Towards a conceptual and theoretical framework of green care
Joe Sempik Centre for Child and Family Research
Loughborough University
Our first model from the literature on social and
therapeutic horticulture…
Sempik, Aldridge and Becker (2003)
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Health, Well-being
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Health, Well-being
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Physical ActivityPhysical
Activity
Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Exploring the ‘nature component’….
Sempik, Aldridge and Becker (2005)
Sense of place Sense of place
Lack of pressure - peacefulness Lack of pressure - peacefulness Connectedness with nature - spiritual Connectedness with nature - spiritual
Engagement with the natural process - nurture Engagement with the natural process - nurture Contact with nature - fascination Contact with nature - fascination
Open air and health - escape Open air and health - escape
Components of the ‘natural dimension’
of social and therapeutic horticulture
Activities: horticulture, gardening, arts, crafts
Activities: horticulture, gardening, arts, crafts
Physical activityPhysical
activity
Social processes, interaction,
Social processes, interaction,
Routine, structureRoutine,
structure
Practical skills development Practical skills
development
Social skills developmentSocial skills
development Accredited
qualificationsAccredited qualifications Fitness and
stamina Fitness and
stamina
KnowledgeKnowledge
Well-being, self-esteem, social inclusion,health, spiritual needs
Well-being, self-esteem, social inclusion,health, spiritual needs
Self- confidenceSelf-
confidence
EmploymentEmployment
Relationships, family friendsRelationships,
family friends
The Natural Environment The Natural Environment
Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Innate Factors - Evolutionary - Biophilia Biophilia
Active:
Horticulture, Gardening Active:
Horticulture, Gardening
Passive:
Nature Appreciation Passive:
Nature Appreciation
Health, Well-being
EmploymentEmployment
Skills DevelopmentSkills
Development
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Social Processes, Interaction, Esteem-Building
Physical ActivityPhysical
Activity
Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress Attention Restoration, Recovery from
Stress
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Rehabilitation, Acceptance, Social Inclusion
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Tranquillity, Peace, Spirituality
Food, Cultivation, Consumption Food, Cultivation,
Consumption
Exploring the ‘nature component’….
Sempik, Aldridge and Becker (2005)
Sense of place Sense of place
Lack of pressure - peacefulness Lack of pressure - peacefulness Connectedness with nature - spiritual Connectedness with nature - spiritual
Engagement with the natural process - nurture Engagement with the natural process - nurture Contact with nature - fascination Contact with nature - fascination
Open air and health - escape Open air and health - escape
Components of the ‘natural dimension’
of social and therapeutic horticulture
Activities: horticulture, gardening, arts, crafts
Activities: horticulture, gardening, arts, crafts
Physical activityPhysical
activity
Social processes, interaction,
Social processes, interaction,
Routine, structureRoutine,
structure
Practical skills development Practical skills
development
Social skills developmentSocial skills
development Accredited
qualificationsAccredited qualifications Fitness and
stamina Fitness and
stamina
KnowledgeKnowledge
Well-being, self-esteem, social inclusion,health, spiritual needs
Well-being, self-esteem, social inclusion,health, spiritual needs
Self- confidenceSelf-
confidence
EmploymentEmployment
Relationships, family friendsRelationships,
family friends
The Natural Environment The Natural Environment
Combining different explanatory
frameworks…
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
• many different processes are involved in green care (in the service and in the benefits)
• they are interrelated
• different frameworks may be used by different practitioners
• an ‘integrated model’ should seek to combine
these (and other) frameworks
Social Inclusion:
production consumption
social interaction
political engagement
Employment:
meaningful goals identity
status, competence routine
social interaction
Environment:
Social Physical Natural environment:
Attention restoration Recovery from stress
Aesthetic and spiritual fulfilment MOHO:
Volition (personal causation, values, interests) Habituation (habits, roles)
Performance Capacity (objective, subjective)
• we also need to ask ourselves “what is the purpose of the conceptual framework?”
• to explore – to inform research (e.g. to identify
‘active component’?)
• to explain and summarise – to inform policy and practice
• to generalise – between different green care
practices
The next task is to integrate the
models and frameworks
Contact
Joe Sempik
Centre for Child and Family Research Loughborough University
Leicestershire LE11 3TU
