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AnnuAl RepoRt

2012

Military Coordination CoMMittee

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Since the establishment of nordefCo late 2009 we have shaped the regulative and structural framework around our regional cooperation and at the same time delivered concrete results by grapping the “low hanging fruits”. in 2012 we clearly witnessed that based on this essential work we can now focus more on creating tangible results with higher ambition.

this year the nordic military cooperation has been further developed in the right direction as a good example of multinational cooperation in the spirit of “Smart defence”

and/or “Pooling and Sharing”.

we are not the only ones to recognize that, which is clearly indicated by the interest from the world around us. in January 2012 finland briefed on nordefCo to the nato and partner Chiefs of defences in the euroatlantic Partnership Cooperation format. furthermore both Strategic Commanders in nato has expressed their interest for nordefCo as an example on regional cooperation across alliances boundaries.

the variety and amount of current activities in nordefCo makes it impossible for me to touch upon them all, but most of them will be mentioned later in this annual report.

i would however like to highlight three activities from 2012.

first of all in november 2012 the nordic Ministers of defence signed the letter of intent on nordic tactical air transport.

This has been the first result from a Nordic military possibility study produced in 2012. the potential areas of cooperation include pooling of air transport capacities, command and control, joint training and common sustainment solutions.

this project holds the potential for increased availability of aircraft and reduced overall costs.

then i’d like to emphasize the efforts given to the Military Coordination Committee top-down screening process.

the aim here was to give top-down priority to a number of tangible common procurement projects based on existing nordefCo activities. these potential nordic procurements

have been put in a fast-track process and endorsed by the political level as well as the Chiefs of defences and national Armament Directors at their very first – and very successful – joint meeting under NORDEFCO auspices on 24 August.

i think that this process has shown the advantages of increased leadership focus on high-value projects even in an organisation which traditionally works from a bottom-up approach.

thirdly the establishment of annual nordefCo-Baltic meetings at Military Coordination Committee level is a step towards an increased region-to-region cooperation. we had our first meeting this spring and it was clear that there certainly are areas especially within training, exercises and Human Resources where we can all benefit from mutual cooperation.

These activities – and many more – are good examples of a step-by-step strategy where nordic nations focus in on multinational cooperation in order to maintain capabilities or develop new ones as defence budgets are being downsized.

However, nobody is perfect and having that in mind, there should always be an encouragement to identify possible ways to optimize our effort. this has led to a stock taking process in 2012, where the gathered experiences and new inspiration will lead to further improvements in 2013. this evaluation is kindly sponsored by Sweden.

I will finally take this opportunity to thank all who have contributed to the output of our cooperation and created the tangible results reached in 2012.

Striving towards our common goal to create even better results in 2013 i have handed over the nordefCo chairmanship to finland to coordinate our effort further down of the path of Smart Defence – Nordic Style.

Flemming lentfer Major general Chairman MCC

ChAiRmAn militARy

CooRdinAtion Committee’s

CoRneR

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the annual report describes the activities that took place and the progress that was made at the nordefCo military level during 2012. the report has been made on the request from the nordic Policy Steering Committee. we hope the report also provides interesting reading for audiences that are not working with nordefCo on a daily basis.

Content

04

development of nordic defence Cooperation.

05

nordefco structure.

06

activities and achievements in 2012.

11

reports from the Cooperation areas.

18

report from the Coordination Staff and the nordefCo supporting groups.

20

Policy Steering Committee- statement on 2012

22

goals and priorities for 2012.

intRoduCtion

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the nordic defence cooperation has evolved over decades and comprises all five Nordic countries. Especially the four nordic nations denmark, finland, norway and Sweden have a long tradition of cooperating in Peace Support operations (PSo). it all started back in the 1950s with the United nations peace-keeping operations in the Middle-east and continued through the cold war with nordic cooperation in Un and subsequently nato operations like the Sfor/ifor and ISAF. During the first decades of peacekeeping the nordic cooperation was focused on training activities and coordination of Un Standby forces, also including different Un courses and information exchange.

following finland’s and Sweden’s entry into the nato’s Partnership for Peace in 1994, the Nordic nations established the nordic armaments Cooperation (nordaC) to coordinate development and procurement programmes.

also the coordination and cooperation in the growing number of PSos was enhanced by establishing a nordic Coordinated arrangement for Military Peace Support (nordCaPS) in 1997. nordCaPS offered joint training for PSo, as well as coordinated nordic contributions to capacity building and security sector reform. in 2003 iceland became a member of nordCaPS.

in June 2007 the armed forces of norway and Sweden published a joint study outlining a partnership to increase cost-efficiency and to enable their militaries to retain the full range of military capabilities. the envisaged cooperation would become a complement to the countries’ close cooperation within nato and the eU. in november 2008, as follow up on the June report, norway, Sweden and finland were joined by denmark and iceland in establishing the nordic Supportive defence Structures (nordSUP).

to further develop the nordic defence cooperation a MoU was signed in november 2009 between denmark, finland, iceland, norway and Sweden establishing the nordic defence Cooperation (nordefCo) as a truly nordic cooperation. the establishment of nordefCo created a common institutional structure out of the previous nordic defence cooperation arrangements nordaC, nordCaPS and nordSUP.

the purpose of nordefCo is to strengthen the participant’s national defence, explore synergies and facilitate efficient common solutions.

nordefCo has an annually rotating chairmanship. at the military level the nordic Military Coordination Committee

(MCC) will manage the armed forces cooperation. the MCC consists of flag officers (generals or admirals) appointed by their respective Chiefs of defence.

five Cooperation areas (CoPa) are subordinated to the MCC. these are: Strategic development, Capabilities, Human resources & education, training & exercises, and operations. the CoPas are responsible for leading, managing and implementing the decisions made by the MCC. each CoPa Management group, as a group of experts, is also the principal body for assessing and advising whether an activity may be worthwhile for nordic cooperation.

iceland is not participating in the practical cooperation at the military level, but participates at the political level.

nevertheless, there exists some military cooperation which also includes iceland. Sweden and finland have committed to participate in unarmed training air missions within the NATO Peacetime Preparedness Mission in Iceland in 2014.

this will contribute to further improvement of nordic defence cooperation.

furthermore, nordefCo has developed cooperation with the Baltic States. estonia, latvia and lithuania are not a part of nordefCo, but cooperation with the Baltic States has been initiated on selected areas (iSaf, veterans, advanced distributed learning, gender and to some extent Cyber defence).

All activities in NORDEFCO have the overarching aim to find or optimize activities in order to either increase operational effect and/or to save costs. (See next topic concerning fundamental principles in nordefCo).

Activities in NORDEFCO are defined as studies, projects and implemented activities. a study develops and makes cost-benefit analyses on possible cooperation. A project is, in this context, the activities necessary to make suggested cooperation ready for implementation. a new activity for cooperation is then implemented through the normal chains of commands in each country.

to minimize bureaucracy and to avoid duplication of work, the common activities are managed within the regular national chains of command to the greatest extent possible. this is also to ensure that the nordic defence cooperation becomes an integrated part of day to day business in the military of the member states.

For more information about noRdeFCo please see:

www.nordefco.org

development oF

noRdiC deFenCe

CoopeRAtion

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noRdeFCo - a lean structure for a comprehensive cooperation, not an organisation.

nordefCo provides a structure to enable and enhance the cooperation between the participating nations. it is not meant to be a large organisation with a supranational mandate.

this means that:

• Agreements are reached on international level for various cooperation projects, but the decision to participate is finally a national concern.

• The structure should be kept as small as possible and working groups should be organised on ad hoc basis only.

• To the furthest extend possible issues should be handled within (or as soon as possible be transferred to) the normal national chains of command.

increased quality and cost savings.

All activities in NORDEFCO aim at finding or performing activities that lead to increased quality and/or increased operational effect and cost savings, preferably simultaneously.

mutual respect

all international cooperation requires understanding and respect for the participant’s methods and culture. the work in nordefCo is based on mutual respect among the participants.

economical concern

Bearing the overarching aims of enhanced quality and cost savings in mind, all activities in nordefCo shall be performed in the most cost effective way.

methodical work and transparency

the results of studies and projects conducted in nordefCo are basis for national decisions of great magnitude, and they comprise large amounts of factors to be considered.

it is therefore of utmost importance that the work is done in an analytical and methodical way and that the results are documented throughout the process. a methodical and transparent process is also preventing various biases influencing the result.

all working groups in nordefCo are responsible for their work being analytical and methodical and for the proper documentation of their activities and findings.

integrity of nations

nordefCo does not under any circumstances challenge the integrity of individual nations, but offers possibilities to participate in activities at nations own discretion.

noRdeFCo stRuCtuRe

the fundamental principles of noRdeFCo

Nordic military coordination committee (MCC)

Coordination Staff (CS) Cooperation areas (COPAs)

HR & Education Training & Exercises Operations Interest

Area Forums

Strategic

Development Capabilities

NORDEFCO does not under any circumstances challenge the integrity of individual nations, but offer possibilities to participate in activities at nations own discretion.

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1. introduction

Common nordic activities aim at increasing quality, enhancing operational effects or creating cost savings. these activities range from exchange of individual subject matter experts, common training, education and exercises, unit- to-unit cooperation, cooperation in operations to common procurement programs.

2. Achievements

Based on guidelines and tasks from the defence Ministers, the nordic Policy Steering Committee and the nordic Chiefs of defence, the Military Coordination Committee develops an annual action Plan, which is considered the master plan for the military level work performed within nordefCo the actual year. the achievements listed below mainly relate to the work conducted within the nordefCo structure to accomplish the objectives set in the action Plan

the military level within the noRdeFCo has achieved the following – not prioritised list - in 2012:

• Conducted the first ever NORDEFCO meeting between nordic Chiefs of defence and national armament directors.

• Established a Top-down Screening Process, resulting in seven activities for prioritised cooperation.

• Delivered a feasibility study on closer Nordic cooperation on tactical air transport that formed the basis for a letter of intent signed by the nordic defence Ministers.

• Agreed on an implementation plan for Nordic Cooperation on tactical air transport.

• Established structured coordination with the Baltic States with the aim to identify activities for

cooperation with mutual benefit.

• Conducted the Nordic Defence Industry Seminar 2012.

• Established a technical solution for common intra- Nordic sharing of classified information.

• Initiated an evaluation of the structure, processes and procedures on the military level of nordefCo.

• Delivered a Long-term Defence Planning report, performed by norway.

• Delivered a common method description version 2.0 for Concept development and experimentation – as NORDEFCO Concept Development and experimentation guidelines.

• Conducted courses in Concept Development and experimentation.

• Concluded the current Top Ten-studies in Cooperation area Capabilities.

• Established a new Top Ten study list in Cooperation area Capabilities.

• Conducted comparative screening of national acquisition plans.

• Developed a concept for Defence industry dialogue.

• Produced a study on Enhanced Cooperation on Veteran issues.

• Conducted the first Nordic Veteran Conference.

• Established forums for foreign Language support in Pashto and farsi.

• Established, and conducted the first courses at nordic Centre for gender in Military operations.

• Developed the Combined Joint Nordic Exercise Program 2013 and refined the Combined Joint Nordic Exercise Program 2014-2017.

• Established Cross Border Training South and conducted combined exercises.

• Produced a study on Naval Navigation.

• Implemented a Nordic Logistic Coordination Board in afghanistan.

• Enhanced planning for coordination of redeployments from afghanistan.

• Developed a generic Nordic Logistic Concept for future operations.

• Established mechanisms making Nordic cooperation a more natural option when the nordic nations are planning future operations.

• Developed a NORDEFCO Communications platform.

• Cyber Defence Study sponsored by Finland.

3. Activities

Since the merger of previous nordic cooperating structures into nordefCo in 2010 there has been a focus on developing framework agreements, tools and enablers. this in order to fulfil the political and military priority of creating tangible results within the nordic cooperation. in 2012 there has been focus on creating tangible results.

the following is a selection of some of the common nordic activities conducted in 2012.

nordic Courses

a broad spectrum of common courses is conducted every year in the nordic cooperation framework. it is a cost- effective way to reduce selected national courses and to avoid duplication of work and effort. the agreement includes

ACtivities And

AChievements in

2012

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exchange of instructors and students improving the overall quality of the courses.

an overview of 2012 shows that:

denmark conducted Pease Support operations courses on Military Policing with 36 students from 10 different nations, and CiMiC courses with 50 students from 13 different nations.

nodefiC (norway) conducted 12 different nordefCo courses with 323 students from 61 nations.

finCent (finland) conducted 6 Peace Support operations courses with 88 students from nordic nations and in total 137 students from 15 nations.

Swedint (Sweden) conducted 12 different nordefCo courses with 201 students from nordic nations.

the nordic Centre for gender in Military operations (nCgM) gained full operational Capability status in 2012. the Centre has already conducted six courses with a total number of 79 students from 17 nations. the cooperation with nato has led to a proposal from nato to appoint nCgM the “department Head all nato curricula concerning gender”.

the course calendar can be found on the nordefCo homepage.

African Capacity Building (ACB)

the nordic nations are supporting capacity building of the eastern africa Standby forces. this cooperation is managed through a framework nation concept and regulated in a technical agreement (ta) between denmark, finland, norway and Sweden.

the support is mainly focused on:

• Support to Land Forces, (Danish lead)

• Support to Maritime capacity building, (norwegian lead)

• Support to PSO education and training, (finnish lead)

nordic defence industry seminar 2012

a nordic defence industry Seminar (ndiS) is conducted and hosted on a rotational basis between the nordic countries.

Denmark hosted the 4th NDIS in the spring 2012 under the auspices of the danish chairmanship of the nordefCo. the overall purpose of the ndiS is to promote network building, exchange of knowledge and relevant cooperation between

the nordic defence industries and the nordic governments.

on 2-3 May 2012 more than 300 dedicated professionals from government, industry and defence from the nordic and northern group countries gathered in Copenhagen to discuss how defence can become greener and smarter.

the seminar consisted of interventions from key note speakers, plenary sessions and workshops. it was executed within two tracks. The first track focused on the need to adapt defence to the effects of a changing climate and the impact of energy scarcity. the second track offered a series of sessions on current and future trends regarding nordic military equipment, acquisition and capabilities including a nordefCo-only session with a presentation on nordic countries procurement planning. the seminar also included an exhibition for industries and organizations.

a general summary from ndiS 2012 is that the effects of climate change, energy scarcity and economic crisis are relevant to all actors in the defence sector. the defence Sectors are relatively large actors. the potential for energy and monetary savings is thus large and real. furthermore, smarter and greener solutions may be implemented without compromising the effect and the safety of military operations.

in some ways it may even reduce vulnerability. reducing energy consumption in missions for instance reduces risks entailed in transporting fuel into mission areas.

the tools to realize the potential are:

• Dedicated use of new technology and innovative thinking.

• Changing the mindset of the soldier, the buyer and the planner.

• Committed international cooperation and public –private partnerships, which may indeed serve as a force multiplier and a rich source of inspiration.

• Cooperation with the industrial base in the Northern group, which is diverse and technologically high- end.

if successful in realizing the potentials, defence can increase operational effectiveness, save money, reduce strategic dependencies and minimize operational and societal vulnerabilities. thus climate change and economic restraints also entails opportunities.

nordic-Baltic veterans Conference

norway hosted a veteran’s conference in november 2012 where representatives from Sweden, finland, denmark,

A SMARTER AND GREENER DEFENCE

NoRDiC DEFENCE iNDuSTRy SEMiNAR

Copenhagen, 2-3 May 2012

2012

ChAiRMAN’S CoNCluSioNS

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lithuania, latvia, estonia and norway gathered to discuss how the society should take care of their soldiers and families. furthermore the aim was to discuss and exchange views on how to appreciate and make use of veterans’

skills and experiences. the conference offered a unique arena for networking between key leaders and actors in the development and execution of initiatives supporting the recognition and safeguarding of veterans. It was the first of its kind between the nordic countries and the lessons learned from it identified a need to continue cooperation in this field. It is an arena that constitutes a forum for introducing and sharing knowledge and best practice and for promoting veterans as uniquely skilled employees needed in the business sector.

Armament

the armament area has been the top priority at the military level of nordefCo in 2012.

the Military Coordination Committee has conducted a “top- down Screening Process” in order to identify activities that could lead to a number of tangible common procurement projects. This screening process identified seven activities that should be given top-down priority.

the pivot of the top-down process was the work done within the Cooperation area Capabilities and the acquisition and life Cycle Support group. the work included adjustments of national procurement plans to align projects for cooperation between participating states.

the process was endorsed by the Chiefs of defence and national armament directors and the endorsement facilitated a fast-track approach for the seven activities.

The identified activities vary in complexity and magnitude, where the first results will be achieved in 2013.

the activities are:

• Airspace surveillance, data exchange.

• Airspace surveillance, procurement.

• Small Arms Munitions.

• CV90 Rubber Tracks.

• Tugboats.

• Batteries.

• Unit Group Rations.

nordic cooperation on tactical Air transport (noRtAt) on 5 november 2012 the nordic defence Ministers signed a letter of intent on closer cooperation on tactical air transport. the idea was raised during their meeting a year before and based on this initiative a feasibility-study called the nortat-study was conducted during 2012. the study describes opportunities for cooperation within the areas of operational use, maintenance, training and exercises.

the work on enhanced cooperation is now entering the implementation phase. this will be conducted in the normal line organizations and led by a designated lead nation for each area.

in the operational area preparations for establishing a nordic pool of airlift resources will start immediately and the pool is intended to be operative from early 2014. The establishment

of a joint booking-system and the possible establishment of a nordic air transport Command will be analyzed during 2013.

within the sustainment-domain the initiatives include the establishment of a joint sustainment-solution between the C-130J users (norway and denmark); the establishment of a common pool of spare parts; joint procurement of heavy maintenance and the ability to work on each other’s aircraft.

Preparations will start during 2013 and will gradually be developed throughout the coming years.

Cooperation on development and use of the tactical airlift capability is an area with great potential. together the nordic countries spend just over 130 Million euros annually on this capability. this means that even savings on few percentage points will turn into substantial gains. However, the positive effects will not only come in the form of savings but also as operational gains by increased availability of aircraft.

all countries have shown great enthusiasm and determination in the initiative and the nordic defence ministers have set the tone for a continued high level of ambition by requesting updates on the progress at all their upcoming meetings.

enhanced cooperation in exercises and cross-border training

the air-wings in Bodö, Kallax and rovaniemi have conducted common exercises on a regular basis in the northern part of norway, Sweden and finland since 2011 with very good experiences. The fact that the fighters can operate in a vast area without deploying supporting forces makes this weekly activity very cost efficient. The experiences from that cooperation have been used in air exercises in Cross Border training South. air wings from denmark and Sweden are now conducting common air exercises on a regular basis, as performed in the northern area. the ambition is to have participation from finland and norway in the near future.

At the end of 2012 noRdeFCo rotated chair nations of the Cooperation Areas as shown below:

Cooperation area Strategic development:

responsibility changed from Sweden to finland.

Cooperation area Capabilities:

responsibility changed from finland to norway.

Cooperation area Human resources and education:

denmark retained responsibility.

Cooperation area training and exercises:

responsibility changed from norway to Sweden Cooperation area operations:

responsibility changed from Sweden to norway.

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the following presentations are brief summaries of the annual reports from the CoPas.

CopA strategic development

(CoPa Sd)

CoPa Sd aims at facilitating the long-term defence cooperation between the nordic countries in a 20 year timeframe. CoPa Sd is a forum for cooperation on issues related to strategic analysis, long-term defence planning, and research and development.

COPA SD has three permanent sub areas – Strategic analysis and long term defence Planning (Sa&ltdP), research and technology (r&t) and Concept development and experimentation (Cd&e). all three groups (Sub areas) have performed activities according to plan.

Some of the activities that CoPa Sd performed in 2012 are:

1. Further develop the project to identify and suggest future capability requirements (+10-20 yrs), in coordination with CopA CApA, and the potential for multinational cooperation

the aim and purpose of the activity is to identify common grounds for future capability development in the long term (+10-20 years).

the nations have reported on potential co-operation based on a comprehensive list of generic capabilities derived from nato. on the basis of these reports a short-list of seven capability areas has been developed, indicating areas where all four nations have a long-term perspective.

2. Conduct CopA sd studies

on a yearly basis a theme is selected as topic for a research study. the responsibility for performing the studies is presently rotating each year between the nations.

2011-12

norway conducted a study focusing on analysis and comparison of the long-term defence planning systems between seven nations with an emphasis on the nordic countries.

the study was performed by the norwegian institute of defence Studies (in cooperation with Centre for Military Studies in Copenhagen) and funded by the norwegian Mod.

2012finland conducted a study on cyber defence with the aim to

analyse cyber security and defence with a particular nordic perspective. the study was performed under the auspices of the finnish national defence University (ndU).

2013denmark will in 2013 fund a study entitled “Smart defence in Professional Military Education – prospects for enhanced nordic cooperation”, to be performed by the Centre for Military Studies (CMS).

3. Assess and consolidate present and planned nordic R&t cooperation in nAto and edA, coordinated with the national research directors as well present new cooperation issues in R&t

the aim is to establish an overview over on-going r&t cooperation between two or more nordic nations in r&t projects run by european defence agency (eda) or nato.

the ambition to identify/suggest projects of interest for nordefCo as well as to present new proposals for future cooperation.

a standard format to propose projects for cooperation has been introduced and is used by the nations.

4. Continue and deepen cooperation concerning technology forecast

the aim is to coordinate resources spent and tasks on technology forecast activities between nordefCo nations.

a nordtech game has been executed focusing on unmanned vehicles with the goal to identify disruptive technologies.

Swedish technology forecast documents have been released to other nations. experiences from afghanistan have been added to the work.

5. perform an orientation course on Cd&e

the aim is to gain increased knowledge of Cd&e through the conduct of common orientation/introduction courses, resulting in cost savings for the participating nations.

two courses have been conducted by the Swedish national defence College during 2012. 15 Swedish, 6 norwegian, 3 danish and 2 finnish students have participated. norway extended one course from two to three days with focus on national Cd&e.

foreign students can attend the courses.

6. Finalize version 2.0 of the Cd&e “handbook”

the aim of this activity was to create a common Method description for Cd&e, also working as nordefCo Cd&e guidelines.

the document has been signed and handed over to the MCC

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at their September meeting as well as distributed at the nato Cd&e Conference in Vilnius november 6.

7. Continue identification of areas for common Nordic cooperation on concept development and in other cooperation for mne as such.

The aim is to use resources spent on CD&E more efficiently.

The working group have not yet identified areas for common nordic cooperation.

Cooperation Area Capabilities

(CoPa CaPa)

CoPa CaPa aims at addressing development plans and processes in order to identify areas for co-operation in the field of capability development including acquisition and life cycle support. Based on common requirements, CoPa CaPa will identify projects with the intent of reducing total costs and promoting operational effectiveness.

2012 has been the year where working groups have started to deliver their draft Study reports. new initiatives have been identified, and WG has been tasked by the management to start their work according to planned timeline. Most of these wg will deliver their draft Study report during 2013.

the main priorities are listed below for CoPa CaPa throughout 2012. The main work has been concentrated around finalizing studies and reports to the MCC.

implementation of a Surplus clearinghouse should have been fulfilled, but has unfortunately been delayed and will be implemented i 2013.

1. information infrastructure

The aim is to investigate the cost benefits and operational gains by nordic cooperation, including any constraints and restraints in the area of information infrastructure.

the scope of the development is to have joint and combined information infrastructure around 2020.

a progress report has been forwarded to CoPa CaPa i november 2012 and the final report will be presented late 2013.

2. unmanned Aerial systems (uAs)

the aim is to explore the possibilities for cooperation on UaS. the investigation should cover possibilities for common procurement, life cycle requirements and common training and education on similar or different national systems.

a Study report will be delivered in the spring 2013.

3. study Battalion task Force 2020

the aim of the study is to explore a common approach to the development of a generic nordic Battalion task force and provide a common operational concept for Battalion task Force operations, including Command and Control, C4IS and logistics.

the aim is also to provide a common concept on generic brigade operations including Command and Control, effective intelligence, effective engagement and logistics.

a concept for a Brigade formation responsible for a Battalion task force will be sent to CoPa CaPa i January 2013.

4. land surveillance

the aim of the activity is to investigate the potential for increasing the participating countries’ armies’ build-in- capability for land surveillance, as well as army intelligence interoperability between the countries. land surveillance covers all aspects of intelligence within the army.

The report from a pre-study identifies a potential for cooperation both in the shorter as well as in the longer term. Identified potential areas for cooperation are;

developing joint concepts, making better use of each other’s education, courses and training facilities on the personnel side. furthermore, there exist a potential for joint nordic acquisitions regarding intelligence tools software, unmanned aerial vehicles systems and unmanned ground vehicles on the material side.

5. mine Counter measures (mCm)

The aim of the activity is to find cost-efficient solutions in the area of MCM. this should include both the long term and short term perspective based on the military trends and scenarios involving mine and mine-countermeasures warfare. furthermore the aim is to look into the possibilities for norway and Sweden to develop the next generation MCM systems. the two countries conduct a combined conceptual study.

the study on MCM has led to a combined programme for procurement of exercise mines. this programme is regarded as feasible, and the work to harmonize requirement and evaluate specific contractual issues is presently on-going.

A Study Report will be finalized in 2013.

6. Joint Combined logistic system (JCls)

in 2012 JClS was expected to provide a study report which includes guidelines and practical suggestions on how to improve interoperability on the current stage in the field of logistics and serve as a platform for developing a nordic Joint Combined Logistics System. That has been fulfilled by

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producing a general nordic Joint logistics Support Concept.

JClS delivered two draft study reports in 2012:

• Camp Management in international operations.

• Spare Part Pooling and Virtual Warehousing.

JClS has been tasked to provide a draft study report of medical co-operation including role 2-3 capabilities and MedeVaC co-operation capability. these results are expected in 2013.

7. Acquisition and life Cycle support (AlCs)

The aim of this working group is to achieve financial, technical and/or industrial benefits for all the member countries within the field of acquisition and life cycle support. This will be achieved through transparent and mutual exchange of information on planned national procurement in order to identify and exploit possibilities for common development programs, procurement and maintenance of existing and emerging capabilities.

the nature of alCS activities is running processes, not the completing of specific projects. The main body of the ongoing activities is run through the alCS subgroups. at the end of 2012 there were 14 active subgroups under ALCS and preparations to establish 10 new subgroups are ongoing. 10 of the current subgroups will deliver their final report in 2013.

subgroups that were established during the reporting period:

• Long Range Precision Engagement between Norway, finland and Sweden.

• NORFUS (Nordic Future Soldier Common Capabilities) between denmark, norway, finland and Sweden.

• Small Arms between Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

aim is to seek possibilities for common procurements in Small arms and ammunition both in near term and long term (perspective). finland is part of ammunition cooperation.

• Target Material Mine Counter Measures between denmark, norway and Sweden.

• Unit Group Rations between Denmark, Norway, finland and Sweden.

alCS website was renewed for external communication. this new website will be merged with nordefCo website to form a unified NORDEFCO website.The ALCS is involved in COPA CaPa processes and Military Coordination Committee top- down Screening Process.

Subgroups on pharmaceuticals, framework agreements,

Systematic defence Products and Stock are planned to be established.

8. Counter improvised explosive devices (C-ied)

the aim of this activity is to explore new potential areas for nordic cooperation related to C-ied and to continued working with the existing focus areas in the working group C-ied action Plan as well as C-ied in general.

the main effort throughout 2012 has been in the area of exploitation/ weapons intelligence.

areas like Common training and exercises, information Sharing, Maritime C-ied, C-ied instructor courses, wiS/wit capabilities are included in the working group’s activities.

on exploitation a draft Project Business Case has been developed.

on information sharing the working group continued exploring how to enhance the common use of the BiCeS C-ied portal.

furthermore denmark will host a “Best Practise” seminar in mid 2013.

on training and exercises the working group shares information on national plans and training/ events and look for possibilities for common nordic cooperation in nato exercises.

9. intelligence surveillance Reconnaissance (isR)

the aim of this activity is to develop more effective iSr capabilities for national use as well as in international operations.

the study on iSr has been initiated between norway and Sweden. the study will follow up on results and activities in nato-project Multi-intelligence all-source Joint intelligence Surveillance and reconnaissance interoperability Coalition 2.

Cooperation Area human Resources and education

(CoPa Hr&e)

CoPa Hr&e aims at exploring qualitative and cost effective solutions in the Human resource and education domains as a contribution to increased operational effect. the timeframe for the work is 1-10 years.

CoPa Hr&e holds following focus areas:

• Harmonization of mutual HR related topics.

• Harmonization of mutual educational needs.

• Monitor and report the progress in HR&E related implemented activities.

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Some of the activities within CoPa Hr&e are:

1. project veterans issues

The aim of this activity in 2012 has been to finalize the study on the task enhanced Cooperation on Veteran issues including a final study overview showing all completed, ongoing, planned studies, surveys etc. carried out in the nordic/Baltic countries. furthermore efforts have been made during 2012 to plan and coordinate the work leading up to the nordic veteran conference, which was held in norway the 6-7 november 2012. approximately 225 persons participated. the success will be followed up by an additional conference hosted by Denmark in 2014.

Besides the aim the continuously strengthen and enhancing of how to arrange and manage the activities in the working group also has been of high priority.

the study report on the task enhanced Cooperation on Veteran Issues, including a final study overview, will be forwarded early 2013.

2. sub-working Group Research and development the main aim of the 2012 activities in Sub-working group research and development was to support the work of working group Veteran issues. the activities have lead to a mapping of all finalized, on-going and planned studies, surveys etc. on the veteran area.

furthermore, the aim has been to advise working group Veteran issues on topics where a joint common project i.e.

could be beneficial to launch.

this working group will continued in the framework of working group Veteran issues.

3. project Advance distribution learning (Adl)

the aim of the work in the adl project is to examine possible areas of cooperation that will be beneficial to cooperate in between the nordic countries in a study report.

ADL working group will finish their report in fall 2013 and identified areas for cooperation will be initiated based on the findings.

4. Study Common Courses for Specific Purposes (CCSP)

this umbrella of activities has just been initiated in 2012 and it includes:

study Foreign language issues the aim is to:

• Explore the field of English for Specific purposes,

including language didactics on the same matter (identify and follow up on possibilities for cooperation).

• Explore the field of other languages including language didactics on the same matter (identify and follow up on possibilities for cooperation).

a foreign language seminar and assistance to a customized Pashto course in Sweden in 2012 has already been conducted. assistance to a customized farsi course in Jan 2013 in denmark has been agreed.

study technical education (Air force)

the aim is to identify possibilities of cooperation on Basic training for aircraft technicians and managers as well as type Courses and Continuation training on the C-130J.

furthermore, the aim is to identity possibilities on common MoU/ta in relation to vendors abroad.

The working groups will have the first meeting early 2013.

study special operation Forces medical education the aim is to establish a common combat medical course for special operation forces personnel, in order to decrease use of time and expenses and tailor the course to the need of the nordic countries.

the Study is being staffed in the nordic countries. the plan is to launch the first course in October 2013.

study mine Counter measures in the navy (mCm navy) the aim of the study is to identify areas for cooperation in regards to MCM education for all groups of personnel in cooperation with CoPa CaPa and CoPa teX.

the working group will be restarted early 2013 due to new information.

study logistic (Army)

the aim of the activity is to identify areas for cooperation in regards to logistic matters in the army.

the working group is currently mapping the possibilities for common cooperation, which is not included in nato established Host nation Support courses.

study technical education (Army)

the overall aim is to identify common technical courses in regards to CV-90 and leopard 2 within the nordefCo framework. The first meeting is planned for January 2013.

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5. diversity

the aim is knowledge sharing on policy and strategy towards equality and diversity, and how to develop this area on a practical level in a national context.

in august 2012 this permanent meeting forum was established to identify areas for cooperation.

6. personal safety matters

the aim is to compile matters of safety management in nordic Countries and report on possibilities to harmonise safety procedures to enhance personnel safety.

first initiating meeting held in december 2012.

Cooperation Area training and exercises

(CoPa teX)

CoPa teX aims at continuously identifying possibilities to coordinate and harmonize military training activities among the nordefCo nations and facilitate a combined and joint exercise plan for a continuation of five years.

in 2012, the progress in CoPa teX activities has varied, and the development within some areas have been small due to manning challenges in some of narrow functional environments on e.g. dog Service, arctic land training and Joint tactical air Controller.

Some of the activities within CoPa teX are:

1. Arctic land training

the aim is to identify areas for common cooperation. the working group will present a final study on possible topics for cooperation in the second half of 2013.

2. Forward Air Control

the aim is to identify areas for common cooperation. the working group will present a final study on possible topics for cooperation in the second half of 2013.

3. naval navigation

the working group will proceed with the recommendations from the final report of NORDEFCO study Naval Navigation in order to establish cooperation in the identified areas. The aim is to make naval navigation training more cost-effective and increase quality and thereby enhance operational capacity for each nordic nation.

The final study report will be presented in the first half of 2013.

4. Combined Joint nordic exercise programme (CJneP)

the aim is to identify possibilities to coordinate and harmonize military training and exercise activities among the nordefCo nations and create a shared, transparent exercise programme.

a technical agreement between the member nations has been developed. this should provide effective procedures in the annual cycle process of developing the combined joint exercise program.

5. lessons learned

the aim of the project is to establish cooperation in NORDEFCO within the field of lessons learned.

the main focus during 2012 has been to formalise the process of exchanging lessons learned information between the nordefCo countries. agreeing on a formal procedure for exchanging lessons learned information will set the conditions for the transition of this field of cooperation from a project to an ongoing activity.

on a seminar “Mission abroad”, Stockholm, 17-18 January 2012, lessons learned from exercise Cold response 2012 and gender field advisor Study were reported. the norwegian project “gender perspectives in military operations” will benefit from the framework of the NORDEFCO Lessons learned Project, when exchanging information regarding lessons identified and methodology.

A Technical Agreement will be finalized and presented in the first half of 2013.

6. Air evaluation

Project Air Evaluation published the final report in 2010. The aim of the project is to develop effective nordic cooperation within the area of evaluation of air assets.

the scope is limited to the establishment of a pool of certified evaluators mutually supporting the respectively national evaluations as well as support in providing oPfor during evaluations.

A Technical Agreement will be presented in the first half of 2013.

7. Cross Border training south (air force training area)

the aim of Cross Border training South is to:

• increase operational effect and quality by conducting exercises,

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• increase operational effect by conducting lessons learned exchange,

• enhance interoperability within existing standards and the capability to act combined/joint,

• develop cooperation in the areas of multinational operations,

• strive for an optimum resources allocation and cost- efficiency in defence related areas and

• strengthen cooperation on any other possible future area of cooperation.

in 2012 denmark and Sweden have executed combined exercises between air forces based on a new technical arrangement signed in november 2012 (Cross Border training South).

norway and finland will in the very near future be included in the technical arrangement and in the exercises.

a combined training program will be developed in 2013.

Cooperation Area operations

(CoPa oPS)

CoPa oPS aims at planning, managing and supporting already agreed activities and generate and identify new initiatives in the areas of single service operations, joint international operations, logistics, movement and transportation. this will enhance the nordic cooperation in the area of military operations. CoPa oPS focuses on a timeframe up to two years.

CoPa oPS focus areas are:

• Nordic cooperation on operational issues in ongoing operations.

• Nordic cooperation on Logistical issues.

• Nordic cooperation on Strategic Movement and transportation.

the nordic cooperation on operations increased during 2012 focused primarily on the common work related to afghanistan.

the operational planning in the line organisation, related to nordic/latvian cooperation, focused on forthcoming (2013- 2014) common Nordic operations and redeployment in/from afghanistan.

initial study and plan has been produced.

Some of the activities within CoPa oPS are:

1. Generic nordic logistics Concept for future operations

the aim is to establish a common nordic logistic concept, which was done in 2012. after testing the concept at the nato logistic exercise, 2-13 december 2013, it will be implemented within each nation.

2. Joint nordic military Contribution to un operations

the aim is to explore the possibilities for Joint nordic contribution to UN Operations in two steps – short term (2013-2014) and long term (post 2015).

Both reports will be forwarded in 2013.

3. Future nordic operational cooperation

CoPa oPS will ensure nordic cooperation is considered as an option when the nordic nations are planning future operations.

furthermore CoPa oPS will be the framework for possible Nordic operative planning concerning ISAF post 2014.

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Coordination staff (Cs)

the main responsibility for the CS is to serve as a virtual staff element to the Military Coordination Committee. in addition, the CS supports the work in the different CoPas with providing common standards, methods and tools.

the role of the CS in the nordic context is to support the Military Coordination Committee by planning, arranging and reporting from meetings by the Military Coordination Committee. During 2012 the CS planned and arranged five MCC meetings, including three video conferences.

the CS is also reporting to the national organisations on agreements adopted by the Military Coordination Committee in order to initiate the national implementation processes.

during 2012 the focus has been on:

• Facilitating the NORDEFCO cooperation with the Baltic States.

• Development of the framework for MCC activities e.g. the study on nordic air-transport Capability (nortat) and the top-down Screening Process.

• Enhancing the focus on and the effect of NORDEFCO armament activities.

• Facilitating the change of chairman in the COPAs.

the role and composition of the CS in the national structures varies from nation to nation. However, in that role the national

“CS offices” have been a mechanism for strategic military level coordination of nordefCo activities and provided a proper system for implementation of nordic agreements.

the Communications network

the Communications network is a combined political and military strategic level established group of senior nordic public affairs officers. In 2012 the group took further steps towards establishing nordefCo as a visible and strong defence cooperation. the year was rather intensive regarding informing the public’s about of the nordic defence cooperation. the activities included a raising numbers of articles covering a large number of bilateral or multilateral exercises, courses, training sessions and political and military meetings. articles are promoted and published on national web sites, on www.nordefco.org as well as in various nordic public media.

the merging of www.nordefco.org and alCS homepage has started to create a unified NORDEFCO homepage for internal and external use.

Major activities during the year:

• Public Affairs activities at bilateral or multilateral exercises and training sessions in all services.

• Approval of NORDEFCO Communication Plan 2012 and Communication Platform.

• Support in relation to meetings between Defence ministers, at Policy Steering Committee, Chief of defence and Military Coordination Committee.

the method support Group

the Method Support group has provided support to working groups on cost-benefit method where relevant.

the legal support Group

the legal Support group has provided support in developing rules and regulations concerning all aspects of the cooperation.

the technical support Working Group

the technical Support working group has supported the military level with technical advice in general.

during 2012 technical Support working group has investigated, set up and implemented a technical system for intra-Nordic sharing of classified information on the foundation of nato BiCeS.

RepoRts FRom the

CooRdinAtion stAFF And the

noRdeFCo suppoRtinG GRoups

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nordefCo has in 2012 made substantial progress. with the continuous increase in nordefCo activities, the political awareness has also been intensified. NORDEFCO has attracted attention from a broad array in and outside nordic countries and in organizations such as nato, eU, and the nordic Council.

nordefCo is interesting because the “unbureaucratic”

cooperation to a large extend is “Smart defence” and

“pooling and sharing”, but also because it has managed to frame a progressive and regional cooperation.

Political recognition and appreciation of the nordefCo structure is firm in the Nordic countries. The broad political acknowledgment of nordefCo allows for ambitious and longer-term planning, which has been reflected during the danish chairmanship for nordefCo.

in 2012 nordefCo has been characterized by the continuation of projects initiated during previous chairs as well as highlighting new areas. the danish chairmanship has prioritized to develop the political dialogue between the nordic countries. within that frame the four main priorities for 2012 was after consultations with our nordic partners:

• “Smart Defence / Pooling and Sharing” – including cooperation on tactical air transport, procurement, education and training.

• Nordic Defence Industry Seminar – also with a

“green defence” dimension.

• Capacity building in East Africa.

• The Arctic.

at the end of the danish Presidency it was also decided to give the nordefCo-cooperation structure a so-called

“servicecheck” in 2013.

the four main priorities were chosen with reference to the three pillars in the nordefCo Memorandum of Understanding – policy, operations, and capabilities.

Capabilities

the current nordefCo capacity projects are described more detailed elsewhere in this report and it is clear that this area of cooperation made substantial progress during 2012 with close political attention devoted to the issues under development.

This area of cooperation has therefore witnessed a significant progress during 2012 – and the emerging cooperation on

tactical airtransport capabilities has the potential to be not only af flagship for NORDEFCO but also an icebreaker for other initiatives within the nordefCo family. at the defence Ministers’ meeting in november in Skagen, the Ministers signed a “letter of intent” declaring the determination to pursue an ambitious and close cooperation on nordic tactical air transport, including pooling and sharing, common training and maintenance. this cooperation project exemplifies the fine potential for Nordic cooperation. It was initiated during the Swedish chairmanship, norway was lead nation, and the letter of intent was signed during the danish chairmanship one year after initiation. expected economic gains and increased operational effect are significant.

during 2012 a number of procurement cooperation programmes has been identified. The examples are:

procurement of tugboats, rubber belts for armored vehicles, small caliber munitions, field rations, and batteries.

these projects are envisaged to reduce procurement and maintenance cost, and potentially to enhance combined operational effectiveness.

nordefCo continue to track the development of the capabilities cooperation, and explore possibilities for a closer cooperation with the nordic defence industry. experiences from the danish nordefCo chairmanship and previous chairmanships have been that good political guidance facilitates project processing. the Policy Steering Committee aims at maintaining this focus.

policy

the 2013 chairmanship has aimed at developing cooperation at a policy level relating to among others the arctic and defence industry.

the nordic defence industry Seminar in May attracted more than 300 participants from defence, government and industry. the seminar’s focus was in extension of the traditional defence industry focus also on “a smarter and greener defence” and demonstrated how economic responsibility and climate friendly policies can complement each other, while also improving operational effectiveness.

the defence establishments in most countries are large holders of vehicles, ships, airplanes and helicopters as well as buildings. there is thus a great potential for developing the green agenda also in defence establishments.

Conclusions from the seminar included that defences could make savings and increase operational effectiveness by taking a more energy efficient approach, as this would mitigate the uncertainty and high cost of fossil energy

poliCy steeRinG

Committee - stAtement

on 2012

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delivery. we depend highly on energy. energy supply is a vulnerable point in today’s international operations. our adversaries target our supply lines, as we have seen in Pakistan and afghanistan. decreasing dependency on conventional energy supply, will therefore contribute to our operational effect and security.

a political vision is to strengthen the dialogue between nordic defences and the nordic defence industry by sharing information along with professional and political aims. the result can be regional supply-and-demand collaboration and cost-efficient procurement agreements, which will strengthen the nordic defences and the nordic defence industry. in line with this heads of nordic defence industry signed a Memorandum of Understanding in the presence of the nordic ministers at the defence ministers’ meeting in Skagen, denmark, in november 2012.

the arctic has climbed up the international agenda. the region’s considerable resources are anticipated to become far more accessible in the near future, and it is projected that maritime traffic in the Northern areas will increase. The primary for a for discussions of such issues are the arctic Council and arctic five.

with the increased access to the arctic the number of ships and people, both commercial and tourists, will rise in the arctic region, and the need for adequate emergency will also rise. the danish chairmanship made the arctic a priority in order to initiate considerations if nordefCo could be a complementary forum for a comprehensive nordic cooperation, which for example took place in Bodø in May 2012 at the level of Ministers of foreign affairs and Ministers of defence.

operations

four nordic countries are present with military capabilities in northern afghanistan. during many nordefCo meetings afghanistan has been high on the agenda. in 2012 the investigation of possibilities for enhanced common nordic cooperation in afghanistan was initiated and is continued in 2013.

further, possibilities nordic contributions to Un peace support activities have been developed and will be continued in 2013.

the common nordic support to the african Union’s east african Standby force (eaSf) is an effort to promote and

enhance regional cooperation and stability. the efforts build upon the explicitly desired african Union ambition to take greater responsibility for security matters on the african continent. a strong eaSf will lead to a decrease in the need for international maritime and territorial presence to ensure security for commercial shipping and the protection of humans. the nordic cooperation in east africa also provides valuable experience in terms of nordic coordination, planning, and execution, which can be transferred to potential future engagements, which could be a nordic contribution to a Un activity.

in continuation of the current nordic support (through the group of deployed staff officers to EASF HQ in Nairobi) effort to eaSf, a ministerial working group was in 2012 commissioned with the task to identify ways of enhancing existing cooperation and new potential areas of cooperation.

Based on a nordic report the Ministers of defence decided at their meeting in november to seek to further develop the cooperation with eaSf. new potential areas of cooperation include among others supporting the approaching 2013 eaSf field tactical exercise with experts and funds, enhancing focus on maritime capacity component, and establishing courses on human rights, gender issues, emergency management and peace negotiation.

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during finnish chairmanship in 2013 the political aim is to further enhance, strengthen and deepen the nordic defence cooperation. Special emphasis will be put on the long term development and long term goals of nordefCo. further enhancing the nordic capability cooperation as well as stock taking and developing the nordefCo structures, processes and procedures will also be areas of specific interest during 2013.

political aims:

• Continue and further develop the capabilities cooperation in nordefCo. Putting special focus on advancing and assuring the implementation of the top down screening / top 10 projects.

• Investigate the possibility of establishing a Nordic investment fund.

• Investigate possibilities for further deepening and broadening the nordic defence cooperation in the field of training and exercises and operations.

• Discuss the long term development of the Nordic defence cooperation and start the work on a political vision for nordefCo, stating long term development and long term goals.

• Evaluate NORDEFCO structures and working procedures and develop nordefCo based on results from the evaluation on military and policy level. the development plan shall be comprehensive, encompassing both political and military levels of nordefCo.

on the military level the participating nations of noRdeFCo have stated the following goals for the year 2013:

• The military level will continue the pragmatic approach and ensure effectiveness through systematic work. this requires that all actors understand the goals and the objectives of the work in the same way. only in this way can we be sure that our resources are used effectively and that the efforts will serve the purpose of nordefCo.

• One part of the planning is a systematic follow-up of the progress and the achievements of the activities.

in this way we are able to assure the concrete value of the cooperation. work and planning are done in the line organization and results are reached. in the line organization, nordefCo activities are a natural part of the planning and execution.

• NORDIC cooperation in operations needs to be comprehensive in order to cover also other space

and time perspectives than today. the international operational cooperation in crisis management operations has already been successful. this cooperation needs to be further explored in order to maintain the knowledge gained and increase the ability of the nordic armed forces to cooperate.

• Ongoing capability studies have reached the phase where it is possible to identify the common projects.

to be successful in this we need to be responsive in order to seize the opportunities that arise. we have to be willing to make the compromises/efforts needed in order to implement the projects.

• NORDEFCO should strive for a common understanding on how to develop the cooperation.

We must all actively find new and more effective common ways of working to improve our results. this includes also the possibilities for finding ways to enhance the cooperation. However, new findings must not jeopardize the basic work. the development of nordefCo must support the original purpose.

to achieve these goals, special emphasis will be placed on the following topics:

• Developing a multiyear NORDEF MCC Action Plan in order to enable more effective national resource planning and further enhance the quality of the cooperation output. the plan will be coordinated with the political level.

• Investigating the possibilities to develop closer cooperation in the area of operational planning and exercises in the nordic region, with the aim of a joint cross-border exercise in the near future based on an international scenario. if possible the exercise should be comprehensive, also including civilian authorities.

• Implementing NORDEFCO capability projects based on the top-down screening process and the toP 10 studies.

• Developing the military level of NORDEFCO based on suggestions from the evaluation.

GoAls And

pRioRities

FoR 2013

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editor:

tommy Jelling andersen supported by the military level of nordefCo.

defence Command denmark design & layout:

defence Command denmark photo:

norwegian armed forces finnish armed forces Swedish armed forces danish armed forces

army operational Command denmark print:

500 printed (125 copies per nation) and digital version on www.nordefco.org published:

by the danish chairmanship of the nordic Military Coordination Committee

February 2013

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