AADNE AASLAND (ED.)
LATVIA:
THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSFO
RMATION
THE NORBALT LIVING CONDITIONS PROJECT
AUTHORED BY:
AADNE AAsLAND MARANDA BEHMANE
BIRGIT JACOBSEN ZAIGA PRIEDE ANITA SVARCKOPFA
INTA VASARAUDZE
FAFO REPORT 188
© Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo 1996 ISBN 82-7422-145-1
Cover page: Agneta Kolstad
Printed in Norway by: C Falch Hurtigtrykk
CONTENTS
Fafo' sPreface ................................................................................ . . . ............ 7
Editor's Preface ............................................................................. . ....... 9
Latvian Living Conditions in Transition ............................... 1 1 Aadne Aasland Two Events in August 1994 ................................................................. Il An Historical Overview .................................................................. 12
Restored Independence ......................................................... 0 14 The Economy o ... o ........ o .... ............................................ ............ 15
Ethnopolitical issues ............................................................................ 16
Ecological and Soeial Challenges ............................................ 17
The Concept of Living Conditions .......................... ......... 18
Living Conditions in Latvia ........................................................ 19
The Composition of the ..................... ............................ ......... 20
Population . ... ........................................ ............................................. ............ 2 1 Aadne Aasland Introduction ......................... .................................................. . ........... 21
Population Growth ............................................... : ... 22
Fertility ... ... .. Mortality ... ... ... ... . Migration ... ... ... .. Urban and Rural Distribtition ............................. ; ... 27
Regional Distribution ............................................................. 28
Gender and Age .................................................. 31
Ethnicity ..................................................... .......... 33
Regional Distribution of Non-Latvians ................................................... 35
Citizenship ........................ ................................................. 36
Conclusions ............................................................ ....... 38
Household Composition ...................... ............................................. 39
Aadne Aasland H ousehold Size: Household Perspective ............................... ............. 39
Household Size: Individual Perspective ................. . ......... 41
... 42
Age of Leavi
�g
Home and Marital Status ............................................ . . .......... 46Dependency and Consurner Ratios ................. ............................................. 49
Conclusion: Households and Living Conditions ...................... .......... 52
Housing Conditions and the Residential Environment .......................... 53
Anita Svarckopfo Introduetion ................................................................................ .................... 53
Historieal background ................................................................ ..................... 53
Type of dwelling .......................................................................................... 55
Form of ownership .......................................................................................... 56
Living space .............................................................. ..................................... 58
Household amenities ............................................................................. 6 1 The IOeal environment ............................................................................. 64
Crime and safety in the home ....................................................................... 66
Satisfaction with housing conditions ............................................................... 67
Conclusions ................................................................ ................. ............... 70
Health ... 71
Inta Vasaraudze Introduction ............................................................................... ..................... 71
Health Care Insurance ...................................... ...................... .................. 73
Demography .................................................................................................... 76
Self-evaluated General Health Condition ........................................................ 77
Illnesses of a Lasting Nature and Chronic Mflictions .................................... 79
Contact with Health Care Institutions ............ : ... 8 1 Dental Health ... : ... . .... 82
Mental Health ................................................................................................. 85
Measuring Nervous Conditions ... : .................... . Alcohol Consumption ......... .................................................................... ... 89
Smoking Habits .................................... ................................................... 9 1 Physical Activities .................................................. ... ................. ............. 93
Condusion .......................................................................................... 94
Educadon ...................................... ............................................ 95
Maranda Behmane Introducdon ....................................... .......................................................... 95
The historical context .............................................. ..................................... 96
The present system .......................................................................................... 96
Preschool Education .................................. ................................... ................. 97
Compulsory and secondary education .................................................. ..... 99 Higher education .......................... ................................................................. 10 1 Educadonal leve! .................................................................................. 10 1