The grammar of depiction: Exploring gesture and language in Australian Sign Language (Auslan)

!

!

!

!

!"#$%&'(('&$)*$+#,-./-)01$23,4)&-0%$%#5/6&#$'0+$

4'0%6'%#$-0$765/&'4-'0$8-%0$9'0%6'%#$:7654'0;$

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

"#$%&'(!)*++'+'!

!

!

!

!

!

,!-.*&#&!&/01#--*%!#$!2/32#331*$-!42!-.*!+*5/#+*1*$-&!24+!-.*!%*6+**!42!

748-4+!42!9.#34&4:.(!

!

!

!

!

;/:*+<#&4+=!9+42*&&4+!>+*<4+!?4.$&-4$!

7*:'+-1*$-!42!"#$6/#&-#8&@!A'85/'+#*!B$#<*+&#-(!

;(%$*(@!,/&-+'3#'!

)*0+/'+(!CDEC

#!$%&%'(!)%*+,&%!-$,-!-$".!-$%.".!".!/(!012!10&3!,2)!-$,-4!-0!-$%!'%.-!05!/(!3201+%)6%4!"-!

)0%.!20-!*02-,"2!,2(!72,--&"'7-%)!/,-%&",+!8&%9"07.+(!87'+".$%)!0&!1&"--%2!'(!,2(!0-$%&!

8%&.02:!!#!,+.0!)%*+,&%!-$,-!-$%!10&3!"2!-$".!-$%.".!$,.!20-!'%%2!8&%9"07.+(!.7'/"--%)!-0!

,2(!0-$%&!"2.-"-7-"02!50&4!0&!,.!8,&-!054!,!)%6&%%:!!!

!

;$".!.-7)(!1,.!6&,2-%)!,88&09,+!'(!-$%!<,*=7,&"%!>2"9%&."-(!?-$"*.!@%9"%1!A0//"--%%!

BC7/,2!@%.%,&*$D!B&%5%&%2*%E!C?FGHA;FIIJKLIMNMOD!,2)!*02)7*-%)!"2!,**0&),2*%!

1"-$!-$%!67")%+"2%.!.-"87+,-%):!

!

!

!

!

P"2).,(!Q%&&,&,!

Q%'&7,&(!FINF!

!

!

R'.-&,*-E!!

;$".!)"..%&-,-"02!&%80&-.!02!,!+"267".-"*!"29%.-"6,-"02!"2-0!-$%!7.%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!

R7.-&,+",2!S"62!P,267,6%!BR7.+,2D:!L%8"*-"26!."62.!,&%!,2,+(T%)!,.!8,&-+(!+%U"*,+!."62.4!

*0/80."-%.!05!+"267".-"*!,2)!6%.-7&,+!%+%/%2-.!BV0$2.-02!W!S*$%/'&"4!FINIX!P"))%++4!

FIIO,D:!;$%!0**7&&%2*%!05!-$%.%!."62.!1"-$"2!*+,7.%.4!0&!&,-$%&4!*+,7.%K+"3%K72"-.4!".!

"29%.-"6,-%)!"2!0&)%&!-0!BND!)%.*&"'%!-$%"&!7.%!"2!*02-%U-!,2)!BFD!%U8+0&%!$01!."62%&.!

"2-%6&,-%!+,267,6%!,2)!6%.-7&%!-0!*02.-&7*-!/%,2"26!B*5:!?25"%+)4!FIIYD:!

;$%!"2-%&2,+!.-&7*-7&%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!$,.!&%*%"9%)!/7*$!,--%2-"02!09%&!-$%!

(%,&.!B%:6:4!A06"++KZ0%T4!FIIIX!S*$"*34!NYYIX!S78,++,4!NY[JD4!'7-!&%.%,&*$!02!-$%!'%$,9"0&!

05!-$%.%!."62.!"2!*02-%U-4!,2)!,*&0..!/,2(!"2.-,2*%.4!$,.!'%%2!+,&6%+(!2%6+%*-%):!;$".!

*0&87.K',.%)!.-7)(!,))&%..%.!-$".!.7'.-,2-",+!&%.%,&*$!6,8!'(!%U,/"2"26!)%8"*-"26!

."62.!"2!2,-7&,+".-"*!R7.+,2!*029%&.,-"02!,2)!2,&&,-"9%.!5&0/!,!*062"-"9%!+"267".-"*.!

8%&.8%*-"9%:!R2,+(.".!".!',.%)!02!N\4\M\!."62!-03%2.!,*&0..!\4MGY!*+,7.%K+"3%!72"-.4!,2)!

&%8&%.%2-.!,!)&,/,-"*!"2*&%,.%!"2!-$%!."T%!,2)!=7,+"-(!05!),-,.%-.!7.7,++(!&%80&-%)!"2!-$%!

."62%)!+,267,6%!+"267".-"*.!+"-%&,-7&%:!

Q"2)"26.!5&0/!-$%!.-7)(!055%&!,!8,&-",+!)%.*&"8-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!R7.+,2:!

;$%!50*7.!".!02!-$%!572*-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!1"-$"2!*+,7.%K+"3%K72"-.4!'7-!-$%&%!".!,+.0!,!

)%.*&"8-"02!05!-$%"&!."62K+%9%+!*$,&,*-%&".-"*.!,2)!-$%"&!8&%.%2*%!"2!0-$%&!-(8%.!05!

*02.-&7*-"02.:!;$%!"2-%&,*-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!1"-$!*02.-&7*-%)!,*-"02!".!,+.0!

)%.*&"'%):!!

;$%!),-,!,2)!,2,+(.".!.7880&-!-$%!*02*+7."02!-$,-!-$%!*02-&"'7-"02!/,)%!'(!202K +"267".-"*!'%$,9"0&!-0!/%,2"26!*02.-&7*-"02!2%%).!-0!'%!&%*062"T%)!,2)!,88&08&",-%+(!

"2-%6&,-%)!"2-0!,!)%.*&"8-"02!05!R7.+,2!6&,//,&4!,2)!8%&$,8.4!'(!%U-%2."024!0-$%&!

."62%)!+,267,6%.],!80."-"02!."/"+,&!-0!.%9%&,+!R7.-&,+",2!."62%)!+,267,6%!&%.%,&*$%&.4!

.7*$!,.!V0$2.-02!BNYYMD4!A06"++KZ0%T!BFIIID4!S*$%/'&"!BFIIND4!,2)!)%!^%7T%9"++%4!

V0$2.-024!W!S*$%/'&"!BFIIYD:!!

!

!

"#$%&'()*+),)%-.!

;$".!_$L!)"..%&-,-"02!".!-$%!&%.7+-!05!/,2(!8%08+%`.!.7880&-!,2)!67"),2*%X!8&05%..0&.4!

*0++%,67%.4!5,/"+(4!,2)!5&"%2).:!#!*,2`-!'%6"2!-0!-$,23!-$%/!%2076$:!#!-&7+(!,88&%*",-%!

%9%&(-$"26!-$%(!$,9%!)02%!50&!/%!09%&!-$%!(%,&.:!

!

#!107+)!,+.0!+"3%!-0!-$,23!-$%!R7.-&,+",2!L%,5!*0//72"-(4!1$0!,**%8-%)!/%!,2)!.$,&%)!

-$%"&!+,267,6%!1"-$!/%4!)%.8"-%!/(!a5722(b!,**%2-:!

!

#!,/!"2)%'-%)!%.8%*",++(!-0!,++!-$%!."62%&.!1$0!8,&-"*"8,-%)!"2!/(!.-7)(!,2)!-$%!R7.+,2!

R&*$"9%!8&0c%*-4!1$0!6&,*"07.+(!,++01%)!/%!-0!"2*+7)%!"/,6%.!,2)!9")%0.!05!-$%/!"2!-$".!

)"..%&-,-"02:!!;$".!0880&-72"-(!-0!+%,&2!/0&%!,'07-!+,267,6%4!,2)!+"5%4!*,/%!,'07-!

'%*,7.%!05!(07:!!;$,23!(07:!

!

;0!/(!.78%&9".0&!;&%90&!V0$2.-024!1$0!"29%.-%)!,!6&%,-!)%,+!05!-"/%!,2)!8,-"%2*%!"2-0!

/(!)%9%+08/%2-!,.!,!.*$0+,&4!#!*,2!02+(!055%&!/(!)%%8%.-!6&,-"-7)%:!!

!

#!,/!,+.0!6&,-%57+!-0!/(!,..0*",-%!.78%&9".0&!V%/"2,!d,8"%&4!1$0!8&09")%)!/7+-"8+%!

0880&-72"-"%.!50&!/%!-0!6,"2!%U8%&"%2*%!"2!,!&,26%!05!&%.%,&*$!.%--"26.!,2)!2%1!,&%,.!05!

+"267".-"*.:!;$&076$!-$%.%!0880&-72"-"%.4!#!,*=7"&%)!,!6&%,-!)%,+!05!8&,*-"*,+!.3"++.!-$,-!

$,9%!.%&9%)!/%!1%++:!;$,23!(07:!

!

;0!/(!*0++%,67%!,2)!)%,&!5&"%2)!e,'&"%++%!C0)6%4!07&!.-"/7+,-"26!B+"267".-"*fD!

)".*7.."02.!09%&!-$%!8,.-!5%1!(%,&.!$,9%!'%%2!%2+"6$-%2"26!,.!1%++!,.!%2c0(,'+%:!!<,(!

-$%(!*02-"27%!"2-0!-$%!7250&%.%%,'+%!57-7&%:!

!

#!107+)!,+.0!+"3%!-0!-$,23!R),/!S*$%/'&"!50&!-,3"26!-$%!-"/%!-0!)".*7..!,2)!*0//%2-!02!

/(!&%.%,&*$:!C".!8%&.8%*-"9%!1,.!/0&%!-$,2!$%+857+4!,2)!#!+003!50&1,&)!-0!)".*7.."26!"-!

,6,"2!1"-$!$"/!.0/%!-"/%!.002:!

!

#!107+)!,+.0!+"3%!-0!,*3201+%)6%!-$%!*0//72"-(!,2)!.7880&-!#!$,9%!%2c0(%)!5&0/!/(!

5%++01!.-7)%2-.!,2)!*0++%,67%.!,-!<,*=7,&"%!>2"9%&."-(!,2)!8&%9"07.+(!,-!e,++,7)%-!

>2"9%&."-(:!;$&076$!-$%/!#!+%,&2%)!/,2(!05!-$%!"2.!,2)!07-.!05!-$%!,*,)%/"*!+"5%!,2)!-$%!

! 9"""!

e%0&6%4!<,&(4!#.,4!,2)!R62%.:!

!

Q"2,++(4!g"2*%2-:!!#!*,220-!%9%2!'%6"2!-0!.,(!$01!'+%..%)!#!,/!-0!$,9%!(07!"2!/(!

+"5%:!;$,23!(07:!!Q0&!,++!-$%!+"--+%!-$"26.4!,2)!%9%&(-$"26!%+.%:!!V%!-`,"/%:!

!

! "U!

!"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,& & & & & & & & & &

/01"120/!"/3!"//01"120/!40/56/120/7! ! ! ! ! ! !!U9!

48"916:!;<!2/1:03=4120/! >?!

N:N:!#dg?S;#eR;#de!;C?!S;@>A;>@?!HQ!L?_#A;#de!S#edS! FM!

!"!"!"#$%&'(#)*+,'-#*.#+,/012034#-043-# 56!

!"!"5"#7*&,#&,1,32#)*+,'-#*.#+,/012034#-043-# 58!

N:F:!e?S;>@?!RdL!PRde>Re?! FY!

N:O:!;C?!d?h;!S;?_!#d!Rd!#dg?S;#eR;#Hd!HQ!L?_#A;#de!S#edS! OI!

N:G:!S#ed!PRde>Re?!P#de>#S;#AS!#d!R>S;@RP#R!RdL!;C?!AHd;?h;!QH@!;C?!A>@@?d;!S;>Li! OF!

!"9"!"#:;,#'034<0-201-#*.#=<-'%3# >5!

!"9"5"#7,+01%'#?043@%3A#B&*C,12# >>!

N:\:!R#<!RdL!SAH_?!HQ!S;>Li! O\!

N:M:!Hg?@g#?j!HQ!L#SS?@;R;#Hd! O\!

48"916:!><!72@/7!2/!"=7A"/!"/3!186!/"1=:6!0B!@671=:6! CD!

F:N:!Q>PPiKP?h#ARP!S#edS! O[!

F:F:!_R@;PiKP?h#ARP!S#edS! GN!

5"5"!"#D32&*+<120*3#2*#&,%'E-/%1,#@',3+034# 95!

5"5"5"#?<&&*4%2,#@',3+-#%3+#/*032034# F>!

5"5">"#G,/012034#@',3+-#%3+#+,/012034#-043-# F9!

F:O:!dHdKP?h#ARP!S#edS! \Y!

5">"!"#H*I,'#-043-# FJ!

5">"5"#K;%2#0-#L4,-2<&,MN# FJ!

5">">"#H*3E,3%12034#4,-2<&,-# 65!

5">"9"#$3%12034#4,-2<&,-# 69!

F:G:!AHdAP>S#Hd! MM!

48"916:!C<!40E907216!71:=41=:67!"/3!40E907216!=116:"/467! FG!

O:N:!PRde>Re?!RS!Rd!R^S;@RA;#Hd!Q@H<!>S?! MY!

>"!"!"#O-%4,#,I,32-#40I,#&0-,#2*#'%34<%4,#-2&<12<&,# 6J!

>"!"5"#?,4),32034#3%2<&%'#'%34<%4,# PQ!

>"!">"#O-034#032*3%20*3#2*#-,4),32#-043,+#'%34<%4,#+%2%# P5!

O:F:!ACR@RA;?@#k#de!AH<_HS#;?!S;@>A;>@?! [\!

>"5"!"#R,(#2,&)-#%3+#1*31,/2-#03#S*43020I,#T&%))%&# PF!

>"5"5"#T&%))%201%'#1*3-2&<120*3-# P8!

! U!

>"5">"#T&%))%201%'#I%',31,#&,'%20*3-# 8Q!

>"5"9"#S'%<-,#-2&<12<&,# 85!

>"5"F"#=&4<),32#-2&<12<&,#%3+#02-#&,'%20*3#2*#1'%<-,#-2&<12<&,# 88!

>"5"6"#U,-,%&1;#&,'%2,+#2*#1'%<-,#-2&<12<&,#03#-043,+#'%34<%4,-# J!!

>"5"P"#D--<,-#/,&2%03034#2*#1'%<-,#0+,320.01%20*3V1;%&%12,&0W%20*3#03#-043,+#'%34<%4,#+%2%# J9!

O:O:!AH<_HS#;?!>;;?@RdA?S! YM!

>">"!"#S;%&%12,&0W034#1*)/*-02,#<22,&%31,-# J6!

>">"5"#?;*X034#%3+#2,''034# !Q5!

O:G:!AHdAP>S#Hd! NIG!

48"916:!H<!E618037! ;I?!

G:N:!#<_H@;RdA?!HQ!AH@_>SK^RS?L!S#ed?L!PRde>Re?!@?S?R@AC! NI\!

G:F:!LR;R!RdL!_R@;#A#_Rd;S! NIY!

9"5"!"#S*3I,&-%20*3#+%2%#Y1*'',12,+#.*&#2;0-#-2<+(Z# !QJ!

9"5"5"#H%&&%20I,#+%2%#Y2;,#=<-'%3#S*&/<-#[\&*4#?2*&0,-]Z# !!5!

G:O:!LR;R!RddH;R;#Hd! NNM!

9">"!"#S*)/%&034#%33*2%20*3-#03#2;,#1*3I,&-%20*3#%3+#3%&&%20I,#+%2%#-,2-# !!6!

9">"5"#=33*2%2,+#20,&-# !!J!

9">">"#D--<,-#03#%33*2%20*3# !58!

G:G:!R__@HRAC!;H!RdRPiS#S! NO[!

9"9"!"#B&0310/',-#%3+#0--<,-# !>P!

9"9"5"#$^=H#-,%&1;034# !>8!

9"9">"#\<&2;,&#%3%'(-0-#X02;#$^=HE4,3,&%2,+#+%2%# !9!!

G:\:!AHdAP>S#Hd! NGF!

48"916:!?<!B2/32/@7! ;HC!

\:N:!Hg?@g#?j!HQ!;C?!LR;RS?;S! NGO!

\:F:!_R@;!#E!S#edK^RS?L!Q#dL#deS!Hd!L?_#A;#de!S#edS! NGM!

F"5"!"#G,/012034#,32020,-#03#1*3I,&-%20*3#%3+#3%&&%20I,-# !96!

F"5"5"#\&,_<,31(#%3+#+0-2&0@<20*3#*.#+,/012034#-043#-<@E1'%--,-# !F5!

F"5">"#G,/012034#*3#2;,#3*3E+*)03%32#;%3+# !F9!

F"5"9"#\&,_<,31(#%3+#+0-2&0@<20*3#*.#+,/012034#-043-#%11*&+034#2*#4&%))%201%'#1'%--#Y3%&&%20I,#

+%2%Z# !FF!

\:O:!_R@;!##E!AP>K^RS?L!Q#dL#deS!Hd!L?_#A;#de!S#edS! N\J!

F">"!"#S*)/*-020*3#*.#+,/012034#S^O-# !F8!

F">"5"#B&,+01%2,#%&4<),32#-2&<12<&,#/%22,&3-# !FJ!

F">">"#`I,&%''#+0-2&0@<20*3#*.#/%22,&3#2(/,-# !6!!

! "#!

!"#"$"%&'()*+),-%.)-,.%/.%0'12.3%/1-45',+.3%/,6%,7,8/1-45',+.% 9:9!

$%&%!'()*!+++,!-*./)!'(**/)01!+02-32+04!5/'+6*+04!1+401! 789!

!"$"9"%&'()*+),-%.)-,%/,6%;),-'1.('<<),-%.'=4',*'.% >?9!

!"$">"%@'=4',*'.%7;%6'()*+),-%.)-,.% >?:!

!"$"#"%&'()*+),-%.)-,.%A)+B%*7,.+14*+'6%/*+)7,% >99!

$%$%!6-063:1+-0! 77;!

!"#$%&'()*(+,-!.--,/0(#0+(!/0!1.-,/0-( 223!

<%9%!5/'+6*+04!1+401!()/!+0*/4)(*/5!+0*-!6-='-1+*/!1*):6*:)/! 77>!

C"9"9"%&'()*+),-%.)-,.%/,6%-1/55/+)*/<%*</..);)*/+)7,% >>D! C"9">"%&@8EFG.%/1'%.+14*+41'6%.)5)</1<H%+7%,7,86'()*+),-%EFG.% >#$!

<%7%!5/'+6*+04!1+401!'()*+6+'(*/!+0!6-='-1+*/!:**/)(06/1! 7$?!

C">"9"%E75(7.)+'%4++'1/,*'.%+B/+%),+'-1/+'%6'()*+),-%.)-,.%/,6%*7,.+14*+'6%/*+)7,% >!!! C">">"%E75(7.)+'%4++'1/,*'.%;4,*+)7,%+7%+'<<%5'/,),-%/,6%.B7A%5'/,),-% >C?!

<%?%!(66-==-5(*+04!3(04:(4/!(05!4/1*:)/!+0!3(04:(4/!5/16)+'*+-0! 7;$!

C"#"9"%I/,6<),-%.)-,.J%6'()*+),-%.)-,.%71%*7,.+14*+'6%/*+)7,K% >::! C"#">"%F'L)*/<%)6)75.%/,6%+B'%</,-4/-'8-'.+41'%*7,+),445% >M?!

<%&%!*./!4)(==()!-@!5/'+6*+-0! 7A<!

C"$"9"%N,%),+'-1/+'6%576'<%7;%</,-4/-'%/,6%-'.+41'% >MC!

C"$">"%E7,.+14*+)7,/<%.*B'5/.%/**75576/+),-%<),-4).+)*%/,6%,7,8<),-4).+)*%*75(7,',+.% >D>!

<%$%!6-063:1+-01! 7>;!

C"!"9"%O0'10)'A% >D:!

C"!">"%&'()*+),-%.)-,.%A)+B),%*75(7.)+'%.+14*+41'% >DM!

C"!"#"%&'()*+),-%.)-,.%A)+B),%*75(7.)+'%4++'1/,*'.% >DD!

C"!"$"%P5(<)*/+)7,.% >DD!

'&4&'&0!&-( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 567(

#$$&0+,8(#9(#.-1#0(-,:0-( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 573(

#$$&0+,8(;9(/.%1,0&(/4(<4'/:=(>"&'&(#'&(?/.@A(;?(B&'!&'(B#?&'( ( 525(

#$$&0+,8(!9(&1#0(-&#'!"(+/!.B&0%#%,/0( ( ( ( ( ( 52C(

#$$&0+,8(+9(B#!D.#',&(&%",!-(!1&#'#0!&( ( ( ( ( ( 5E3!

!

! U""!

! U"""!

List of Figures

Figure 1 Representation of the Auslan lexical unit [[HEART-ATTACK]/[heart attack]] 38!

Figure 2 Representation of the Auslan lexical unit [[BLOOD]/[blood]] 39!

Figure 3 The fingerspelled English word cyst. 40!

Figure 4 Illustration of mental spaces built during discourse 44!

Figure 5 Meaning construction through English and gestural interaction with real-space 48!

Figure 6 An example of an indicating sign in Auslan (SEW) 50!

Figure 7 Mental spaces that participate in a blend (reproduced from Fauconnier, 1997, p.

151) 51!

Figure 8 An example of a real space blend in English 52!

Figure 9 Example of a surrogate blend in Auslan 54!

Figure 10 Depicting verb describing an arrangement (and movement) of entities 56!

Figure 11 Structure of an Auslan depicting blend 57!

Figure 12 Example of a non-enacting gesture 63!

Figure 13 Example of signer enacting a boy holding and looking into a boot 65!

Figure 14 Channels of a viewing frame that is one part of a usage event (reproduced from Langacker, 2001, p. 146) 70!

Figure 15 The semantic structure of [SEE] 77!

Figure 16 Summary of Langacker's proposed word class model (adapted with permission from Figure 11.10 in Taylor, 2003, p. 221) 78!

Figure 17 Two-dimensional representation of the lexico-grammar continuum (reproduced from Langacker, 2005) 79!

Figure 18 Langacker’s (1987) proposed prototypical grammatical construction (reproduced with permission from p. 326) 81!

Figure 19 Auslan example of Langacker's proposed prototypical grammatical construction 82!

Figure 20 Example of clause in Auslan 84!

Figure 21 Universal layered structure of the clause in RRG (adapted from Van Valin, 2005,

p. 4) 87!

Figure 22 Example of a composite utterance 101!

Figure 23 Example workflow for repeated annotation passes (reproduced with permission from Johnston, 2010b, p. 116) 108!

! U"9!

Figure 24 Layout of discussion groups 111!

Figure 25 Possible data comparisons 114!

Figure 26 CLU embedding and resulting annotation 123!

Figure 27 The controlled vocabulary for the Argument Structure tiers (reproduced from Johnston, November 2011, p. 62) 125!

Figure 28 Tagging CA for predicate-argument structure 126!

Figure 29 Example of {A1 A2} CLU 130!

Figure 30 Example of verb sequence designating the same event 131!

Figure 31 Example of serial verb construction 133!

Figure 32 Example of a sequence of two nouns 134!

Figure 33 Example of depicting 'handling' sign 135!

Figure 34 An example of a simultaneous construction and its annotation 136!

Figure 35 Searching annotations on one tier in ELAN 139!

Figure 36 Example of multi-tier search in ELAN 140!

Figure 37 Example of sign sequence search in ELAN 141!

Figure 38 Examples of depicted actions and entities in the conversation data 147!

Figure 39 Examples of depicted actions and entities in the Frog Stories 148!

Figure 40 The frog escapes from the jar 149!

Figure 41 The |boy| jumps back from the |mole| 151!

Figure 42 Signer enacts the boy holding his nose 152!

Figure 43 Example of depicting sign where the two hands depict different entities 154!

Figure 44 A CLU containing a depicting verb 156!

Figure 45 A CLU containing a depicting noun 156!

Figure 46 Example of an unclassified DS-CLU 161!

Figure 47 Examples of a DS-CLU and non-depicting CLU with {A V} structure 163!

Figure 48 Examples of a DS-CLU and non-depicting CLU with {V} structure 164!

Figure 49 DSS(1):TIME-AFTER-TIME 168!

Figure 50 Examples of one- and two-participant {A V} DS-CLUs containing a depicting verb 175!

Figure 51 Example of the handshape of a depicting verb corresponding to an expressed

argument 179!

Figure 52 Examples of depicting verb handshapes not corresponding to an expressed

argument 180!

! U9!

Figure 53 Example of an unclear correspondence between a depicting verb's handshape and an overt argument in an {A V} DS-CLU 182!

Figure 54 {V} DS-CLU with a depicting verb 183!

Figure 55 Example of depicting verb in a {A1 V A2} DS-CLU 185!

Figure 56 An example of an uncertain {A1 V A2} DS-CLU 186!

Figure 57 Examples of two-participant {A V} CLUs where the depicting argument corresponds to the verb's landmark 190!

Figure 58 The two instances of two-participant {A V} DS-CLUs with a depicting argument that corresponds to the verb’s semantic trajector 192!

Figure 59 Example of one-participant {A V} CLUs, where the depicting sign is an argument 194!

Figure 60 One-participant {A V} CLU with the sign HAVE and a depicting argument 195!

Figure 61 Examples of {A1 A2 (A3)} DS-CLUs with a depicting sign as an argument 197!

Figure 62 The baby frogs found at the end of the Frog Story (Mayer, 1969) 198!

Figure 63 Example of a depicting sign functioning as a non-argument 199!

Figure 64 Another example of a depicting sign functioning as a non-argument 200!

Figure 65 Example of an appositive construction with a fingerspelled word followed by a

depicting sign 202!

Figure 66 Examples of fingerspelling occurring with depicting signs 204!

Figure 67 Semantic structure of a CLU containing a sequence of fingerspelling and a

depicting sign 206!

Figure 68 Examples of serial verb constructions from the Frog Stories 210!

Figure 69 Verb apposition with a fully lexical sign and a depicting sign 211!

Figure 70 CA contributions to predicate-argument structure in DS+CA-CLUs 217!

Figure 71 Example of {DV CA-A} DS+CA-CLU 220!

Figure 72 Depiction of animal jumping out at the boy from a hole 222!

Figure 73 DS+CA-CLU where a CA and an overt sign both contribute one argument 224!

Figure 74 Example of effective CA reference in a {A1 V A2} DS+CA-CLU 225!

Figure 75 Example of the “same” depicting sign being used as a noun and a verb 233!

Figure 76 Example of DSM(BENT2):PERSON-MOVES 238!

Figure 77 Depiction of |boy| on |deer| 239!

Figure 78 Example of DSM(S):ANIMAL-MOVE-HEAD-IN-JAR 241!

Figure 79 CLU composed of a single lexical verb 249!

! U9"!

Figure 80 DS-CLU containing a depicting verb and no arguments 250!

Figure 81 Semantic structure of a CLU containing only a depicting sign 252!

Figure 82 Auslan composite utterances with depicting signs 254!

Figure 83 DS+CA-CLU illustrating multiple blended entities 256!

Figure 84 Non-blended description of mole coming out and biting the boy in the Frog Story 257!

Figure 85 Citation form for the Auslan sign SISTER 262!

Figure 86 A depiction of a bird landing in a tree 263!

Figure 87 Depicting laser eye surgery 264!

Figure 88 Example of nominal apposition 265!

Figure 89 Example of verbal apposition 266!

Figure 90 Auslan examples of T and P narration 269!

Figure 91 Alternations between T and P narration at the discourse level 273!

Figure 92 Example of 'unfolding' discourse 275!

Figure 93 Example of constructed action, traditionally labeled a depicting sign 278!

Figure 94 Example handling depicting sign 278!

Figure 95 'Falling’ in Auslan 284!

Figure 96 Two-dimensional representation of the lexico-grammar continuum (reproduced fromLangacker, 2005) 288!

Figure 97 Lexico-grammar continuum and its interface with conventionalization 289!

Figure 98 Different Auslan signs mapped onto 3D language model 290!

Figure 99 A partial Auslan {Noun Verb} schema network 296!

Figure 100 A multiple file, single layer search 328!

Figure 101 A multiple file, multiple layer search 329!

!

!

! U9""!

P".-!05!;,'+%.!

Table 1 Notation of symbolic units and blended entities xix!

Table 2 Clause-level abbreviations and notation xix!

Table 3 Data annotation conventions xxi!

Table 4 Categorization of Auslan signs according to Enfield's (2009) typology 98!

Table 5 Participant information for conversation data 112!

Table 6 Participant information for the narrative data 113!

Table 7 ELAN tier names and functions 117!

Table 8 Level of annotation on relevant ELAN tiers 119!

Table 9 Regular expressions used to identify sign types within the dataset 139!

Table 10 Distribution of fully, partly, and non-lexical signs across the conversation and

narrative data 144!

Table 11 Frequency and distribution of DS-CLUs by dataset 146!

Table 12 DS-CLU composition 159!

Table 13 Distribution and token frequency of depicting and non-depicting CLUs in the

conversation data 166!

Table 14 Composite distribution of conversation and narrative DS-CLUs 170!

Table 15 Functional distribution of depicting signs in CLUs, by sub-class 172!

Table 16 Token frequency of DS+CA-CLUs across the Frog Story Participants 213!

Table 17 Token frequency and distribution of predicate-argument structure patterns in the narrative DS+CA-CLUs 219!

Table 18 Summary of findings regarding CLU predicate-argument structure 236!

Table 19 Categories of classifiers used in Benedicto and Brentari (2004, p. 715) 243!

Table 20 Examples of Auslan intransitive unaccusative depicting verbs 245!

Table 21 Examples of intransitive unergative depicting verbs 247!

Table 22 Examples of depicting constructions identified in this Auslan study 294!

!

!

! U9"""!

! U"U!

/&-J-K&%!J%*!J%%&-J-K&%!#&%L)%-K&%.!

d0-,-"02.E!

;,'+%!N!d0-,-"02!05!.(/'0+"*!72"-.!,2)!'+%2)%)!%2-"-"%.!

!

;,'+%!F!A+,7.%K+%9%+!,''&%9",-"02.!,2)!20-,-"02!

!

! UU!

R220-,-"02!*029%2-"02.E!

;$%!/,"2!6+0.."26!*029%2-"02.!,)08-%)!50&!-$".!.-7)(!,&%!8&%.%2-%)!'%+01:!!;$%(!,&%!

',.%)!02!-$0.%!"2!-$%!R7.+,2!A0&87.!R220-,-"02!e7")%+"2%.!BV0$2.-024!d09%/'%&!

FINND^N:!!;$&076$07-!-$".!)"..%&-,-"024!6+0..%.!,&%!7.%)!-0!")%2-"5(!,2)!)".*7..!."62.:!

;$%(!,&%!,+.0!"2*+7)%)!1"-$!-$%!"++7.-&,-"02.!05!."62%)!%U,/8+%.4!05-%2!,!8,&-!05!-$%!

.*&%%2.$0-!.$01"26!-$%!*0&&%.802)"26!?PRd!-&,2.*&"8-:!^%*,7.%!05!-$".4!6+0..%.!,&%!20-!

/,)%!/0&%!&%,)%&K5&"%2)+(!"2K-%U-:!!C01%9%&4!,.!,!6%2%&,+!&7+%4!02%!*,2!05-%2!."/8+(!

")%2-"5(!-$%!?26+".$!10&)B.D!'%"26!7.%)!,.!,!6+0..!-0!72)%&.-,2)!-$%!6%2%&,+!/%,2"26!05!

-$%!."62:!!R++!0-$%&!20-,-"02.!-$,-!,**0/8,2(!-$%!?26+".$!6+0..4!"2*+7)"26!27/'%&.4!

8,&%2-$%-"*,+!0&!$(8$%2,-%)!"250&/,-"02!*,2!'%!)".&%6,&)%)!-0!.0/%!%U-%2-!1$%2!

+003"26!,-!-$%!%U,/8+%.4!1"-$!80"2-"26!."62.!'%"26!,!80.."'+%!%U*%8-"02:!!C01%9%&4!-$,-!".!

20-!-0!.,(!-$%.%!)%-,"+%)!*029%2-"02.!1%&%!20-!%..%2-",+!-0!-$%!*7&&%2-!.-7)(`.!

"29%.-"6,-"02!,2)!,2,+(.".:!

R))"-"02,++(4!,++!."62.!/%2-"02%)!"2K-%U-!,&%!+".-%)!'(!-$%"&!*0&&%.802)"26!#LK 6+0..!"2!R88%2)"U!R!1"-$!,!+"23!-0!,!9")%0!*+"8!05!-$%"&!*"-,-"02!50&/!"2!-$%!R7.+,2!

S"62',23^F:!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

N!;$%!/0.-!&%*%2-!9%&."02!*,2!'%!,**%..%)!,-E!

$--8Ell111:,7.+,2:0&6:,7l9")%0l78+0,)l,--,*$/%2-.lR7.+,2A0&87.R220-,-"02e7")%+"2%.OId09%/'%&F INN:8)5!!

F!111:,7.+,2:0&6:,7!!

! UU"!

;,'+%!O!L,-,!,220-,-"02!*029%2-"02.!

!

! UU""!

!

! UU"""!

!

! UU"9!

!

! F\!

)-".+%/&01 2*+/'345+6'*&

;$".!)"..%&-,-"02!10&3.!-0!72)%&.*0&%!-$%!-"6$-!"2-%6&,-"02!05!+,267,6%!,2)!6%.-7&%!"2!

$7/,2!"2-%&,*-"02!-$&076$!,2!"29%.-"6,-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!R7.-&,+",2!S"62!

P,267,6%!BR7.+,2D:!#2!8,&-"*7+,&4!-$%"&!7.%!1"-$"2!*0/8+%U!*02.-&7*-"02.!,*&0..!+,&6%&!

8"%*%.!05!*029%&.,-"02!,2)!2,&&,-"9%!".!-,&6%-%)4!,.!-$%(!8&0/8-!/%,2"26!"2!*02c72*-"02!

1"-$!0-$%&!57++(4!8,&-+(4!,2)!202K+%U"*,+!."62.:!R**0&)"26+(4!-$".!_$L!.-7)(!".!20-!

8&"/,&"+(!*02*%&2%)!1"-$!%U,/"2"26!-$%!"2-%&2,+!.-&7*-7&%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.4!1$"*$!$,.!

&%*%"9%)!/7*$!,--%2-"02!09%&!-$%!(%,&.!B.%%!'%+01D:!#2.-%,)4!-$%!8&"0&"-(!$%&%!".!-0!

%U,/"2%!-$%!572*-"02.!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!*02-%U-:!!S8%*"5"*,++(4!-$%"&!&0+%!1"-$"2!R7.+,2!

6&,//,-"*,+!*02.-&7*-"02.!".!-,&6%-%)!"2!+"6$-!05!-$%"&!,'"+"-(!-0!8,&-",++(!)%/02.-&,-%!

/%,2"264!1$"*$!".!05-%2!%55%*-%)!-$&076$!202K+"267".-"*!/%,2.:!;0!8&%5,*%!-$".!

"29%.-"6,-"024!-$%!50++01"26!.%*-"02.!&%9"%1!-$%!9,&"07.!+"267".-"*!,2)!202K+"267".-"*!

8&080.,+.!-$,-!/0)%+!-$%!"2-%&2,+!.-&7*-7&%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.4!05!1$"*$!02%!1"++!'%!

,)08-%)!50&!7.%!"2!-$%!*7&&%2-!.-7)(:!R))"-"02,++(4!-$%!&".%!05!6%.-7&%!,.!,!+%6"-"/,-%!

0'c%*-!05!.-7)(!".!'&"%5+(!/%2-"02%)4!'%*,7.%!-$".!$,.!"25+7%2*%)!-$%!&%.%,&*$!02!."62%)!

+,267,6%!.-&7*-7&%4!"2*+7)"26!)%8"*-"26!."62.:!;$%!8&%9"07.!87'+".$%)!10&3!"2!-$%!

+"-%&,-7&%4!,+026!1"-$!-$%!*7+-7&,+!,2)!+"267".-"*!,--"-7)%.!-0!6%.-7&%!"-!&%9%,+.!0&!

&%.802).!-04!8&09")%.!-$%!*7&&%2-!.-7)(!1"-$!-10!05!"-.!10&3"26!,..7/8-"02.E!BND!."62%)!

+,267,6%!."62.!*,2!$,9%!%+%/%2-.!05!6%.-7&%!"2!-$%"&!50&/!,2)!/%,2"26!,2)!BFD!5,*%K-0K 5,*%!)".*07&.%!".!*0/80.%)!05!,!)"9%&.%!&,26%!05!.%/"0-"*!)%9"*%.4!"2*+7)"26!'0-$!6%.-7&%!

,2)!+,267,6%:!

R+.0!"/80&-,2-!-0!-$%!.-7)(!".!"-.!R7.-&,+",2!*02-%U-4!1$"*$!".!"2-&0)7*%)!"2!

S%*-"02!G:!;$%&%!$,.!'%%2!,!6&01"26!'0)(!05!&%.%,&*$!)0*7/%2-"26!,2)!)%.*&"'"26!-$%!

.-&7*-7&%!05!R7.+,2!."2*%!-$%!NYJI.!B50&!%U,/8+%.4!.%%!V0$2.-024!NYJ[4!FIIJ'X!V0$2.-02!

W!S*$%/'&"4!FII[X!S*$%/'&"4!NYYM4!FIIND:!;$".!.-7)(!*02-&"'7-%.!-0!-$".!10&3!'(!57&-$%&!

)0*7/%2-"26!-$".!%2),26%&%)!."62%)!+,267,6%4!1$"+%!,+.0!"250&/"26!,2!72)%&.-,2)"26!

05!."62%)!+,267,6%!.-&7*-7&%!/0&%!6%2%&,++(:!

!

!

!

! FM!

0101 &2*7%,+68"+6*8&+-%&,+/45+4/%&'(&3%.65+6*8&,68*,&

010101 9"/$:&;'3%$,&'(&3%.65+6*8&,68*,&

R*&0..!-$%!10&+)`.!."62%)!+,267,6%.!-$,-!$,9%!'%%2!.-7)"%)!-0!),-%4!,!-(8%!05!*0/8+%U!

."62!%U".-.!1$"*$!%U$"'"-.!.%%/"26+(!*,-%60&"*,+!,2)!6&,)"%2-!8&08%&-"%.:!?U,/8+%.!5&0/!

R7.+,24!"++7.-&,-%)!"2!Q"67&%!N4!$%+8!*+,&"5(!-$".!-(8%!05!."62:!

! Q"67&%!N!?U,/8+%.!05!."62.!-$,-!%U$"'"-!*,-%60&"*,+!,2)!6&,)"%2-!8&08%&-"%.!

#2!-$%!5"&.-!%U,/8+%4!-$%!."62!/%,2.!&076$+(4!m-10!&072)%)!%2-"-"%.!80."-"02%)!.")%K'(K .")%`X!"2!-$".!8,&-"*7+,&!*,.%4!-$%!."62%&!&%5%&.!-0!-10!09,&"%.:!;$%!."62%&!"2!-$%!.%*02)!

%U,/8+%!)%.*&"'%.!-$%!,88&0,*$!05!,2!78&"6$-!%2-"-(],!)0*-0&:!R2)!5"2,++(4!"2!-$%!-$"&)!

%U,/8+%4!-$%!."62%&!)%.*&"'%.!-$%!+0*,-"02!,2)!.$,8%!05!,!5"+/!.$01"26!-$%!&%.7+-.!05!,2!

<@#!B<,62%-"*!@%.02,2*%!#/,6%D!.*,2!'(!07-+"2"26!"-.!&%*-,267+,&!.$,8%!1"-$!$".!$,2).:!

#2!-$%!."62%)!+,267,6%!+"-%&,-7&%4!-$%.%!."62.!60!'(!/,2(!2,/%.4!,+-$076$!+,/012034#-043!

".!-$%!02%!,)08-%)!50&!-$".!.-7)(E!

!!

L"&%*-"02,+!9%&'.! B%:6:4!Q".*$%&!W!e076$4!NY[JD!

S8,-",++(!)%.*&"8-"9%!."62.! B%:6:4!L%<,--%04!NY[[D!

<7+-")"&%*-"02,+!9%&'.! B%:6:4!Q&"%)/,24!NY[MD!

A+,.."5"%&!8&%)"*,-%.4!

*+,.."5"%&.4!*+,.."5"%&!

*02.-&7*-"02.!

B%:6:4!R,&02.!W!<0&6,24!FIIOX!^&,2.024!%-!,+:4!NYY\X!A06"++KZ0%T4!

FIIIX!A0&,TT,4!NYYIX!?//0&%(4!FIIOX!P"))%++4!NY[[4!FIIO'X!

<0&50&)!W!<,*5,&+,2%4!FIIOX!S,2)+%&!W!P"++0K<,&-"24!FIIMX!

S*$"*34!NYYIX!S78,++,4!FIIOD!

g%&'.!05!/0-"02!,2)!

+0*,-"02!

B%:6:4!S78,++,4!NY[J4!NYJFD!

_&0)7*-"9%!."62.l+%U"*02! B%:6:4!^&%22,24!NYYFX!V0$2.-02!W!S*$%/'&"4!NYYYX!S7--02KS8%2*%!

W!j0++4!NYYYD!

! F[!

_0+(/0&8$%/"*!

9%&'.l8&%)"*,-%.!

B%:6:4!A0++"2.KR$+6&%24!NYYIX!?26'%&6K_%)%&.%24!NYYOX!j,++"24!

NYYID!

S8,-",+K+0*,-"9%!8&%)"*,-%.! B%:6:4!A0++"2.KR$+6&%24!NYYIX!P"))%++!W!V0$2.024!NYJ[D!

_0+(*0/802%2-",+!."62.! B%:6:4!n7"2-0K_0T0.4!FII[,4!FII['X!S*$%/'&"4!FIINX!S*$%/'&"4!

FIIOD!

_0+(.(2-$%-"*!."62.! B%:6:4!;,33"2%24!NYYMX!j,++"24!NYYMD!

L%8"*-"26!9%&'.l."62.! B%:6:4!L7)".4!FIIGX!?&+%23,/84!FIIYX!V0$2.-02!W!S*$%/'&"4!

FII[X!P"))%++4!FIIO,D!

!

?,&+(!/%2-"02!05!-$%.%!."62.!"2!&%.%,&*$!02!R/%&"*,2!S"62!P,267,6%!BRSPD!

*0//%2-.!02!-$%"&!"*02"*!=7,+"-"%.!,2)!-$%"&!,'"+"-(!-0!)%."62,-%!-$%!/09%/%2-!05!

%2-"-"%.!,2)!-$%!.8,-",+!*$,&,*-%&".-"*.!05!0'c%*-.:!L%<,--%0!BNY[[D!*,++.!-$%.%!."62.!

-/%20%''(#+,-1&0/20I,#-043-!,2)!,2,+(T%.!-$%/!,.!202K/0&8$%/"*!,2,+067%!

&%8&%.%2-,-"02.!05!%9%2-.:!;$%!."62.`!$,2).$,8%.!1%&%!.%%2!-0!a.-,2)!50&!*%&-,"2!

.%/,2-"*!5%,-7&%.!05!2072!,&67/%2-.b!BQ&".$'%&64!NY[\4!8:![N\D:!

#2!-$%!+,-%!NY[I.!,2)!%,&+(!NYJI.!-$076$4!&%.%,&*$%&.!'%6,2!8&080."26!57++(!

/0&8$%/"*!,**072-.!05!-$%.%!."62.:!S78,++,!BNY[J4!NYJFD!1,.!02%!05!-$%!5"&.-:!C%!

"29%.-"6,-%)!I,&@-#*.#)*20*3#%3+#'*1%20*3!"2!RSP!,2)!8&080.%)!-$,-!-$%.%!9%&'.!,&%!

*0/'"2,-"02.!05!,!5"2"-%!.%-!05!*+,.."5"%&!$,2).$,8%.!,2)!/09%/%2-!&00-.:!j"-$!-$".!

,2,+(.".4!S78,++,!BNY[JD!*02*+7)%.!-$,-E!

R+-$076$!-$%&%!".!,!$"6$!)%6&%%!05!"*02"*"-(!"2!-$%.%!."62.4!"-!".!20-!,2!,2,+067%!.(.-%/!,-!,++:!

@,-$%&4!"-!".!0&6,2"T%)!9%&(!.-&"3"26+(!+"3%!/0&8$0+06(!"2!.803%2!+,267,6%.4!1"-$!,!+"/"-%)!

27/'%&!05!)".*&%-%!/0&8$%/%.!1$"*$!/,&3!5,/"+",&!)".-"2*-"02.!05!/%,2"26.4!,2)!1$"*$!*0/'"2%!

"2!5,/"+",&!1,(.:!B8:!FYD!

S78,++,!)0128+,(.!-$%!&0+%!05!"*02"*"-(!,2)!80."-.!"2.-%,)!-$,-!."62%&.!*0/'"2%!,!

a+"/"-%)!27/'%&!05!)".*&%-%!/0&8$%/%.b!"2-0!."26+%4!*0/8+%U!B/7+-"K/0&8$%/"*D!."62.:!

;$".!6%2%&,+!/0)%+!,+026!1"-$!-$%!7.%!05!-$%!-%&/!1'%--0.0,&4!1$"*$!1,.!"2-&0)7*%)!

%,&+"%&!'(!Q&".'%&6!BNY[\D4!-0!)%.*&"'%!-$%!$,2).$,8%.!05!-$%.%!."62.!6,"2%)!1")%.8&%,)!

,**%8-,2*%!"2!-$%!50++01"26!(%,&.:!A02.%=7%2-+(4!-$%.%!."62.!'%*,/%!1")%+(!&%5%&&%)!-0!

,.!1'%--0.0,&#/&,+01%2,-!,2)!1'%--0.0,&#1*3-2&<120*3-:!

S7'.%=7%2-!/0)%+.!,+"62%)!1"-$!-$".!/0&8$%/"*!,88&0,*$!"2!6%2%&,+!1$"+%!

,++01"26!50&!/0&%!0&!+%..!"*02"*!,2)!6&,)"%2-!.-&7*-7&%:!Q0&!%U,/8+%4!S*$"*3!BNYYID!

! FJ!

)%.*&"'%.!*+,.."5"%&!8&%)"*,-%.!B"2!RSPD!,.!a/0&8$0+06"*,+!.-&7*-7&%.!*0/80.%)!05!,!

$,2).$,8%4!,!8&%)"*,-%!&00-!-$,-!".!"*02"*,++(!/0-"9,-%)4!,2)!.8,-",+!/0&8$%/%.b!B8:!OMD:!

C%&!/0)%+!".!."/8+%&!-$,2!S78,++,`.!BNY[J4!NYJFD!"2!-$,-!"-!80."-.!02+(!-$&%%!/09%/%2-!

&00-.4!"2.-%,)!05!S78,++,`.!.%9%2:!Q7&-$%&/0&%4!72+"3%!S78,++,4!.$%!/,3%.!,!*02*%.."02!

50&!"*02"*"-(!"2!-$%.%!."62.!'(!80."-"26!,2!#<#;!/09%/%2-!/0&8$%/%!-$,-!".!a,!

8&0-0-(8"*,+!")%,+".,-"02!0&!)".-"++,-"02!05!&%,+K10&+)!,*-"9"-(!'7-!20-!,2!"/"-,-"02!0&!

*0/8+%-%!,2,+067%!"/,6%!05!"-b!BS*$"*34!NYYI4!8:!NJD:!

?26'%&6K_%)%&.%2!BNYYOD4!10&3"26!1"-$!L,2".$!S"62!P,267,6%4!,+.0!8&080.%.!,2!

,+-%&2,-"9%!-0!S78,++,`.!BNY[J4!NYJFD!/0)%+4!1$"+%!/,"2-,"2"26!,!/0&8$%/"*!,2,+(.".:!

S$%!7.%.!-$%!-%&/!/*'()*&/;,)01#I,&@-#,2)!)".,6&%%.!1"-$!-$%!,2,+(.".!05!-$%!

$,2).$,8%.!"2!-$%.%!."62.!,.!*+,.."5"%&.:!#2.-%,)4!-$%!$,2).$,8%!".!)%.*&"'%)!,.!,!.-%/!

1$"*$!-$%2E!

o*0/'"2%.p!1"-$!,!.%=7%2*%!05!)"55%&%2-!/0&8$%/%.!%U8&%..%)!'(!/09%/%2-!,2)!)%20-"26!

/0-"02!0&!+0*,-"02:!H-$%&!/0&8$%/%.!1"-$!1$"*$!-$%!.-%/.!*,2!*0/'"2%!%U8&%..!/,22%&4!

)".-&"'7-"024!%U-%2."024!,2)!,.8%*-:!;$%!.-%/.!*,2!'%!*,-%60&".%)!"2-0!)"55%&%2-!-(8%.!02!.%/,2-"*!

,2)!/0&8$0+06"*,+!*&"-%&",:!B?26'%&6K_%)%&.%24!NYYO4!8:!FFD!

;$7.4!+"3%!S78,++,!,2)!S*$"*34!?26'%&6K_%)%&.%2!8&080.%.!)%8"*-"26!."62.!-0!'%!/7+-"K /0&8$%/"*:!C01%9%&4!.$%!)"9%&6%.!5&0/!-$0.%!8&%9"07.!,2,+(.%.!'(!.-,-"26!-$,-!-$%!

$,2).$,8%.!05!-$%.%!."62.!,&%!20-!*+,.."5"%&.4!'7-!&,-$%&!.-%/.:!

0101<1 ='/%&/%5%*+&;'3%$,&'(&3%.65+6*8&,68*,&

#2!-$%!+,-%!NYYI.!,2)!%,&+(!FIII.4!+"267".-.!'%6,2!-0!)%.*&"'%!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!1,(.!

-$,-!$"6$+"6$-%)!-$%"&!6%.-7&,+!,2)!"*02"*!=7,+"-"%.:!j0&3!'(!A06"++KZ0%T!BFIIID!&%-7&2%)!

-0!20-"02.!87-!50&-$!'(!L%<,--%0!BNY[[D!/0&%!-$,2!FI!(%,&.!'%50&%!'(!,2,+(T"26!

)%8"*-"26!."62.!,.!"2.-,2*%.!05!9".7,+!&%8&%.%2-,-"02:!S$%!%U8+,"2.!-$,-E!

;$".!.(.-%/!05!9".7,+!&%8&%.%2-,-"02.!".!%U-%2."9%+(!B,+-$076$!20-!%2-"&%+(D!.*$%/,-"*!"2!.-&,-%6(4!

":%:4!-$%!9".7,+!&%8&%.%2-,-"02.!05!A_.!o*+,.."5"%&!8&%)"*,-%.p!,&%!*0/80.%)!%U-%2."9%+(!05!)".*&%-%!

8,&-.4!$%&%"2!*,++%)!m-%/8+,-%.:`!;$"&)4!.0/%!05!-$%.%!-%/8+,-%.4!,+-$076$!)".*&%-%4!,&%!20-!)"6"-,+X!

&,-$%&4!-$%(!*02-,"2!*029%2-"02,+!)%50&/,-"02,+!80.."'"+"-"%.:!BA06"++KZ0%T4!FIII4!8:!FNID!

j"-$"2!-$".!/0)%+4!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,&%!20-!*0/80.%)!05!)".*&%-%!/0&8$%/%.!,.!80."-%)!

'(!S78,++,4!S*$"*34!,2)!?26'%&6K_%)%&.%2:!#2.-%,)4!A06"++KZ0%T!,..%&-.!-$%(!,&%!57++(!3*3K /0&8$%/"*4!":%:4!202K+"267".-"*:!

! FY!

;$".!.1"26!5&0/!57++(K/0&8$%/"*!,**072-.!-0!,!57++(!202K/0&8$%/"*!,**072-!

1,.!-%/8%&%)!'(!+,-%&!8&080.,+.!)%.*&"'"26!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,.!*0/80."-%.!05!6%.-7&,+!

,2)!+"267".-"*!%+%/%2-.:!P"))%++!BFIIO,4!FIIO'D4!1$0!5"&.-!7.%.!-$%!-%&/!+,/012034#I,&@!

B5&0/!1$"*$!-$%!*7&&%2-!.-7)(`.!7.%!05!+,/012034#-043!".!',.%)D4!%U8,2).!02!Q,7*022"%&`.!

BNYYG4!NYY[D!<%2-,+!S8,*%!;$%0&(!,2)!Q,7*022"%&!,2)!;7&2%&`.!BNYYM'4!FIIFD!;$%0&(!

05!A02*%8-7,+!#2-%6&,-"024!,+.0!32012!,.!@',3+0344!-0!8&080.%!,!/0)%+!05!&,%'E-/%1,#

@',3+034:!#2!-$".!/0)%+4!)%8"*-"26!."62.!8,&-"*"8,-%!"2!'+%2).!-$,-!%55%*-"9%+(!/,8!

%+%/%2-.!5&0/!-$%!."62%&`.!*02*%8-7,+"T,-"02!05!$".l$%&!"//%)",-%!8$(."*,+!

%29"&02/%2-!B&%,+!.8,*%D4!-$,-!".4!$".l$%&!$,2).4!02-0!%+%/%2-.!5&0/!,20-$%&!/%2-,+!

*02*%8-7,+"T,-"02:!S0/%!05!-$%.%!/,88"26.!,&%!=7"-%!*029%2-"02,+:!#2!8,&-"*7+,&4!*%&-,"2!

$,2).$,8%.!-%2)!-0!/,8!02-0!*%&-,"2!-(8%.!05!%2-"-"%.:!;$".!".!-$%!+"267".-"*!8,&-!05!-$%!

."62:!;$%!202K+"267".-"*!8,&-!05!-$%!."624!-$%!6%.-7&,+!8,&-4!/,8.!0-$%&!)%-,"+.!05!-$%!

8,&-"*7+,&!*02*%8-7,+"T,-"02!02-0!-$%!&%,+!.8,*%!%29"&02/%2-:!

R+"62"26!1"-$!P"))%++4!S*$%/'&"!BFIIND4!"2!$".!)"..%&-,-"024!,2)!S*$%/'&"4!V02%.!

,2)!^7&2$,/!BFII\D!5"2)!."62"5"*,2-!."/"+,&"-"%.!'%-1%%2!1$,-!-$%(!*,++!

/*'(1*)/*3,320%'#-043-!8&0)7*%)!'(!)%,5!."62%&.!,2)!6%.-7&%.!8&0)7*%)!'(!202K."62%&.:!

;$%(!,+.0!5"2)!."/"+,&"-"%.!"2!50&/4!/0.-+(!&%+,-%)!-0!-$%!/09%/%2-!,2)!+0*,-"024!05!

)%8"*-"26!."62.!,*&0..!-$&%%!72&%+,-%)!."62%)!+,267,6%.E!R7.+,24!RSP4!,2)!;,"1,2!S"62!

P,267,6%:!;$".!%9")%2*%!+%,).!-$%/!-0!*02*+7)%!-$,-!-$%.%!."62.4!32012!$%&%!,.!

)%8"*-"26!."62.4!,&%!8,&-+(!6%.-7&,+!,2)!8,&-+(!+"267".-"*:!

01<1 >%,+4/%&"*3&$"*84"8%&

;$%!.$"5-!-01,&).!,!8,&-+(!6%.-7&,+!B,2)!8,&-+(!+"267".-"*D!,**072-!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!

/"&&0&.!"2!/,2(!1,(.!-$%!'&0,)%&!-$%0&%-"*,+!*$,26%.!0**7&&"26!"2!-$%!5"%+)!05!

+"267".-"*.!,-!-$%!-"/%]2,/%+(4!-$%!&".%!05!*062"-"9%!+"267".-"*.4!1$"*$!'%6,2!"2!-$%!+,-%!

NYJI.!"2!&%.802.%!,2)!0880."-"02!-0!-$%!)0/"2,2-!50&/,+".-!,88&0,*$%.!0&"%2-%)!

-01,&).!>2"9%&.,+!e&,//,&:!A062"-"9%!+"267".-"*.!.%%.!+,267,6%!,.!,!8,&-!05!,2)!,.!,!

&%5+%*-"02!05!$7/,2!*062"-"02:!R))"-"02,++(4!*062"-"9%!,88&0,*$%.!80."-!-$,-!+,267,6%!

,2)!+"267".-"*!.-&7*-7&%!%/%&6%!-$&076$!7.%!B&,-$%&!-$,2!'%"26!$,&)K1"&%)!0&!8&%K )%-%&/"2%)!1"-$"2!,!+,267,6%K.8%*"5"*!0&6,2!"2!-$%!'&,"2D!B?9,2.!W!e&%%24!FIIMX!

P,26,*3%&4!NYJ[X!;,(+0&4!FIIOD:!R.!,!&%.7+-!05!-$%.%!9"%1.4!-$%!5"%+)!05!+"267".-"*!"2=7"&(!

$,.!'&0,)%2%)4!,2)!201!+,267,6%!".!.%%2!,.!c7.-!02%!05!/,2(!,9,"+,'+%!/%,2"26K/,3"26!

! OI!

.-&,-%6"%.:!H-$%&.4!+"3%!6%.-7&%4!,&%!201!&%*%"9"26!)7%!,--%2-"02!1"-$"2!+"267".-"*.!"2!

*02c72*-"02!1"-$!-$%!B&%KD%/%&6%2*%!05!6%.-7&%!,.!,!5"%+)!05!.-7)(!"2!"-.!012!&"6$-:!

Z%2)02!BFIIGD!%U8+,"2.!-$%!."/"+,&"-"%.!'%-1%%2!+,267,6%!,2)!6%.-7&%E!

;$%&%!".!,!1")%!&,26%!05!1,(.!"2!1$"*$!9"."'+%!'0)"+(!,*-"02.!,&%!%/8+0(%)!"2!-$%!,**0/8+".$/%2-!

05!%U8&%.."02.!-$,-4!5&0/!,!572*-"02,+!80"2-!05!9"%14!,&%!."/"+,&!-04!0&!%9%2!-$%!.,/%!,.!

%U8&%.."02.!"2!.803%2!+,267,6%.:!R-!-"/%.4!-$%(!,&%!7.%)!"2!*02c72*-"02!1"-$!.803%2!%U8&%.."02.4!

,-!0-$%&!-"/%.!,.!*0/8+%/%2-.4!.788+%/%2-.4!.7'.-"-7-%.!0&!,.!,+-%&2,-"9%.!-0!-$%/:!B8:!ND!

j$"+%!$%!50*7.%.!02!6%.-7&%!'%"26!,!/,27,+!,*-"9"-(!-$,-!/0.-+(!,**0/8,2"%.!.8%%*$4!

.0/%!."62%)!+,267,6%!&%.%,&*$%&.!&%*062"T%!."/"+,&!a6%.-7&%.b!"2!."62%)!+,267,6%!

)".*07&.%:!C01%9%&4!'%*,7.%!-$%!."62.!05!,!."62%)!+,267,6%!,&%!,+.0!9"."'+%!'0)"+(!

,*-"02.4!)"55%&%2-!*02)"-"02.!05!a6%.-7&%K$00)b!$,9%!2%*%..,&"+(!'%%2!%U8+0&%):!!;$%.%!

*02)"-"02.!,&%!+,&6%+(!',.%)!02!,!50&/`.!)%6&%%!05!*029%2-"02,+"T,-"024!&,-$%&!-$,2!"-.!

/0),+"-(!B)".*7..%)!57&-$%&!"2!A$,8-%&!;10D:!<0&%09%&4!"5!6%.-7&%!572*-"02.!,.!Z%2)02!

BFIIGD!)%.*&"'%.4!,2)!"5!"-!0**7&.!"2!,!."/"+,&!50&/!-0!."62.!05!,!."62%)!+,267,6%4!-$%2!"-!

50++01.!-$,-!-$%&%!".!,-!+%,.-!-$%!80-%2-",+!50&!6%.-7&%!-0!"2-%&,*-!1"-$!,2)!"25+7%2*%!

."62%)!+,267,6%!+"267".-"*!.-&7*-7&%:!#2)%%)4!&%.%,&*$%&.!$,9%!5072)!-$,-!6%.-7&%!".!-$%!

.07&*%!05!/7*$!+%U"*,+!,2)!6&,//,-"*,+!/,-%&",+!"2!."62%)!+,267,6%.!B50&!%U,/8+%.4!.%%!

V,2T%24!50&-$*0/"26X!V,2T%2!W!S$,55%&4!FIIFX!j"+*0U4!FIIG'4!FII[D4!,2)!-$,-!"-!,+-%&2,-%.!

1"-$!+"267".-"*!%U8&%.."02.!"2!)".*07&.%!B50&!%U,/8+%.4!.%%!?//0&%(4!NYYYX!<*A+%,&(!W!

g"0--"4!FIIYX!<7+&002%(4!FIIMX!d"+..024!FINID:!e%.-7&%!8,&-"*"8,-%.!"2!-$%!.-&7*-7&"26!05!

."62%)!+,267,6%!)".*07&.%!,2)!6&,//,-"*,+!.-&7*-7&%:!;$".!.-7)(!*02.")%&.!'0-$!05!-$%.%!

572*-"02.4!,.!"-!%U,/"2%.!-$%!6%.-7&,+!8,&-.!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!*02c72*-"02!1"-$!0-$%&!

-(8%.!05!202K+%U"*,+!."62.4!0&4!6%.-7&%.4!"2!R7.+,2!)".*07&.%:!

01?1 !-%&*%@+&,+%.&6*&"*&6*7%,+68"+6'*&'(&3%.65+6*8&,68*,&

;$%!9,&"07.!/0)%+.!07-+"2%)!,'09%!8&09")%!.-&7*-7&,+!,**072-.!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.:!

C01%9%&4!0-$%&!&%.%,&*$4!2,/%+(!),-,K)&"9%2!)%.*&"8-"9%!.-7)"%.!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!

*02-%U-4!$,.!20-!3%8-!8,*%!1"-$!-$%!,'72),2*%!05!-$".!-$%0&%-"*,+!10&3:!A7&&%2-+(4!/,2(!

.-7)"%.!02!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,&%!20-!',.%)!02!2,-7&,+".-"*!),-,4!0&!-$%(!."/8+(!)%.*&"'%!-$%!

7.%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!.$0&-!.%6/%2-.!05!."62"26!B/0.-+(!2,&&,-"9%.D!8&0)7*%)!'(!5%1!

."62%&.:!A02.%=7%2-+(4!-$%&%!".!.-"++!&%+,-"9%+(!+"--+%!32012!,'07-!-$%!572*-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!

."62.!1"-$"2!+,&6%&!*02.-&7*-"02.:!

! ON!

;$&%%!5,*-0&.!8,&-",++(!%U8+,"2!-$".!6,8!"2!&%.%,&*$:!Q"&.-+(4!50&/,+".-!,88&0,*$%.4!

1$"*$!$,9%!)0/"2,-%)!."62%)!+,267,6%!&%.%,&*$!"2!-$%!8,.-!B,2)!1$"*$!.-"++!)0!-0!.0/%!

%U-%2-D4!8&"0&"-"T%!)%.*&"'"26!-$%!"2-%&2,+!/%2-,+!&%8&%.%2-,-"02!05!+,267,6%],!8%&.02`.!

+"267".-"*!*0/8%-%2*%!BA$0/.3(4!NYM\D:!A02.%=7%2-+(4!-$%(!&,&%+(!*02.")%&!+,267,6%!"2!

7.%:!S%*02)+(4!-%*$20+06(!$,.!02+(!&%*%2-+(!8%&/"--%)!-$%!&%*0&)"26!,2)!/,2"87+,-"02!05!

+,&6%&!.%-.!05!."62%)!+,267,6%!),-,!-0!'%!7.%)!"2!,2!,550&),'+%!,2)!5%,."'+%!/,22%&:!

;$"&)+(4!-$%!6%2%&,+!+,*3!05!%U-%2."9%!)"6"-"T%)!."62%)!+,267,6%!*0&80&,!$,.!/,)%!+,&6%K .*,+%4!),-,K)&"9%2!.-7)"%.!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!B0&!,2(!0-$%&!."62.!50&!-$,-!/,--%&D!"2!

*02-%U-!)"55"*7+-!,2)!"/8&,*-"*,+!'%*,7.%!05!-$%!+"/"-%)!-"/%!,2)!&%.07&*%.!05-%2!

"/80.%)!'(!8&0c%*-!)%,)+"2%.!,2)!'7)6%-.!B50&!,2!%U*%8-"024!.%%!^,(+%(4!P7*,.4!W!@0.%4!

FIII!,2)!P7*,.4!^,(+%(4!W!g,++"4!FIIN!1$0!*0++%*-%)!,!+,&6%!*0&87.!05!RSP!50&!,!

.0*"0+"267".-"*!9,&",-"02!8&0c%*-D:!

;$".!)"..%&-,-"02!'%6"2.!-0!*+0.%!-$".!6,8!"2!-$%!)%.*&"8-"02!05!."62%)!+,267,6%.!

9",!,!*0&87.K',.%)!.-7)(!%U,/"2"26!-$%!'%$,9"0&!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!R7.-&,+",2!S"62!

P,267,6%!BR7.+,2D:!>."26!,!*062"-"9%!+"267".-"*.!5&,/%10&34!#!,)08-!P"))%++`.!BFIIO,D!

,2)!S*$%/'&"`.!BFIIND!9"%1!-$,-!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,&%!*0/80."-%.!05!+"267".-"*!,2)!

6%.-7&,+!%+%/%2-.:!R2)!1"-$!-$".!,88&0,*$4!#!"29%.-"6,-%!-$%!*0/8+%U!.-&7*-7&%.!

B*02.-&7*-"02.D!"2!1$"*$!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,88%,&4!50*7."26!02!-$%"&!572*-"02!1"-$"2!

8&%)"*,-%M,&67/%2-!&%+,-"02.!,2)!-$%"&!&%+,-"02.$"8.!1"-$!0-$%&!+%U"*,+4!8,&-+(K+%U"*,+4!

,2)!202K+%U"*,+!."62.:!

#2!,))"-"02!-0!-$%!10&3"26!,..7/8-"02!-$,-!)%8"*-"26!."62.!,&%!*0/80.%)!05!'0-$!

6%.-7&,+!,2)!+"267".-"*!*0/802%2-.4!"-!".!,+.0!,..7/%)!-$,-!."62%)!+,267,6%!)".*07&.%]

"2!5,*-4!,++!5,*%K-0K5,*%!)".*07&.%4!20!/,--%&!."62%)!0&!.803%2]".!*0/8&".%)!05!'0-$!

+"267".-"*!,2)!202K+"267".-"*!.%/"0-"*!.-&,-%6"%.!-$,-!%55"*"%2-+(!,2)!%55%*-"9%+(!8&0/8-!

/%,2"26!*02.-&7*-"02:!R.!/%2-"02%)!8&%9"07.+(4!-$%!5"%+)!05!+"267".-"*.!201!"2*&%,."26+(!

&%*062"T%.!-$%!10&3!202K+"267".-"*!.-&,-%6"%.!,*$"%9%!"2!)".*07&.%!,2)!"-.!B80.."'+%D!

%55%*-!02!+"267".-"*!.-&7*-7&%!B%:6:4!L72*,24!FIIOX!Z%2)024!FIIGX!<*d%"++4!NYYFX!H3&%2-4!

FIIFD:!;$7.4!,.!,!/,--%&!05!)7%!*07&.%4!-$%!&0+%!6%.-7&%!8+,(.!"2!R7.+,2!)".*07&.%!".!,+.0!

*02.")%&%)!"2!-$".!.-7)(:!

!

!

!

! OF!

01A1 B68*&$"*84"8%&$6*846,+65,&6*&C4,+/"$6"&"*3&+-%&5'*+%@+&('/&+-%&54//%*+&

,+43:&

01A101 !-%&$6*846,+65,&'(&C4,$"*&

;$%!5"&.-!+"267".-"*!&%.%,&*$!02!R7.-&,+",2!S"62!P,267,6%!'%6,2!"2!-$%!NYJI.!1"-$!;&%90&!

V0$2.-02`.!BNYJ[4!NYJYD!_$L!&%.%,&*$4!1$%2!$%!2,/%)!-$".!+,267,6%!R7.+,2!,2)!

87'+".$%)!-$%!5"&.-!)"*-"02,&(:!S"2*%!-$%24!9,&"07.!,.8%*-.!05!R7.+,2!.-&7*-7&%!$,9%!'%%2!

"29%.-"6,-%):!;$".!"2*+7)%.4!'7-!".!20-!+"/"-%)!-04!-$%!*0/80."-"02!05!-$%!R7.+,2!+%U"*02!

BV0$2.-024!FIIN,X!V0$2.-024!FIIN'X!V0$2.-02!W!Q%&&,&,4!"2!8&%..X!V0$2.-02!W!S*$%/'&"4!

NYYY4!FINID4!.0*"0+"267".-"*!9,&",-"02!BV0$2.-02!W!S*$%/'&"4!FINIX!S*$%/'&"!W!

V0$2.-024!FII[X!S*$%/'&"4!V0$2.-024!W!e0.1%++4!FIIMD4!80"2-"26!,2)!"2)"*,-"26!."62.!B)%!

^%7T%9"++%4!%-!,+:4!FIIYX!V0$2.-024!FINI,4!72)%&!&%9"%1D4!)%8"*-"26!."62.!BA06"++KZ0%T4!

FIIIX!S*$%/'&"4!FIIND4!*02.-&7*-%)!,*-"02!Be0.1%++4!FINND4!,2)!9,&"07.!-08"*.!&%+,-%)!-0!

R7.+,2K?26+".$!"2-%&8&%-"26!BA0&2%.!W!d,8"%&4!FII\X!d,8"%&4!FIIF4!FIIMX!d,8"%&4!<,c0&4!

W!Q%&&,&,4!FINNX!d,8"%&4!<*Z%%4!W!e0.1%++4!FINIX!HT0+"2.!W!^&")6%4!NYYYD:!

#2!&%+,-"02!-0!-$%!10&3!)02%!02!)%8"*-"26!."62.4!A06"++KZ0%T!BFIIID!,2)!S*$%/'&"!

BFIIND!50*7.!02!-$%!"2-%&2,+!.-&7*-7&%!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.4!)%.*&"'"26!-$%/!,.!%"-$%&!

-%/8+,-%)!9".7,+!&%8&%.%2-,-"02!0&!,.!*0/80."-%.!05!+,267,6%!,2)!6%.-7&%4!&%.8%*-"9%+(:!

S*$%/'&"!BFIIND!57&-$%&!-,&6%-.!9%&'.!05!/0-"02!.8%*"5"*,++(!,2)!)%-,"+.!-$%"&!

50&/,-"02,+!8,&,/%-%&.!,*&0..!."62%)!+,267,6%.!,2)!'%-1%%2!."62%&.!,2)!202K."62%&.:!

#2!)0"26!.04!$%!8&09")%.!-$%!5"&.-!"2K)%8-$!)%.*&"8-"02!05!)%8"*-"26!."62.!"2!R7.+,2:!

R!3%(!,.8%*-!05!R7.+,2!+"267".-"*.!$,.!'%%2!-$%!)%9%+08/%2-!05!-$%!R7.+,2!+%U"*,+!

),-,',.%!,2)!-$%!R7.+,2!R&*$"9%!,2)!A0&87.:!#2!NYJG4!;&%90&!V0$2.-02!'%6,2!

)%9%+08"26!-$%!R7.+,2!+%U"*,+!),-,',.%4!,.!8,&-!05!$".!_$L!10&34!-0!)0*7/%2-!-$%!+%U"*,+!

."62.!05!R7.+,2:!H9%&!-$%!(%,&.!"-!$,.!'%%2!%U8,2)%)!78024!,2)!"-.!50&/!$,.!*$,26%)!

1"-$!,)9,2*%/%2-.!"2!-%*$20+06(:!#2!FIIG4!-$%!),-,',.%!1,.!/,)%!,9,"+,'+%!02+"2%!"2!

-$%!50&/!05!-$%!R7.+,2!S"62',23^O:!;$%!57++!),-,',.%4!1$"*$!".!,**%.."'+%!-0!&%.%,&*$%&.4!

*02-,"2.!,!-0-,+!05!M4YGM!."62!%2-&"%.:!H5!-$%.%4!G4F[M!%2-&"%.!,&%!,**%.."'+%!-0!-$%!87'+"*!

"2!-$%!50&/!05!,!/7+-"K/%)",!02+"2%!)"*-"02,&(:!?2-&"%.!"2!-$%!),-,',.%!,&%!0&6,2"T%)!'(!

50&/,-"02,+!5%,-7&%.4!.7*$!,.!$,2).$,8%4!+0*,-"024!,2)!/09%/%2-4!,2)!"2*+7)%!,!

/7+-"-7)%!05!5"%+).!)%.*&"'"26!9,&"07.!,.8%*-.!05!-$%!50&/!,2)!572*-"02!05!%,*$!."62:!;$%!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

O!111:,7.+,2:0&6:,7!!

! OO!

R7.+,2!S"62',23!".!-$%!/0.-!%U-%2."9%!."62%)!+,267,6%!+%U"*,+!),-,',.%!-0!),-%:!Q0&!

/0&%!"250&/,-"02!,'07-!-$%!),-,',.%!,2)!-$%!%U".-"26!R7.+,2!)"*-"02,&"%.!B"2!-$%"&!

*7&&%2-!,2)!8&%*%)"26!50&/.D!.%%!V0$2.-02!BNYJY4!FIIN'4!FIIOD!,2)!-$%!R7.+,2!

S"62',23!1%'."-%:!!

;$%!R7.+,2!A0&87.!BV0$2.-024!FIIJ'D4!1$"*$!*0//%2*%)!"2!FIIG4!1,.!)%9%+08%)!

-0!8&09")%!+"267".-.!,2)!-$%!."62"26!*0//72"-(!1"-$!,!&%8&%.%2-,-"9%!.,/8+%!05!R7.+,2!

,2)!-0!)0*7/%2-!-$".!+,267,6%!50&!80.-%&"-(:!#-!*02-,"2.!-10!8&"/,&(!),-,.%-.:!;$%!

+,&6%.-!),-,.%-!*02-,"2.!,88&0U"/,-%+(!N4NII!.%8,&,-%!/09"%!*+"8.4!1"-$!,**0/8,2("26!

,220-,-"02!,2)!/%-,),-,!5"+%.4!*&%,-%)!5&0/!-$%!/,"2!9")%0!,&*$"9%!05!R7.+,2^G:!;$".!

9")%0!,&*$"9%!*02-,"2.!,88&0U"/,-%+(!OII!$07&.!05!72%)"-%)!)"6"-,+!500-,6%!*,8-7&%)!

5&0/!NII!R7.+,2!2,-"9%l2%,&K2,-"9%!."62%&.!5&0/!,*&0..!R7.-&,+",!8,&-"*"8,-"26!"2!,!

9,&"%-(!05!+,267,6%K',.%)!,*-"9"-"%.:!R!.%*02)!./,++%&!),-,.%-!*02-,"2.!NGI!$07&.!05!

&%*0&)"26.!05!FNN!)%,5!2,-"9%l2%,&K2,-"9%!."62%&.!5&0/!,*&0..!R7.-&,+",!8,&-"*"8,-"26!"2!

,!.0*"0+"267".-"*!9,&",-"02!8&0c%*-!BS*$%/'&"!W!V0$2.-024!FII[X!S*$%/'&"4!%-!,+:4!FIIMD:!

A7&&%2-+(4!,88&0U"/,-%+(!OY[!*+"8.!5&0/!-$%!-10!),-,.%-.!$,9%!'%%2!-03%2"T%)!,2)!

,220-,-%)!50&!,-!+%,.-!6+0..%.!B,88&0U"/,-%+(![M4III!-03%2.D:!;$%!*0&87.!".!,!9"-,+!-00+!

50&!+"267".-.!,2)!.7880&-.!/7*$!05!-$%!R7.+,2!+"267".-"*!&%.%,&*$!"2!8&06&%..:!;$".!

8&0c%*-!-,3%.!,)9,2-,6%!05!-$".!&%.07&*%!'(!7-"+"T"26!,!.7'.%-!05!-$%!A0&87.!,2)!,)08-"26!

/,2(!05!"-.!,220-,-"02!8&0*%)7&%.!B)%.*&"'%)!"2!A$,8-%&!GD:!

01A1<1 =%365"$&B68*#"*D&E/'F%5+&

R/026.-!-$".!-&%2)!"2!+"267".-"*!&%.%,&*$!,2)!"2!8,&-!"2.8"&%)!'(!"-4!-$%!R7.-&,+",2!

609%&2/%2-!&%*062"T%)!R7.+,2!,!*0//72"-(!+,267,6%!"2!NYJ[!BP0!^",2*04!NYJ[D:!S"2*%!

-$%24!609%&2/%2-!.7880&-!50&!-$%!7.%!05!R7.+,2!1"-$"2!R7.-&,+",`.!87'+"*!,2)!8&"9,-%!

.8$%&%.!$,.!"2*&%,.%):!R7.+,2!".!201!7.%)!"2!,!1")%&!9,&"%-(!05!.%--"26.!,2)!)0/,"2.!

-$,2!"2!-$%!8,.-:!H2!8,8%&4!-$".!"2*&%,.%)!,**%..!/%,2.!-$,-!)%,5!8%08+%!*,2!201!

8,&-"*"8,-%!"2!/,2(!R7.-&,+",2!.0*",+!"2.-"-7-"02.!-$&076$!R7.+,2!"2.-%,)!05!.803%2!0&!

1&"--%2!?26+".$:!Q0&!%U,/8+%4!)%,5!8%08+%!,&%!201!,'+%!-0!.%*7&%!R7.+,2K?26+".$!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

G!;$".!9")%0!,&*$"9%!1,.!572)%)!'(!,!6&,2-!5&0/!-$%!C,2.!@,7."26!?2),26%&%)!P,267,6%.!L0*7/%2-,-"02!

_&0c%*-!,2)!".!*7&&%2-+(!$07.%)!,-!-$%!?2),26%&%)!P,267,6%.!R&*$"9%!B?PR@D!,-!-$%!S*$00+!05!H&"%2-,+!,2)!

R5&"*,2!S-7)"%.4!>2"9%&."-(!05!P02)02:!

! OG!

"2-%&8&%-%&.!50&!/%)"*,+!,2)!/%2-,+!$%,+-$!,880"2-/%2-.^\:!C01%9%&4!"2!&%,+"-(4!-$%!

=7,+"-(!05!,**%..!".!02+(!,.!600)!,.!-$%!=7,+"-(!05!-$%!,9,"+,'+%!"2-%&8&%-"26:!j"-$!&%.8%*-!

-0!%55%*-"9%!/%)"*,+!,2)!/%2-,+!$%,+-$!"2-%&8&%-"264!.%9%&,+!*$,++%26%.!$,9%!'%%2!

")%2-"5"%)!&%+,-%)!-0!-$%!."-7,-"02,+!,2)!*02-%U-7,+!7.%!05!+,267,6%!"2!-$".!.%--"264!,.!1%++!

,.!+,*3!05!R7.+,2!$%,+-$!90*,'7+,&(:!V0$2.-02!,2)!d,8"%&!BFINID!%U8+,"24!a-$%!,9,"+,'+%!

."62%)!90*,'7+,&(!".!"2.755"*"%2-!50&!-$%!%55%*-"9%!,2)!&,8")!"2-%&8&%-,-"02!05!/%)"*,+!,2)!

/%2-,+!$%,+-$!-08"*.!50&!)%,5!*+"%2-.:!R7.+,2!"2-%&8&%-,-"02!7.%.!/,2(!202K.-,2),&)!

."62.4!1$"*$!*,7.%.!*0/8&%$%2."02!,2)!)%+"9%&(!8&0'+%/.!50&!'0-$!"2-%&8&%-%&.!,2)!

)%,5!8%08+%b!B8:!FMFD:!!

;$%.%!*02*%&2.!+%)!-0!-$%!R7.-&,+",2!@%.%,&*$!A072*"+!P"23,6%!8&0c%*-!%2-"-+%)!

7,+01%'#?043@%3Aa#?043#'%34<%4,#/'%33034#%3+#+,I,'*/),32#03#032,&/&,2,&E),+0%2,+#

),+01%'#%3+#),32%'#;,%'2;#1%&,#+,'0I,&(#.*&#+,%.#=<-2&%'0%3-^M:!;$%!8&0c%*-!1,.!)%."62%)!

-0!'%!,2!"2.-,2*%!05!a*008%&,-"9%!+,267,6%!)%9%+08/%2-b!-$,-!107+)!%2*07&,6%!+,267,6%!

a$,&/02"T,-"02b!'%-1%%2!"2-%&8&%-%&.4!)%,5!*+"%2-.4!,2)!$%,+-$!8&05%.."02,+.!"2!-$%!

)0/,"2!05!8$(."*,+!,2)!/%2-,+!$%,+-$!BV0$2.-02!W!d,8"%&4!FINI4!8:!FMGD:!#-!%2-,"+%)!

%U8,2)"26!-$%!R7.+,2!S"62',23!-$&076$!-$%!%.-,'+".$/%2-!05!<%)"*,+!S"62',234!,2!

02+"2%!)"*-"02,&(!,2)!),-,',.%!05!R7.+,2!$%,+-$!."62.^[:!;$%!8&0c%*-!.7880&-%)!-10!

&%+,-%)!_$L!.-7)"%.:!;$%!5"&.-!".!-$%!02%!&%80&-%)!"2!-$".!)"..%&-,-"024!1$"*$!%U8+,"2.!1$(!

.0/%!05!-$%!),-,!%U,/"2%)!$%&%!*09%&.!-08"*.!&%+,-%)!-0!/%)"*,+!,2)!/%2-,+!$%,+-$!B-$%!

),-,!50&!-$".!.-7)(!".!)%-,"+%)!"2!A$,8-%&!Q07&D:!;$%!.%*02)!.-7)(!%U,/"2%.!-$%!)".*07&.%!

05!R7.+,2K?26+".$!"2-%&8&%-%)!/%)"*,+!"2-%&,*-"02.!B<,c0&4!72)%&!%U,/"2,-"02D:!;$%!

&%.7+-.!05!-$%.%!&%.%,&*$!8&0c%*-.4!,+026!1"-$!-$%!<%)"*,+!S"62',23!1%'."-%4!*02-&"'7-%!

-0!-$%!"/8&09%/%2-!05!,9,"+,'+%!"2-%&8&%-"26!.%&9"*%.4!%2*07&,6%!+,267,6%!

$,&/02"T,-"024!,2)!"/8&09%!$%,+-$!*,&%!,**%..!50&!)%,5!R7.-&,+",2.:!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

\!#2-%&8&%-"26!".!8&09")%)!50&!87'+"*!$%,+-$!,880"2-/%2-.!'(!.-,-%K&72!$%,+-$*,&%!"2-%&8&%-"26!,6%2*"%.4!

1$"*$!,+.0!8&09")%!.803%2!+,267,6%!"2-%&8&%-"26!.%&9"*%.:!_&"9,-%!$%,+-$!,880"2-/%2-.!,&%!572)%)!

-$&076$!-$%!609%&2/%2-!.802.0&%)!d,-"02,+!R7.+,2!#2-%&8&%-%&!^003"26!,2)!_,(/%2-!S%&9"*%!BdR^SD:!

;$%!d%1!S07-$!j,+%.!.-,-%K&72!$%,+-$*,&%!"2-%&8&%-"26!,6%2*(!,2)!dR^S!1%&%!"2)7.-&(!8,&-2%&.!05!-$%!

<%)"*,+!S"62',23!8&0c%*-:!

M!A$"%5!"29%.-"6,-0&E!;&%90&!V0$2.-02!,2)!V%/"2,!d,8"%&4!R7.-&,+",2!@%.%,&*$!A072*"+4!P"23,6%!_&0c%*-.!

S*$%/%4!6&,2-!qP_IJJFF[I4!FIIJKFINI:!

[!$--8Ell111:,7.+,2:0&6:,7l/%)"*,+l!!