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AADNE AASLAND (ED.)

LATVIA:

THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSFO

RMA

TION

THE NORBALT LIVING CONDITIONS PROJECT

AUTHORED BY:

AADNE AAsLAND MARANDA BEHMANE

BIRGIT JACOBSEN ZAIGA PRIEDE ANITA SVARCKOPFA

INTA VASARAUDZE

FAFO REPORT 188

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© Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo 1996 ISBN 82-7422-145-1

Cover page: Agneta Kolstad

Printed in Norway by: C Falch Hurtigtrykk

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CONTENTS

Fafo' sPreface ................................................................................ . . . ............ 7

Editor's Preface ............................................................................. . ....... 9

Latvian Living Conditions in Transition ............................... 1 1 Aadne Aasland Two Events in August 1994 ................................................................. Il An Historical Overview .................................................................. 12

Restored Independence ......................................................... 0 14 The Economy o ... o ........ o .... ............................................ ............ 15

Ethnopolitical issues ............................................................................ 16

Ecological and Soeial Challenges ............................................ 17

The Concept of Living Conditions .......................... ......... 18

Living Conditions in Latvia ........................................................ 19

The Composition of the ..................... ............................ ......... 20

Population . ... ........................................ ............................................. ............ 2 1 Aadne Aasland Introduction ......................... .................................................. . ........... 21

Population Growth ............................................... : ... 22

Fertility ... ... .. Mortality ... ... ... ... . Migration ... ... ... .. Urban and Rural Distribtition ............................. ; ... 27

Regional Distribution ............................................................. 28

Gender and Age .................................................. 31

Ethnicity ..................................................... .......... 33

Regional Distribution of Non-Latvians ................................................... 35

Citizenship ........................ ................................................. 36

Conclusions ............................................................ ....... 38

Household Composition ...................... ............................................. 39

Aadne Aasland H ousehold Size: Household Perspective ............................... ............. 39

Household Size: Individual Perspective ................. . ......... 41

... 42

Age of Leavi

�g

Home and Marital Status ............................................ . . .......... 46

Dependency and Consurner Ratios ................. ............................................. 49

Conclusion: Households and Living Conditions ...................... .......... 52

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Housing Conditions and the Residential Environment .......................... 53

Anita Svarckopfo Introduetion ................................................................................ .................... 53

Historieal background ................................................................ ..................... 53

Type of dwelling .......................................................................................... 55

Form of ownership .......................................................................................... 56

Living space .............................................................. ..................................... 58

Household amenities ............................................................................. 6 1 The IOeal environment ............................................................................. 64

Crime and safety in the home ....................................................................... 66

Satisfaction with housing conditions ............................................................... 67

Conclusions ................................................................ ................. ............... 70

Health ... 71

Inta Vasaraudze Introduction ............................................................................... ..................... 71

Health Care Insurance ...................................... ...................... .................. 73

Demography .................................................................................................... 76

Self-evaluated General Health Condition ........................................................ 77

Illnesses of a Lasting Nature and Chronic Mflictions .................................... 79

Contact with Health Care Institutions ............ : ... 8 1 Dental Health ... : ... . .... 82

Mental Health ................................................................................................. 85

Measuring Nervous Conditions ... : .................... . Alcohol Consumption ......... .................................................................... ... 89

Smoking Habits .................................... ................................................... 9 1 Physical Activities .................................................. ... ................. ............. 93

Condusion .......................................................................................... 94

Educadon ...................................... ............................................ 95

Maranda Behmane Introducdon ....................................... .......................................................... 95

The historical context .............................................. ..................................... 96

The present system .......................................................................................... 96

Preschool Education .................................. ................................... ................. 97

Compulsory and secondary education .................................................. ..... 99 Higher education .......................... ................................................................. 10 1 Educadonal leve! .................................................................................. 10 1

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