10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(1)

(2)

(3)

! "

(4)

(5)

'( % )

'(( % )

'(' % *

'' +

', - .

',( % (/

',' " - ((

',, $ - ('

'0 & ('

') ()

,( % (.

,' 1 '/

,, '(

,0 ''

,) ! ''

,* 2 3 % ',

0( 4 % ,/

0(( & & ,/

0(' '5 126 ,/

0(,

126 ,,

0' 7 8 ,+

0, 8 3 &

00

0,( 00

0,' % )0

0,, 8 &

*/

!""

(6)

(7)

8

9 :

8 39 9

; "

<=8 >

7? (...@ 9

A 3 <(...@

'/') B 2

'/,/ A 3

(' B 6

< @

%- 9

&

C 3 <(.+*@ 4 3 89 $

8<"3 <(..+@D%%%&!'&(@ 8

9 1269 -

8

% 9 9

? 8 3

& - 8

4 8

2 8

& 8><'//(@

- 1 <*/0 Æ

@

<'/')B@ 89

A3<(...@ - 0/*0'+

Æ

8

3 % 2

126 %

4 "

% 9 3 2

9

(8)

% 3

2 8 9

% ;

&9

/,)((9 &

2 </,./5* @ 4

</(/,. @ % </5*')@

& & ) #*

9 % !

8

8 4 E

9

<(+*+(.)5@

2 (< @

68 <(+0'(.(.@

9 2 /()/

9 %

; )/

" '( 68

• → ^γ → •

" '(#

" 68 #

<@E ,

0

<(F= @ <'(@

< @"

"

(9)

8 % "'(8 -

E

(

<(F ' = @

<''@

3 8

((

7 4 '( 8 E/5

" 8 68

68

2 9

8 8

& & ") #*

" '' /,)((

</,./5* @ ? 9

<% @%

8 G 9

? ?4

% % ; 8

?

3 9 ?

%

?

3 ; <

8 @ 8 :

?9

2 4 ',9

? +/

Æ

(10)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bylgjelengd [µm]

Absorpsjon i % av G TOA

Vassdamp Ozon O2

" ''# !"## $

%&'() $

* +" , - !" '. * /

& # # # '. '

- #0 -

(11)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bylgjelengd [µm]

Absorpsjon i % av G TOA

Vassdampabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 0°

Vassdampabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 80°

Ozonabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 0°

Ozonabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 80°

" ',#( - % 1

**

2 :

89 2

:

2

8 9

89 8 8

9

3

2 >=! <(.+.@

(12)

; % 9

9 - 9

9 9

4

9 1269 - 126 <8

3 @ 4 -

126

,

-

%9

2 3 - 8

4 <C 3 (.+*@ $

8<%%%&!'&(@ #

9 F

( + , #-

% &< '0@ " <@

3

<@ H8

#

<@E

<',@

<4 ')@

% < ',(@

%#

< (,*5

¾

@

" 4 3

<<@@ <

<@@ 8 2

& <@

4 <@9

<@ .*B

(13)

<- 3 '//(@ 3

8 <@

<@

4 #

<@

<@<@

<'0@

% 3 E /

<

<@ E <@@ E ( <

<@ E

<@@ 7

4 <@

<@

/ (

' + "- #- ,

- %

#

<@E

(' /'

( I/'/+J

<,())F') @ I /+((J

//) ((

<')@

<@ 4 8

<@

<@#

<@

<'*@

!

<@ 7 <(..*@

: 2<(..)@

9

8 8

&& ) #- #*

;

3 %<

',@ K

& 89-3<(..5@

#

E

<@ <@

<@E<(F= @

/))F')'= ,+,= F(55=

=

(14)

C

&9

9 <4'*@ 2

3 83 8 3 %

K H H

(..* $ 8 5) Æ

I') Æ

(//

Æ

J9

2 8

- 3 <(..5@ '5 # 2

<@ <@

<@"

<@

8

<@E(F= % 9

68 % %

2 <@9

&

<@#

<@E

<@

-8,5 Æ

), Æ

:

<@

<@ <@#

<@E

<@ <@

&& ./ 0

- % 2

<2G3 (.++@

- % 2

8 9

% +(, Æ

H < ')@

2 8

9

'0

-

8 <8G3 (..5@

" 8

'/ B < @ 0/ B

; < @ <%%%&!'&(@ "

& 8 > <'//(@

'/') B 1 <*/0 Æ

@ 2

(15)

&& 1) 0

;

2 8 & =

'//' K 3 8

&

2 3 %

3 2 %

89 8 82

0'

& %

/ Æ

H 2 &

(.55

&5

$ 9

8

+(, Æ

<4 '0@

! 8 D ,

<4 ')@9 # <(/)(') @ +)!

<)55( @ 6

') )

;

D ')) '//'

&5 #< &

= @ 2 8 ('9 (

()

9 126 <

,@9 3 & "

126

& 126 3 9

L &L 2

8 126

& % 8

$ 9

(16)

" '0# % 2)23%() &

" ¢" % *"

% %

Æ

4 & 2)23%()

Æ

126K% 4

126<4')@ &(9 8

(.+' 2 126 8

(..+ $

126 2 4

(/B

8 9

126 9 8

(17)

@

"')# 2)23%()# 2)23%()

5 2)23%()# #/55 #/+*,

%&'() 2)23%()5 #//5

%6 2)23%() %0 6 * * )

$4% , 1 57 *"

2)23%()5 $4% , $4%# $4%*

$4% % 6

(18)

!!

4 87

8 %

8 <4

'*@#

( + 23K 3 3

2

#

<@ K 8 32

8 =

<@ K 8 %

<M :M@

2 : 8

3 %9 %

,* %8%

8 126

' + 23 ; 8 M M

8 % 2

% 9

%

2 : 3

, 4 23 9

<4

'(@ & 3 83 8 1

3 <3

@ E (+/

Æ

<@9

2 ! " &

</

Æ

/ Æ

#@#

E

$

(= <!@= <"@

$

F$

'$

$

= <!@= <"@

<'+@

$

<**$

@

& = <!@<"@<+(, Æ

@ " %

(19)

Senit

P

" '*# '

1

H ',0) Æ

< @9

! ',0) Æ

H ',0)

7 8 8

/ /9

<4 '5@ ; 3

4 4 9

4 #

2 4 9 #9 4

= % 4 '*#

E=

I= <@= <@F <@ <@= <(+/

Æ

#@J <'.@

#

"4'5 #E./

Æ

%9

9 %

2 4

3#

E

<"@

<'(/@

(20)

Ekvator

D 90-D

A

(0,0) V

V

B C Breiddegrad B

Lengdegrad L S

P

" '5#

2)23%() Æ

Æ

( 8 % 9

1

% % ,

$ 1

8, Æ

: ( 1 */

Æ

(21)

% E

<&@

= <!@

<'((@

K '+ '((

! "#

E(+/

Æ

=

$

¾

F

<'('@

'(

4 8

% ./

Æ

8

1

(0((

Æ

1 9

9

(+/

Æ

; 9 79 8

8

'(# %

,

1

2

1 ',0) Æ

; / Æ

',0) Æ

1 */0 Æ

; ), Æ

(0((

Æ

.'+

Æ

0,.

Æ

9 " 0)+

Æ

; 0.

Æ

('/) Æ

.,+

Æ

**) Æ

==9 8 )*

Æ

; /' Æ

K .'+

Æ

./' Æ

+5*

Æ

9 7 ('(

Æ

55(

Æ

K ()'.

Æ

(5)' Æ

()+0 Æ

(22)

126<12&6 8=6 @"&66;

% 7

3 3 < @ 89

2

9 126

2

9 D

126 8 4 9

4 4 4 ;

126 2&6< 3 (.++@%

9

126 8 4 6

9

1268 % 8

! % 8 4 9 9

? ? 8

2 ? ,(

% % 9

? D ? % 9

? ./B?4

%<(/@!

2

,(# ' %&'()

- 3- ' '.

!" #$% & &$

'!!( ( &$&# &# &$

'!!( )! $# # $

*(+"!"( &$ #$

*(+"!")! $# # #$

(23)

"!!

" ,( 3 126

1 3 9

4 2 8

1263D 3 8

2 % 9

9 2

8

4 ,' )

1264# /))9 &

K 4 < 4 ,(@ 3 4 /')0 K

8 126 < @

K 8 &K 4 8

8 < E +) Æ

@

:

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Bylgjelengd [ µ m]

Reflektans

snø vegetasjon sand innsjø hav

METEOSAT−spektralrespons

" ,(# % 8 %&'()

(24)

,'# ( " %&'() 1;

"" , 2)23%()$4% 1 1 !# 8 1 *"<

$ =%00 =

% ,

Æ

/)) K K9 E+) Æ

/')0

/.+' /.'+ /.', /+'*

K /(,( /,() /,00 /'5(

/('+ /'(( /''( /'/5

//+' //)( //0+ //0'

- //)0 //') //'( //')

12684 % <99

% @ 4 %

< 9 %

@ 2 :9

=

4

/)) 2 8 126 /')5

!

,,

4 &K 4

3 4 /')0

,,# % 1

%&'() 1; 1 2)23%() 8

1 *"< 3 "" *"5

%&'()$ Æ

$

&K /')0

6 /(.* /(./

$ /'// /(.0

/'0( /',*

(25)

!#

126 4 9 89 9

: 126 8 #

% = % K

8 : ' ('+ 9 = 8

: (/* : 4 #

E

<@'

<,(@

<@ 4

% # #

% E# 0

,

<,'@

& 4 /))&

126 126 8 9 8 8

8

$%#

126 <&("&(6"@9

N 2 126

9 8

12688

9 4

,0 8

,0#: %&'() 3-

!#

, *(+"!"(

- , ./

, 0(

! /( ! $ $&%

1&!2 +! ,

13# !2 $%#

4& !2 ,. $&

56 !7 !( , (

(26)

; 126 "&66;

2

2 4 126 8

2 126

2 9

2 126

"&66;

LL2

L =L

82 8 1269 L =L

9 8

& '! (! )

!

126 8

<% @ 8 3 < @

4 %

% <7> 7 (.5*@#

E

<@

0(

=

= F=

()

Æ<

(

= F

(

=

@

<,,@

%9 <@ 9

9 9

< @Æ

" 68

%

<@E

<(F= @2

8 % D Æ

7 >7 <(.5*@#

Æ

E

<,0@

/,(()

; 3 %

(27)

<Æ

E///.@ 3 126<

/@ ,, ' B

4 M M

63 126 K

% ,, 1269

: 8 :

63 % 126

E/,(()*<Æ

E(@ 4 ,'" ,, 3 %

,, 2: 9 :

9 4 ,0 (//B

2

" ,) ,* 3

% ,) +' E /,(()

(9 +/ .0 E /))

/( & <4 ')@

% <

@

(28)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0° • 0

[88.0−112.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30° • 0

[73.7−127.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60° • 0

[49.4−135.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[36.9−124.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[19.7−97.2]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85° 0

[9.8−67.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5° 0

[4.8−43.0]

W/m ² str µ m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

" ,'# 8 5

, %&'()

1 $

(29)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[41.5−48.7]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[28.5−63.4]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[18.0−81.5]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 70° • 0

[13.6−80.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80° 0

[7.8−69.7]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[4.2−52.5]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[2.2−35.0]

W/m ² strµm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

" ,,# !!

(30)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[42.6−68.6]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[40.6−67.5]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[30.5−54.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[22.9−44.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[11.9−27.5]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[5.6−15.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[2.6−8.0]

W/m ² str µ m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

" ,0# 9

9 8 %&'() 1 !* 8

!! 1 !!

(31)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[39.2−51.6]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[35.2−51.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[35.3−60.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 70° • 0

[36.5−64.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80° 0

[39.6−71.7]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[43.0−77.4]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[45.8−81.5]

prosent 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

",)# 8 >

!##" . # ¡

,

!! 1 !! 8

(32)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[83.1−94.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[82.2−93.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[80.6−90.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 70° • 0

[80.2−89.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80° 0

[80.0−89.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[80.1−88.6]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[80.0−89.0]

prosent

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(33)

* ) #!!

; 4 3 - 9

% 3 - 3 <(..5@

8 < '5@#

E

<@ <@

<@E<(F= @

/))F')'= ,+,= F(55=

=

& 8 - 9

<4 '*@ 8 8

3 83

1268 9

/ 126 9

'5 4

'5 126

89

126 / 48

&

& & 7 #- 5 7 !

" & 8 8#

E

$ <@

<@

<0(@

$ 126 8 L ==

L % 9

'5 K

8 I') Æ

(//

Æ

J 5) Æ

I,5 Æ

), Æ

J

8 '5 <- 3 (..5@ "

4 0( % 8

126 8

+ E /5. I

¾

J & !

+

& & + &$ !

" '5 126 98

8 9L == L %

Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ

(34)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Høvetal, k

Frekvens

"0(# ? <# %

¾

2)23%()

I/

Æ

,/

Æ

*/

Æ

5/

Æ

+/

Æ

+) Æ

+5) Æ

J '.0

< E ,/

Æ

E ,/

Æ

E ./

Æ

@9 8

3 ()/ 4 " 0'

= K

& +E /5.9

<@

<@ '59 <@#

<@E

,',

+

<@

<0'@

40'1268 < E('/

Æ

()/

Æ

@

2

<@E (F 68

%9

126 +/

Æ

<=

/(5@ '5 5) Æ

9

./

Æ

126

5) Æ

8 ; % < E +5) Æ

@

G126 '5 8 88

126 % D

(35)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0

2 4 6 8 10 12

ψ = 0°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ψ = 30°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ψ = 60°

Simulerte og skalerte METEOSAT−teljingar, R SBDART / <k> f 1 ( ψ ) f 3 ( θ )

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ψ = 90°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ψ = 120°

Cos(satelittsenitvinkel (φ)) f

2 ( φ ) [Hammer mfl.]

θ = 0 ° θ = 30 ° θ = 60°

θ = 70°

θ = 80 ° θ = 85 ° θ = 87.5°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 10 20 30 40 50

ψ = 150°

" 0'# 8 8 %&'()

, *5

2)23%() %

¾

'

(36)

& & , #

) !

"4

126 8

-3<(..5@< ',(@ 126

8 / L L %;

8 L == L %

8 =

: =

9 #= F! #=

% ./

Æ

"

8 -

3 <(..5@D 8

<@ <@

<@ 9

8 ,/

8 %#

E

<@ <@

<@EI=

('*=

F/,+= //0= F/0(J

<,+5=

5**= F0++= F(.0@

= F/(/)

<0,@

"0, 126

" 00

< 0,@ ,/ 2

8 /,+ /(0 4 " 0) 0*

126

8

'50,"0)8940*8

- 3<(..5@ < I') Æ

(//

Æ

J

5) Æ

@ 126

8 4 0) 0* 2

8 8 <,'@

40) '5

9 %

% 8 126 9

- 3 <(..5@

- + 0, 9

2

K 126

&9 9

(37)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0

2 4 6 8

ψ = 0°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 30°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 60°

Simulerte og skalerte Meteosat−teljingar, R SBDART / <k> g 1 ( ψ ) g 3 ( θ )

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 90°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 120°

Cos(satelittsenitvinkel (φ)) g ₂ (φ)

θ = 0°

θ = 30°

θ = 60°

θ = 70°

θ = 80°

θ = 85°

θ = 87.5°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 150°

" 0,# %&'()

%&'() 2)23%() %

¾

'

(38)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0

2 4 6 8

ψ = 0°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 30°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 60°

Simulerte og skalerte Meteosat−teljingar, R SBDART / <k> g 1 ( ψ ) g 3 ( θ )

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 90°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 120°

Cos(satelittsenitvinkel (φ)) g

2 (φ) θ = 0°

θ = 30°

θ = 60°

θ = 70°

θ = 80°

θ = 85°

θ = 87.5°

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8

ψ = 150°

"00# % 1 <!,

! <!

(39)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

R SBDART /<k>

C atm

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

R SBDART /<k>

C atm

" 0)# %&'() ,

(40)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

R SBDART /<k>

C atm

" 0*# %&'() ,

?8#//5, <! '

?8 ¾&

Æ

% Æ

(41)

+ !, !# !# -%

-

& ',

8 2

9 8

% <

@ : 9

% 8 3

2 4 05 < - <'//(@@ "

& KOK

"(..09 = <@%

/(

-

+0 Æ

<= +0 Æ

E/(/)@ <%%%&!'&(@ 2 %

8 9 8

%

% 8 & " 05

126 2

)/9 (// )// /))

" 3

% 1 9

/

Æ

('/

Æ

< '(

E('/) Æ

8 @9

< E)'+

Æ

@ 8

E '', Æ

<0)+

Æ

0.

Æ

@ E ('/

Æ

2

%8 E ('/

Æ

4

05 4 05 05 %

/ % 8 <<@ E /@9

2 # (@ 126 %

(42)

@

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cos(θ) METEOSAT−TELJINGAR (R SBDART /<k>)

ψ = 0°

ψ = 30°

ψ = 60°

ψ = 90°

ψ = 120°

@

"05#2)23%() @ <"+

Æ

# Æ

(

#//<?* # %&'()

%&'() 2)23%()

> 5/

¾

<##

"" " , # " &

, %

A

Æ

#*

Æ

1 % 2)23%() "*+

Æ

(43)

% '@

<)@ < ',@;

< 4 05@ &

2

'0 2

'0

&

89 3

" 0+ & 1

*+) Æ

9 ,5 Æ

2 '( (0((

Æ

1 8

('/

Æ

8 1

2

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cos(θ) METEOSAT−TELJINGAR (R SBDART /<k>)

ψ = 0°

ψ = 30°

ψ = 60°

ψ = 90°

ψ = 120°

" 0+# % 1 <5, & # Æ

Æ

2)23%() 7+"

Æ

% : 8

2

- 8

(44)

< (/@ 2

"

0.0. &1

8 ,/

Æ

('/

Æ

% 49

('/

Æ

3

9 F % 2

8

G

9 : %

(*/

Æ

(+/

Æ

9

(0((

Æ

1

< '(@ %

% ('/

Æ

L ==NL

% %

%

8

&

<0)+

Æ

0.

Æ

@91<*/0 Æ

), Æ

#@;<5(' Æ

')5 Æ

#@

<*/

Æ

@ % 8 2 4 0(/

2 8 +5+

Æ

9

4 0. E+0 Æ

4

LFL 2: ,*9 0' )0 8 9 1

; 2 : /0+9 /0) /,0 2 :

9 :

3 % F

9 3 " E ./

Æ

('/

Æ

<; E,/

Æ

E+0 Æ

9 8@ 2

-

8

126 9 8 8

8 8 3 <(..+@ 8

C 4%

3 ,/B ()/

Æ

(+/

Æ

9

& 1< @

Æ

(45)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Cos( θ )

METEOSAT−TELJINGAR (R SBDART /<k>) ψ = 30°

Stratus, δ = 500 Stratus, δ = 50 Stratus, δ = 5 Cirrus, δ = 5 Rurale aerosolar Urbane aerosolar Ingen aerosolar Tropisk atmosfære

’Subarctic winter’ atmosfære

@

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Cos( θ )

METEOSAT−TELJINGAR (R SBDART /<k>) ψ = 120°

Stratus, δ = 500 Stratus, δ = 50 Stratus, δ = 5 Cirrus, δ = 5 Rurale aerosolar Urbane aerosolar Ingen aerosolar Tropisk atmosfære

’Subarctic winter’ atmosfære

@

" 0.# 2)23%() & 7 <

Æ

(

%&'() %&'() 2)23%()

> 5/

¾

<## A ! Æ

1 &

Æ

1 ,

$ '

=00 = %

*< 0 +# Æ

(46)

88 86 84 82 80 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Lyon

φ = 52.8°

METEOSAT−TELJINGAR (R SBDART /<k>)

88 86 84 82 80 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Solsenitvinkel θ [grader]

Bergen

φ = 68.5°

88 86 84 82 80 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Nordkapp

φ = 80.0°

" 0(/# 2)23%() @ , & :

%&'()A 7 Æ

'

1 </ # Æ

=B=$ /! "5 @ , ##" 5! & #+< #!

:

(47)

- (!

!!

2 3

& 2

<4 ')@ 2

&

9 9

"

9 9: 9 K

8

#

( 63 %<&@

' %

,

2 #

E$

F#

F<( @ <00@

% 4

%#

9

3 $

3 9

4

0,( 8 126

& 3 & 0,'

% 126 %8 <

@9 8 0,,

8 3 & <$

@ <( @

&& + "

2 3 % 4

( 9 9

(48)

<

')@ %

4 #

(

$

<0)@

$

8

3 % 6 #

= 'PE( <0*@

P 8 % 8

126 4

% % L

== L < ,(@!

</')5

/)) @ 8

9

0(#

1 & "

( 0(( 0(*

' 0(' 0(*

, 0(, 0(*=

0 ) 0(0 0(*

) (// 0() 0(*

88

I) Æ

() Æ

') Æ

,) Æ

0) Æ

)) Æ

*) Æ

5) Æ

+) Æ

J

# () Æ

# E / Æ

# E (+/

Æ

< 4 '*@ 6 4

*.K

; 4

%89

0)2 :

%2 :

(49)

( " 8 & #* &

"0((0(* 3 %

&

<40(5@68 %63

% 68

2

68 D /(

8 2

9 ,* " G3

9 %

' " 8 & #* &

" 0(' 0(* : %

3

, ,)9 +& ,&

63 126 2 %

3 9 8 4 0(,

3 % % <(@

8 2 3

% 3

% ; 9

0) 8

2 < @

%

0 ,)9 +& , ) &

8 ,/

Æ

<4 0(0 0(*@

8 8 2G

%

9 :

) ,)9 +& , ) &

"0()0(*

8 8

63 Q M

(50)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0° • 0

[0.8−2.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30° • 0

[0.6−3.7]

Svart bakke, utan aerosolar

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60° • 0

[0.5−5.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[0.5−5.5]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[0.4−5.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85° 0

[0.4−6.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5° 0

[0.4−6.8]

Retningsalbedo 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10

" 0((# 1 5

: 1 8

C ()@(&% %&'()

$

2)23%()

1

(51)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[0.7−2.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[0.6−4.3]

Svart bakke, med aerosolar

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[0.5−9.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 70° • 0

[0.4−14.4]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80° 0

[0.3−23.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[0.3−31.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[0.3−38.3]

Retningsalbedo

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 0.9 1

1.5

2

3

4

5

10

(52)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0 ° • 0

[0.8−1.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30 ° • 0

[0.8−1.1]

Vegetasjon

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60 • ° 0

[0.9−3.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[0.8−6.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[0.6−14.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[0.5−23.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[0.4−30.8]

Retningsalbedo 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10

" 0(,# % 1 <##,

(53)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0° • 0

[0.7−1.0]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30° • 0

[0.7−1.3]

Skyer, δ = 5

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60° • 0

[0.7−2.7]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[0.6−5.4]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[0.5−16.3]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[0.5−14.2]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[0.4−30.9]

Retningsalbedo 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10

" 0(0# % 1 <##,

(54)

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 0° • 0

[0.5−1.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 30° • 0

[0.5−1.1]

Skyer, δ = 100

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ = 60° • 0

[0.7−1.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[0.8−3.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 80 ° 0

[0.7−12.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 85 ° 0

[0.6−27.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60 240 90

270 120

300 150

330 180 • θ = 87.5 ° 0

[0.6−35.7]

Retningsalbedo 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10

" 0()# % 1 <##,

(55)

1 1 2

2 3

3 4

4 5

5 70°

80°

85°

87.5°

90°

60°

30°

Senit

30°

60°

@9 %

1 1 2

2 3

3 4

4 5

5 70°

80°

85°

87.5°

90°

60°

30°

Senit

30°

60°

@ 9 %

" 0(*# "

<# $ 1

<##<#" 5 A

Æ

(56)

1 1 2

2 3

3 4

4 5

5 70°

80°

85°

87.5°

90°

60°

30°

Senit

30°

60°

=@ K 9 %

1 1 2

2 3

3 4

4 5

5 70°

80°

85°

87.5°

90°

60°

30°

Senit

30°

60°

@9 )

1 1 2

2 3

3 4

4 5

5 70°

80°

85°

87.5°

90°

60°

30°

Senit

30°

60°

(57)

&& + ") #*

% < @

89 9 %9

8 126 8 9 %

8 4 # )//9(//

(/9 = ) 8 (0 89

= +(/ 8

" 0(5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Solsenitvinkel ( θ )

Absorptans (A atm /G TOA )

Stratus 1−4km, δ = 500, vegetasjon Stratus 1−4km, δ = 10, vegetasjon Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5, vegetasjon Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar Vegetasjon, tropisk atmosfære Hav, marine aerosolar

Sand, urbane aerosolar, tropisk atmosfære Sand, tropisk atmosfære

Sand, ’subarctic winter’ atmosfære

"0(5# ( %&'()'

D00 = (

13 "" *"5

Æ 4

(58)

2 %9 9

, % 3 8 5 () B

% 9

% 2

8 : 2

9 8 %

8

" % : 4 0(+0'(

9 8 "8

126 <,0@

4 0(50'(

. & : % 0 %

1269 $

< ,,@

= /*9/.(/8 9

(/

Æ

8

3 %9

3 %

.& #*,) %

8 %<

,(@ K 8 ?

2

&? <4',@9

+5) Æ

< @ %

< 8 ?@

. & "" % -

% 3

:

. & % 4 ,,)

% 8

E*/

Æ

; %

!

(59)

3 %

" 8 ?

%2

?9 % &?

8 9 ? < ,(@

3

4 0'(

(/)//

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Solsenitvinkel ( θ ) Absorptans (A atm /G TOA )

Urbane aerosolar Rurale aerosolar Troposfæriske aerosolar Marine aerosolar Ingen aerosolar

" 0(+# ( %&'() $

D00

= 3 *"5 4

(60)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Absorptans (A atm /G TOA )

Solsenitvinkel ( θ )

Tropical

Midlatitude summer Subarctic summer Midlatitude winter US62

Subarctic winter

" 0(.# ( %&'()

$ 4

2)23%()

(61)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Absorptans (A atm /G TOA )

Solsenitvinkel ( θ )

Snø Vegetasjon Sand Innsjø Hav

Bakkealbedo = 0

" 0'/# ( %&'()

$ D00=

4

2)23%()

(62)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Solsenitvinkel (θ) Absorptans (A atm /G TOA )

Stratus, δ = 500

Stratus, δ = 500, utan ozon Stratus, δ = 100

Stratus, δ = 100, utan ozon Stratus, δ = 10

Stratus, δ = 10, utan ozon Cirrus, δ = 5

Cirrus, δ = 5, utan ozon Ingen skyer

Ingen skyer, utan ozon

" 0'(# ( %&'() %

#< , 0 +# $

D00 =,

Æ 4

2)23%()

(63)

&& +' 7" ")!

"

; 8 & 3 & <

0,(@9 & "

00 8 #

<( @

E

(

$

#

<05@

2 % 9 8 &

%

126 8

&

8 9 %9

K 4 0''

9 8

% $ 9 %

; 8

3 & 9 LL

4 0''

3 &

8 %

8

%9 3 8

; 9

% 8 &

2 8 ? ;

?

8 ?

9 3 8 ? ;

? 126 % 8

& 9 L L

%

89 4 0''

- 9

9 ',

4

4 '09<@ <@3

(64)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

TOA irradiansalbedo (R

TOA /G

TOA ) Bakkeabsorptans (G(1− α )/G TOA )

Stratus 1−4km, δ = 500, vegetasjon Stratus 1−4km, δ = 100, vegetasjon Stratus 1−4km, δ = 10, vegetasjon Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5, vegetasjon Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar Vegetasjon, tropisk atmosfære Hav, marine aerosolar

Sand, urbane aerosolar, tropisk atmosfære Sand, tropisk atmosfære

Sand, ’subarctic winter’ atmosfære

"0''#% )3( ,

%&'() ' E00 F

3 "" *"5

Æ 4

2)23%()

'

¾ Æ

Æ

% Æ

Æ

% Æ

)3( ,

,,

" $

!

(65)

&<@ 8 8

<@ 8 4 L L

$$

$

<0+@

$ 3 & $

$

3

& 8 8 8 4

126 < L == L % @

$

4 3

& )//"0',

4 0''

−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

’skyindeks’ N = (R − R k ) / (R

s −R k ) Klarverindeks K = G/G klar

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 500 (definerer R _s ) Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 100

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 10 Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5

Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar (definerer G _klar + R _k ) Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar

Vegetasjon, tropisk atmosfære Hav, marine aerosolar

Sand, urbane aerosolar, tropisk atmosfære Sand, tropisk atmosfære

Sand, ’subarctic winter’ atmosfære

" 0',# % ==

%&'() 1 <** A 1

=00 =

, % 1

<+% " 1 "

,

1 "

$

=00 = Æ

(66)

2 - < ')@

%8 C

/( /08 8 (/

/, /* (// /.9

)// E(4 ;

2

9

" -

9

" 0'0

4

126 < ,,@9 : 8 % 8 L ==

L

−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

’skyindeks’ N = (R − R

k ) / (R

s −R

k ) Klarverindeks K = G/G klar

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 500 (definerer R _s ) Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 100

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 10 Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5 Vegetasjon, utan aerosolar

Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar (definerer G

klar + R

k ) Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar

Vegetasjon, marine aerosolar Vegetasjon, bakgrunnsaerosolar

" 0'0# % 1 <*!,

4

(67)

9

<

8

@ 2 8

%

4

0'0 % % ()

8 2 -

< @ 2

8

9 L L

8 :

" 0') 4 0'09 %

4

3 &

$

−0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

’skyindeks’ N = (R − R _k ) / (R _s −R _k ) Klarverindeks K = G/G klar

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 500 (definerer R _s ) Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 100

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 10 Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5

Vegetasjon, utan aerosolar (definerer G klar + R

k ) Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar

Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar Vegetasjon, marine aerosolar Vegetasjon, bakgrunnsaerosolar

"0')# % 1 <*<, 1

8 )3( "

Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ

(68)

9 8 %

< E+) Æ

+5) Æ

@ 2

/( /)98 8

% L == L 4 0')9

8 - # 63 & $

8 4

9 -

<

@ % 8

2 4 $

% 9

4 0'* 8

- 8

$

% 9 8 :

−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

’skyindeks’ N = (R − R

k ) / (R

s −R

k ) Klarverindeks K = G/G klar

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 500 (definerer R

s ) Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 100

Stratus 1−4 km, δ = 10 Cirrus 8−10 km, δ = 5

Vegetasjon, utan aerosolar (definerer G

klar ) Vegetasjon, rurale aerosolar (definerer R

k ) Vegetasjon, urbane aerosolar

Vegetasjon, marine aerosolar Vegetasjon, bakgrunnsaerosolar

"0'*#% 1<*",8 )3( "

1

(69)

8 9 1269

8 3 %

8 %4

126 - 9

&9 %

8

- ', 8

2

3 & K

3 %9

% % - 3

<(..5@ 8 &

8 0('

126 $

4 9

<4 0) 0*@ 8

8

0(, % 126

4 8 8 -

3 <(..5@# (@ 126 /9

3 83 '@ K

9 /,+ /(0 < 4

0, 00@ K L == L %

/')5 /)) 2

Q M % "

< ('/

Æ

@9 9 %

8 9

? % - <

',@ < 0,@

%8 9

8

9 0(

(70)

-

% 3

0' % 8 126 2

% 4

& 1 & '() Æ

8 8

9 & '/

Æ

8 "

:

8

3

3 % F

2 & 8><'//(@

-

<'/')B@1<*/0 Æ

@ 8 <7?

3 <(..5@9 A 3 <(...@@ 2

8

% 4

G 9

1 2

8 126 8 3

8 9

:

0, 8

& 2

8 #

( 63 %<&@

' %

,

0,( 9 3

%9 & 126

9

% 4 6

4 4 0((0() 0,'

% %9 9

8 9

8 &

0,, 2

(71)

% 8 - 9

8 9

- 4 #

E

3<@ &

3 8 8!

8

" 126 4

9 3 & <$ $

$

@

3 & $

< )//@ 3

8$

" %

$

<4 0'0@ - %

9 %

8 4

2

%

$

<4 0')@ 2

9 8

9 % < +) Æ

@

L8 L

/( /) 2

3 & %

" 0'*

$

4 %

8

- 9

3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

•

→ γ → •

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bylgjelengd [µm]

Absorpsjon i % av G TOA

Vassdamp Ozon O2

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bylgjelengd [µm]

Absorpsjon i % av G TOA

Vassdampabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 0°

Vassdampabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 80°

Ozonabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 0°

Ozonabsorptans, solsenitvinkel 80°

Senit

P

Ekvator

D 90-D

A

(0,0) V

V

B C Breiddegrad B

Lengdegrad L S

P

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Bylgjelengd [ µ m]

Reflektans

snø vegetasjon sand innsjø hav

METEOSAT−spektralrespons

30 60 90 0

30

210

60

240 90

270 120

300 150

330

180 θ = 0° • 0

[88.0−112.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60

240 90

270 120

300 150

330

180 θ = 30° • 0

[73.7−127.8]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60

240 90

270 120

300 150

330

180 θ = 60° • 0

[49.4−135.1]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60

240 90

270 120

300 150

330

180 θ • = 70 ° 0

[36.9−124.9]

30 60 90 0

30

210

60

240 90

270 120

300 150

330

→ ^γ → •

W/m ² str µ m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120