepolarcap

(a) Time series of the area mean P anomaly difference (AMIP5 ensemble mean minus GPCP) over the tropical ocean, together with the five month running mean (thick black line) and

During the first half of P2, the salt transported by the NAD makes the surface water sufficiently dense to support winter-mixing both in the NA sub-polar gyre and in the Nordic

One possible exception to this conclusion is the high north- ern latitude, where the SAL effects caused by accumulation of water on the shelves may add 5–15% to the conven- tional