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Highlights
x GPM-IMERG and WRF are recommended for hydroclimatic applications in Eastern Himalaya
x ERA5, TRMM-3B42RTV7 and IMD-0.25°captured extreme precipitation events satisfactorily
x IMD-0.25°is advised for precipitation trend analysis after suitable bias-correction
x GPPs underestimated (overestimated) precipitation below (above) 3000 masl elevation
x Satellite GPPs captured the seasonal and diurnal cycles with subdued amplitudes.
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Declaration of interests
܈ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
܈ The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
None.
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Author contributions:
Manish Kumar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – Original draft preparations. Øivind Hodnebrog: Resources, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing. Anne Sophie Daloz: Resources, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing. Sumit Sen: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing. Shrinivas Badiger: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing. Jagdish Krishnaswamy:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Project Administration, Funding acquisition.
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