Statistical characterization of interfacial waves in turbulent stratified gas-liquid pipe flows

characteristics of surge waves: Occurrence in the stratified flow regime, initiated because of liquid accumulation in a low spot during a change in the gas flow rate, a

Wave-current interactions have an important effect on the wave drift forces (and lesser on the 1 st order motions). Wave drift forces increase for waves and current in the

The wave generation and propagation of steep irregular waves in the numerical model is validated by comparing the numerical wave spectrum with the experimental input wave spectrum..

The prevailing flow regime seen at low gas rates and high liquid rates was not slug flow, but a kind of pseudo slug flow, with large waves that were not able to fill the pipe

As the wavefront into the A-annulus is reflected from pipe 2, it starts setting up a corresponding leaky Lamb wave packet in the outer pipe as seen in 2c)–d). The leaked wave from

Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that even with the same setup of wave gauges in the numeric event, some of the numerical wave events experienced maximum crest eleva- tion at

There is no simple criterion (such as a threshold for the wave slope) to distinguish microscale breaking waves from regu- lar waves [LKS06]. The turbulent wake can be detected with

Since the wave propagation model described in Subsec- tion 3.1 is based on sound waves rather than capillary waves, we need to convert the surface tension energy change into the