Tenure Security and

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Links between

Tenure Security and Food Security:

Evidence from Ethiopia

By

Hosaena Ghebru and Stein Holden

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ER FOR LAND TENURE s between Tenure Security and Food Security: nce from Ethiopia

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CENTER FOR LAND TENURE

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Links between Tenure Security and Food Security: Evidence from Ethiopia

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Tigray landscape

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Objectives

 To analyze the link between tenure security enhanced by land registration and certification and household food security



Hypotheses:

 H1a: Land certification has enhanced food security in form of calorie availability for households.

 H1b: Land certification has in particular enhanced the calorie availability through strengthened use rights and investments

 H1c: Land certification has enhanced calorie availability through enhanced participation in land rental markets

 H1d: Land certification has in particular enhanced the calorie availability of female-headed households

 H1e: Land certification has enhanced the nutritional status of family members.

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Background

 Land Registration and Certification 1998-99 – Low cost approach

– Granted user rights to land into perpetuity

– Enhanced household tenure security, land productivity, investments and land rental activity

 New Land Law Reforms in Tigray 2006-2010

– Established local Land Administration Committees and Land Courts

– Restriction on land rental at 50% of farm size

– Confiscation of land from households who have been away for more than two years

s between Tenure Security and Food Security: nce from Ethiopia

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Land certificates in Tigray

 Simple one-page certificates

– Name of head of hh (husband not wife usually)

– Name, size and

location of plots

and names of

neighbours

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Literature review: Land certification in Ethiopia

– Land investments and productivity

• Holden, Deininger and Ghebru (AJAE, 2009)

• Deininger, Ali, Holden and Zevenbergen (WD, 2008)

• Deininger, Ali and Alemu (LE, 2011) – Impacts on land conflicts

• Holden, Deininger and Ghebru (2010) – Impacts on land rental market participation

• Holden, Deininger and Ghebru (JDS, 2011)

• Deininger, Ali and Alemu (LE, 2011) – Welfare impacts

• Holden and Ghebru (2013)

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Conceptual model 1

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Sources and effects of tenure insecurity

-

State Private Unclear

borders Encroach-

ment Conflicts

Expropri- ation Redistri-

bution

Sources of risk

Tenure insecurity of owners

User rights

Transfer rights Mort- gaging

rights

-

- Limited

land transfers Limited investment

Production inefficiency Limited

access to credit Rights

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Conceptual model 2

State Private Unclear

borders Encroach-

ment Conflicts

Expropri- ation Redistri-

Tenure security of

owners

User rights

Transfer rights Mort- gaging

rights

Land transfers Investment

Production efficiency Access to

credit Low-cost land

registration and certification

-

+

+ +

Food security

-

Rights Sources

of risk

+

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Data

 Panel household survey

– 15 communities stratified by population density, market access and access to irrigation

– Data from 1998-2010 (400 households reduced to 300 due attrition) for

household level analysis of impacts on food availability (5 survey rounds)

– Data from 2006 and 2010 for assessment

of impacts on children’s nutrition status

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Identification strategy 1

 Timing of receiving land certificates/Duration of

ownership of land certificates was used as the variable to identify impacts of certification

– The variation in timing was largely determined by

administrative lags in implementing the broad-scale land registration and certification program

– The program was implemented with an impressive speed:

More than 80% was completed within two years

– Some received certificates later e.g. because the local administration run out of certificates

– The war with Eritrea broke out in 1999 and caused incomplete registration and certification in some areas

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Identification strategy 2

 Dynamic impacts are assessed by varying the number of survey rounds included in the various analyses

 Used food availability measured in Kcal and Body Mass Index (BMI) of children as indicators of food security

 Assessed the impacts of the two channels for impacts;

(a) investment/productivty impacts and

(b) land market participation impacts by including operational/own farm size ratio and doing separate

analysis for landlords, tenants and pure owner-operator households

 Gender impact was assessed by including an interaction variable for Sex of household head*Years with certificate

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Estimated models

0 1 2 3 4 5

5

0 1 2 3 4 5

5 6

1) * /

2) * /

is calorie availability for

ht ht ht ht ht ht ht ht

t h ht

iht ht ht ht ht ht ht ht

t iht h iht

ht

CA A CY S CY S OP A

D e

BMI A CY S CY S OP A

D X u

CA

           

    

           

      

household h in year t is farm size

is duration of ownership of land certificate is sex of household head

/ is operational holding over own holding size are time period dummies

uno

ht ht ht

ht ht

t h

A CY S

OP A D

 bservable household and farm characteristics (time invariant)

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Initial perceptions of tenure security

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1998 responses Resp-

onse

Zone (% of respondents) All

Baseline survey Central Eastern Southern Western %

Fear of loss of land Yes 56 45 42 61 51

Does the fear affect

land management? Yes 3 8 20 13 11

Land conflicts solved

in a good way? No 0 1 10 25 9

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Calorie availability of male- and female-headed households in 1997-98 and 2009-10

0

.0002.0004.0006.0008

Density

1800 Kcal

daily_calorie_intake2

female headed HHs 1998 male headed HHs 1998 kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 172.0371

(A) Calorie supply comparison - 1997/98

0

.0002.0004.0006

Density

(C) Calorie supply comparison - 2009/10

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Calorie availability of landlord, tenant and autarky households in 1997/98 and 2009/10

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0

.0002.0004.0006.0008 .001

Density

1800 Kcal

Kcal/day/consumer unit

Autarky Landlord Tenant

kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 186.1271

(A) Calorie supply (intake) comparison -1997/98

0

.0001.0002.0003.0004.0005

Density

1800 Kcal

Kcal/day/consumer unit

Autarky Landlord Tenant

kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 276.6674

(C) Calorie supply (intake) comparison -2009/10

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Land productivity on rented out plots,

Models with household random effects and village fixed effects by year

Explanatory variables 1998 2001 2006 Sex of household head -0.545** -0.356* 0.022 (1=female, 0=male) (0.226) (0.214) (0.164)

Plot characteristics Yes Yes Yes

Village fixed effects Yes Yes Yes

Constant 7.623*** 7.257*** 6.717***

(0.571) (0.48) (0.405)

Number of observations 114 144 131

Rho 0.157 0.451 0.301

R-squared, overall 0.414 0.423 0.393

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Share of farm rented out by female landlords in 1997 (before land certification) and in 2006

Links between Tenure Security and Food Security: Evidence from Ethiopiaa

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.5 11.5

kdensity roshare

.2 .4 .6 .8 1

Share of land rented out

Female landlords 1997 Female landlords 2006

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Impact of land certification on calorie avail. ^{(on log}

of calorie availability per consumer unit), HH FE models 1

Variables 1997-2010 2000-10 2003-10 2006-10

Years with certificate 0.031*** 0.035*** 0.070**** 0.053*

(0.010) (0.010) (0.020) (0.030) Sex of household head

Female=1, Male=0

0.096 0.126* 0.133 0.253**

(0.060) (0.070) (0.080) (0.120) Farm size per consumer unit 0.081**** 0.065**** 0.051*** 0.016

(0.010) (0.020) (0.020) (0.020) Sex of household

head*Years with certificate

0.013* 0.020** 0.020* 0.015 (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.030)

Year dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes

Constant 7.069**** 7.021**** 6.688**** 6.879****

(0.100) (0.130) (0.180) (0.310)

Prob > chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Number of observations 1459 1161 863 565

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Impact of land certification on calorie avail. ^{(on log}

of calorie availability per consumer unit), HH FE models 2

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Variables 1997-

2010

2000-10 2003-10 2006-10

Years with certificate 0.029*** 0.033** 0.071**** 0.045 (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.03) Sex of household head 0.114* 0.139** 0.146* 0.272**

Female=1, male=0 (0.06) (0.07) (0.09) (0.12) Farm size per consumer unit 0.082**** 0.066**** 0.051*** 0.017

(0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) Sex of household head*Years

with certificate

0.013 0.020** 0.020* 0.008 (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) Operational holding size/Farm

size

0.055** 0.068* 0.052 0.138*

(0.03) (0.04) (0.06) (0.08)

Constant 7.037**** 6.982**** 6.625**** 6.853****

(0.11) (0.14) (0.20) (0.32)

Prob > chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

R-squared 0.257 0.248 0.159 0.061

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Impact of land certification on calorie avail. ^{(on log}

of calorie availability per consumer unit), HH FE models 3

Variables Tenants Landlords Pure

owner- operators

All

Years with certificate -0.012 0.058** 0.037** 0.031***

(0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) Sex of household head -0.183 0.135 0.148 0.097 Female=1, male=0 (0.25) (0.12) (0.09) (0.06) Farm size per consumer unit 0.183**** 0.150**** 0.055*** 0.082****

(0.04) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) Sex of household head*Years

with certificate

0.056 -0.005 0.006 0.014*

(0.04) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) Operational holding

size/Farm size: Tenants

0.068** 0.076***

(0.03) (0.03)

Operational holding size/ -0.137 -0.027

Farm size: Landlords (0.15) (0.07)

Constant 7.313**** 6.823**** 6.977**** 7.006****

(0.27) (0.23) (0.17) (0.12)

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BMI models for 2006 and 2010

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Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Sex of person, 1=female 0.058 0.085 0.048 0.069 Age of person 0.150**** 0.150**** 0.145**** 0.145****

Age of person, squared -0.001**** -0.001**** -0.001**** -0.001****

Years with certificate 0.350** 0.277 0.311* 0.255 Sex of household head -0.349 0.064 -0.601 -0.249 Female=1, male=0 (0.54) (0.61) (0.55) (0.61) Farm size per adult -0.422 -0.401 -0.456 -0.449

equivalent (0.49) (0.50) (0.50) (0.51)

Year dummy for 2010 -0.92 -0.856 -0.653 -0.626

Sex of hh head*Years with 0.321 0.287

cert. (0.22) (0.23)

Operational holding size/Farm size 0.065*** 0.057**

(0.02) (0.02) Constant 13.976**** 13.921**** 14.213**** 14.138****

(1.13) (1.12) (1.15) (1.14)

Prob > chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

R-squared 0.114 0.117 0.114 0.116

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Conclusions

 Based on our earlier studies and this study we conclude:

– Land registration and certification has enhanced tenure security in our study area (northern Ethiopia)

– Food availability has been improved through enhanced investment and land productivity on owner-operated land – Food availability has been enhanced through increased

access to land through the land rental market for tenant households

– Female-headed households have benefited through

increased rent-out of their land with sharecropping contracts and higher land productivity on rented out land

– Child nutrition has been enhanced by enhanced land productivity and access to land through the land rental market

Tenure Security and

Links between