Departments of Earth Sciences at Norwegian Universities - Expenditures on Research and Development (R&D)

N I FU

Departments of Earth Sciences at Norwegian Universities

Expenditures on Research and Development {R&D) Academic staff

Data from Norwegian R&D Statistics 1995

Commission from the Science and Technology Division at the Research Council of Norway

U-notat 18/97

NIFU

13.10.97 BHB/KAK

CONTENTS

lntroduction ... "... 3 R&D expenditure ... " ... " ... " ... " .. ".""." .. "... 4 R&D personnel ... " ... " ... " .... " ... "."... 8

Tables

Table 1 R&D expenditures in earth sciences in relation to total R&D expenditure in 1993 and 1995.

(NOK million) ... " ... " ... "." .. ""." .. "" ... " ... " ... "... .. 4 Table 2 R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment by main source of funding

in the HES in 1995. (NOK million)." ... "." ... " ... "." ... " .. " .. """"." ... ""."."" ... " .. ".""... 4 Table 3 R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment at university departments

of earth sciences by main source of funding in 1995. (NOK million)... 5 Table 4 R&D financed by GUF for current costs and scientific equipment at university departments

of earth sciences in 1995. (NOK million) ... " ... " .. " ... " ... " ... " ... """.".. 6 Table 5 Direct funding on R&D at university departments of earth sciences by source of funds in

1995. (NOK million) .... " ... "" ... "... 7 Table 6 Distribution by type of activity at university departments of earth sciences in 1995.

Percentage... ... ... ... .. .. . .. . . .. ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . ... .. . ... . .. . . . .. . .. . ... .. 8 Table 7 Academic staff at university departments of earth sciences in relation to total academic

sta ff in universities and university-leve! colleges in 1993 and 1995 ... "... .. .. . .. .. . . ... . ... 9 Table 8 Academic staff at university departments of earth sciences by institution and professional

rank in 1995 ... " ... "." .... " ... " .. " .. " ... """" ... " .. "" ... 10

I

The following presents tables on R&D expenditures and scientific personnel mainly at units dealing with earth sciences at the four universities of Norway and the Agricultural University of Norway. The units may be called university departments of earth sciences in the sense that most of their R&D activities are related to these sciences. The included units are¹:

University of Oslo:

Oepartment of Geology

Mineralogical Geological Museum Paleontological Museum

Oepartment of Geography Oepartment of Geophysics

University of Bergen:

Geophysical Institute Oepartment of Geology Institute of Solid Earth Physics

University of Trondheim (NTNU from 1.1.96)²:

Oepartment of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, NTH Oepartment of Petroleum Engineering, NTH

University of Tromsø:

Oepartment of Geology

Agricultural University of Norway:

Department of Soil and Water Sciences

From 1995 the classification by subject fields was changed. For this reason the 1993 figures in this paper are corrected to be comparable with 1995 figures.

2

The selection of the units was undertaken in collaboration with the Science and Technology Division at the Research Council of Norway. For two of the departments (Department of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Trondheim (NTNU) and Department of Soil and Water Sciences at the Agricultural university of Norway (NLH)) only part of the activities is directed towards earth and related environmental sciences. In these two cases the R&D expenditures are estimated as part of the total expenditures in the department, based on the number of scientific personnel involved in geology. It should be mentioned that two of the departments are not classified as departments of earth sciences in the Norwegian R&D statistics, and that the total figures for earth sciences in this paper are not comparable with the official figures.

Abbreviations.

NTNU: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (from 1.1.1996)

R&D expenditures

Norwegian R&D statistics for 1995 were completed in April 1997. The figures in this presentation are based on the R&D statistics in the higher education sector (HES). In the following tables we present data on R&D expenditures within the earth sciences as part of the HES, and data on R&D expenditures within the twelve units dealing with earth sciences.

Table 1

R&D expenditures in earth sciences in relation to total R&D expenditures in 1993 and 1995.

(NOK million).

Catego!}'. 1993

Total R&D expenditures in Norway¹ 14,335.6

Of which Higher Education Sector 3,893.7

Of which natural sciences² 1,079.7

Of which earth sciences 130.2

Source: NIFU

1 In 1995 the survey in the industry sector was expanded. The total figures are not comparable with those of previous years.

2 The fig ures on subject field for 1993 are corrected to 1995 standards.

1995 15,970.4 4,139.1 1,069.9

126.1

Changein eer cent 6,3 -0,9 -3, 1

Table 1 shows that there has been an increase in total R&D expenditures in Norway from 1993 to 1995.

However, this increase is not real. There is a break in the series due to a large extension in the Business Enterprise sector, and the 1995-figures are not comparable with those of 1993. Corrected for this extension the total R&D expenditures in Norway in 1995 is 15 bil. NOK. This represent a 4,9 per cent increase in current prices from 1993 to 1995, in fixed prices this represent a small decrease.

Most of the research activity in the HES is financed from the general grant from the Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs; the public general university funds (GUF). The rest of the activity is financed from direct funding, i.e. business and industry, direct government funding or other sources of funds.

Table 2

R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment by main source of funding in the HES in 1995.

(NOK million).

Scientific

Main source of funding Current costs equipment Total

GUF 2,505.1 115.3 2,620.4

Direct fund ing 1,175.0 46.1 1,221.1

Total 3,680.1 161.4 3,841.5

Source: NIFU

Current costs include labour costs (salaries etc.) and other current expenditures such as non-capital purchases of materials, supplies and equipment to support R&D.

Of the R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment 68 per cent were funded from general university funds (GUF). Current costs' share of total expenses was close to 70 per cent. It is noticeable that only 30 per cent of scientific equipment was funded by external funds.

The next four tables are concentrated on the twelve units of earth sciences. The tables present data on R&D expenditures in these units.

Table 3

R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment at university departments of earth sciences by main source of funding in 1995. (NOK million).

Direct funding, percentage of

Direct total

lnstitution GUF funding Total exeenditures

Univ. of Oslo 28.9 18.2 47.1 39

Department of Geology 11.4 10.4 21.8 48

Mineralogical Geological Museum 5.0 0.8 5.8 14

Paleontological Museum 2.1 0.3 2.4 13

Department of Geography 4.1 1.3 5.4 25

Department of Geophysics 6.3 5.4 11.7 46

Univ. of Bergen 27.6 28.9 56.5 51

Geophysical Institute 9.1 6.9 16.0 43

Department of Geology 10.3 9.2 19.5 47

Institute of Solid Earth Physics 8.2 12.8 21.0 61

Univ. of Trondheim f':'TNU from 1.1.1996) 11.8 8.0 19.8 40

Engineering 8.5 4.5 13.0 35

The whole department of Petroleum Engineering 11.0 14.0 25.0 56

Geophysical part of this department 3.3 3.5 6.8 51

Univ. of Tromsø 12.6 4.9 17.5 28

Department of Geology 12.6 4.9 17.5 28

Agricultural University of Norway 2.1 1.3 3.4 38

The whole department of Soi/ and Water Sciences 9.2 6.4 15.6 41

Geological eart of this deeartment 2.1 1.3 3.4 38

Total 83.0 61.3 144.4 42

Source: N/FU

As mentioned, only a share of the R&D activities at the Department of Petroleum Engineering at NTNU and the Department of Soil and Water Sciences at NLH is related to earth sciences. In Table 3 above the figures for the geological share of the activities at the departments are estimated. The estimated figures are presented beneath the fig ures covering the expenditures for the departments as a whole. Only the geological parts of the two departments are included in total R&D expenditures at the bottom of the table.

Table 2 shows that direct funding of total R&D expenditures on current costs and scientific equipment in the HES was 1,2 bil NOK, close to 32 per cent. Table 3 shows that the same percentage for the selected units in earth sciences in 1995 was 42 per cent.

The next table showshow the GUF is divided between current costs and scientific equipment.

Table 4

R&D financed by GUF for current costs and scientific equipment at university departments of earth sciences in 1995. (NOK million).

Scientific

lnstitution Current costs equipment

Univ. of Oslo

Department of Geology

Mineralogical Geological Museum Paleontological Museum

Department of Geography Department of Geophysics Univ. of Bergen

Geophysical Institute Department of Geology Institute of Solid Earth Physics

Univ. of Trondheim (NTNU from 1.1.1996)

Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering The whole department of Petroleum Engineering

Geophysical part of this department Univ. of Tromsø

Department of Geology

Agricultural University of Norway

The whole department of Soil and Water Sciences Geological part of this department

Total

Source: NIFU

27,8 1,2

11,0 0,3

4,5 0,5

2,1 0,0

4,0 0,2

6,2 0,2

26,3 1,2

8,7 0,4

9,8 0,5

7,8 0,3

12,0 0,1

8,5

10,9 0, 1

3,5

8,5 4,1

8,5 4,1

1,5

9,0 0,2

1,5 76,1

Table 4 shows that current costs represent a large share of the GUF, more than 90 per cent. It is not possible to estimata the costs for scientific equipment at the two departments at NTNU and NLH.

The next table, Table 5, shows how direct funding is distributed on the different sources of funds.

I .

Table 5

Direct funding on R&D at university departments of earth sciences by source of funds in 1995.

(NOK million).

Source of funds Direct government

fund ing

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Univ. of Oslo 5,9 9,2 0,9 2,2 18,2

Departrnent of Geology 5,5 3,5 1,4 10,4

Mineralogical Geological Museum 0, 1 0,5 0,2 0,8

Paleontological Museum 0,3 0,0 0,3

Department of Geography 1,3 0,0 1,3

Department of Geophysics 3,9 0,7 0,8 5,4

Univ. of Bergen 11, 1 8,7 3,7 5,4 28,9

Geophysical Institute 0,0 2,7 2,3 1,9 6,9

Department of Geology 2,4 5,6 0,2 1,0 9,2

Institute of Solid Earth Physics 8,6 0,4 1,3 2,4 12,8

Univ. of Trondheim (NTNU from 1.1.1996) 5,2 2,6 0,2 0,0 8,0 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources

Engineering 2,8 1,5 0,2 4,5

The whole department of Petroleum Engineering 10,0 4,0 14,0

Geophysical part of this department 2,4 1,1 3,5

Univ. of Tromsø 2,3 2,5 0,0 0, 1 4,9

Department of Geology 2,3 2,5 0, 1 4,9

Agricultural University of Norway 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 1,3

The who/e department of Soil and Water Sciences 1, 1 3,5 1,7 0, 1 6,4

Geological eart of this deeartment 1,3 1,3

Total 24,5 24,3 4,9 7,6 61,3

Source: NIFU

The two largest sources of funds are Business/industry and the Research Council of Norway. The share is 80 per cent, and the two sources contribute with approximately the same amount.

For natural sciences as a whole funds from Business/industry and the Research Council of Norway contribute with 76 per cent of total external funding. (Business/industry percentage amounts to 19 per cent, while the Research Council of Norway's contribution is almost 58 per cent.)

Table 6 shows current costs at the twelve departments by type of activity. In this context there is no way to estimate the distribution of activities for the geological parts of the two departments at NTNU and NLH.

Table 6

Distribution by type of activity at university departments of earth sciences in 1995.

Per cent, rounded off to closest 5.

T:tEe of activi!:l Experi-

mental Basic Ap pl i ed develop-

lnstitution research research ment

Univ. of Oslo

Department of Geology 75 25 0

Mineralogical Geological Museum 90 10 0

Paleontological Museum 75 25 0

Department of Geography 70 20 10

Department of Geophysics 85 15 0

Univ. of Bergen

Geophysical Institute 80 15 5

Department of Geology 50 40 10

Institute of Solid Earth Physics 40 40 20

Univ. of Trondheim (NTNU from 1.1.1996)

Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering 10 70 20

Department of Petroleum Engineering 0 100 0

Univ. of Tromsø

Department of Geology 80 20 0

Agricultural university of Norway

DeEartment of Soil and Water Sciences 20 70 10

Source: NIFU

In the Frascati Manual³ the three types of activities are defined as follow:

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.

• Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge.

It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or object.

Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems or services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.

R&D personnel

The next two tables present figures on academic staff at the departments of earth sciences.

The first table shows the number of scientific personnel at the twelve departments in earth sciences and total academic staff in universities and university-leve! colleges and in natural sciences in 1993 and 1995.

Figures for the state colleges are not included because they are not comparable from 1993 to 1995.

The international guidelines for compiling R&D statistics is issued by OECD in the "Frascati Manual".

"

Table 7

Academic staff at university departments of earth sciences in relation to total academic staff at the universities in 1993 and 1995.

Change in per Catego~

Total academic staff

Of which in natural sciences ¹ Of which in earth sciences² Source: NIFU

1 The figures on subject field for 1993 are corrected to 1995 standards.

2 The 12 units covered in this paper.

1993 8496 2001

296

1995 cent

8755 3,0

2070 3,3

298 0,7

Table 7 shows thai 298 persons had scientific positions at the twelve departments in earth sciences in 1995. This is approximately 14 per cent of the total academic staff in natural sciences. The share in 1993 was close to 15 per cent.

Table 8 shows the professional rank of the academic staff at the departments of earth sciences in 1995.

Table 8

Academic staff at university departments of earth sciences by institution and professional rank in 1995.

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Univ. of Oslo 23 25 4 52 38 15 105

Department of Geology 11 9 0 20 17 4 41

Mineralogical Geological Museum 2 5 2 9 3 4 16

Paleontological Museum 2 2 0 4 1 0 5

Department of Geography 2 5 1 8 6 2 16

Department of Geophysics 6 4 1 11 11 5 27

Univ. of Bergen 29 23 2 54 35 21 110

Geophysical Institute 10 4 15 13 5 33

Department of Geology 12 10 23 16 9 48

Institute of Solid Earth Physics 7 9 0 16 6 7 29

Univ. of Trondheim (NTNU from 1.1.1996) 13 6 1 20 26 2 48

Department of Geology and Mineral Resources

Engineering 12 4 0 16 18 2 36

The whole department of Petroleum Engineering 8 5 1 14 23 7 44

Geophysical part of this department 2 1 4 8 0 12

Univ. of Tromsø 4 6 1 16 9 3 28

Department of Geology 4 6 1 16 9 3 28

Agricultural University of Norway 3 2 0 5 2 0 7

The whole department of Soll and Water Sciences 10 9 1 20 12 33

Geological ~art of this de~artment 3 2 0 5 2 0 7

Total 1995 72 62 8 147 110 41 298

Total 1993 67 58 11 136 126 34 296

Source: NIFU

The total tenured personnel share of total academic staff was close to 50 per cent in 1995. Of the remaining personnel the recruitment personnel (fellowship holders) amounts to 72 per cent, the rest is externally paid researchers (contract researchers). The University of Bergen covers 37 per cent of the total personnel in earth sciences. Together with the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen covers 72 per cent of the academic staff in earth sciences.