Factual Report - Permafrost Research Site

SITE

DOC.NO. 20160154-06-R REV.NO. 0 / 2020-01-14

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NORWEGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE Main office Trondheim office T 22 02 30 00 BIC NO. DNBANOKK ISO 9001/14001 NGI.NO PO Box 3930 Ullevaal St. PO Box 5687 Torgarden F 22 23 04 48 IBAN NO26 5096 05 01281 CERTIFIED BY BSI

Project title: Norwegian Geotest Sites Project

Document title: FACTUAL REPORT - PERMAFROST RESEARCH SITE Document no.: 20160154-06-R

Date: 2020-01-14

Revision no. /rev. date: 0

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Client: Research Council of Norway (RCN) Client contact person: Herman Fabrot

Contract reference: RCN project number 245650

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Project manager: Jean-Sebastien L'Heureux (NGI)

Prepared by: Graham Gilbert (UNIS/NGI)/Arne Instanes (UNIS)/Arne Aalberg (UNIS)/ Anatolii Sinitsyn (SINTEF)

Reviewed by: Ørjan Nerland (NGI)

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1 Introduction 7

2 Permafrost research sites – Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9

2.1 Site overview and topography 9

2.2 Geological setting 9

2.3 Glacial and sea-level history 9

2.4 Source material and transport 10

2.5 Permafrost conditions 10

2.6 In situ testing and site investigations 11

2.7 Soil descriptions 12

3 Field testing 15

3.1 Drilling and sampling 15

3.2 Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) 18

3.3 Cone penetration testing (CPT) 19

3.4 Total sounding (TS) 19

3.5 Meteorological data 20

3.6 Ground temperature sensors 21

4 Laboratory results 24

4.1 Classification Tests 24

5 List of symbols and terms 28

5.1 General 28

5.2 Units 29

5.3 Abbreviated terms 29

5.4 Classification system 32

6 References 35

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Table 1 Site information and borehole locations.

Table 2 Summary of soil types

Table 3 Overview of laboratory testing

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Figure 1 Overview map of the Longyearbyen area Figure 2 Soil sample images

Figure 3 Overview of soil index testing Figure 4 Drill rig and CPT test rig Figure 5 Core sampling setup

Figure 6 Air temperatures, snow cover, and precipitation during phase 1 Figure 7 Ground temperature instrumentation

Figure 8 Soil thermal regime

Figure 9 Grain size distribution and plasticity charts

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Appendix A Maps and images of the Svalbard research sites

Appendix B Coordinates table (location of in situ tests and boreholes) Appendix C CPT results

Appendix D Total sounding (TS) and sampling report – SINTEF Appendix E Temperature strings

Appendix F Classification tests summary Appendix G ERT survey results

Appendix H Sample inventory

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Figure 1. A) Location of Longyearbyen in Svalbard. B) Location of the Adventdalen and UNIS East sites in relation to Longyearbyen (LYB). C) Details of the Adventdalen site. D) Details of the UNIS East site.

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Table 1. Site information and borehole locations. Casing depth refers to the housings for the thermistor strings.

Location

UNIS site

id.

NGTS borehole

id.

Longitude Latitude Elev.

(m a.s.l.)

Borehole depth (m)

Casing depth (m)

Samples

Adventdalen A1 SVAB01A 78.2009°N 15.8333°E 5 10.0 - Bag samples

A2 SVAB02A SVAB02_2A

78.2012°N 15.8350°E 5 27.0 22.7 Bag and

core samples A3 SVAB03A

SVAB03_2A

78.2016°N 15.8364°E 5 30.0 23.0 Bag and

core samples A4 SVAB04A

SVAB04_2A

78.2000°N 15.8389°E 5 30.0 19.5 &

29.0

Bag and core samples

A5 SVAB05A 78.2005°N 15.8420°E 5 28.0 19.5 Bag and

core samples

A6 SVAB06A 78.2003°N 15.8397°E 5 29.5 29.0 Bag samples

UNIS East E1 SVAB01E 78.2215°N 15.6580°E 7 30.0 30.0 Bag samples

E2 SVAB02E 78.2220°N 15.6615°E 6 30.0 30.0 Bag samples E3 SVAB03E 78.2218°N 15.6655°E 2 30.0 30.0 Bag samples E4 SVAB04E 78.2213°N 15.6661°E 3 30.0 30.0 Bag samples

E5 SVAB05E 78.2218°N 15.6601°E 6 26.1 26.0 Bag and

core samples

E6 SVAB06E 78.2215°N 15.6659°E 2 12.0 10.0 Bag and

core samples

E7 SVAB07E 78.2214°N 15.6695°E 2 15.7 14.0 Bag and

core samples

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Table 2. Type, description, and interpretation of soils identified at the NGTS Svalbard sites (see images in Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Example images of soil beds at the Adventdalen (D1-D3) and UNIS East (U1-U3) sites.

D1) laminated to weakly-laminated muds (ca. 16 – 30 m). D2) interlayered graded sand and silt (4 – 16 m). D3) Silt. U1) Diamicton with muddy matrix. U2) weakly laminated to massive silty mud. U3) interlayered sand and gravel.

Figure 3. Soil type and index parameters at the Adventdalen (upper row) and UNIS East (lower row) sites. Borehole locations (A1-A6 and E1-E7) are indicated in Figure 1. Note the boundary between U2 and U3 varies at the UNIS East site between borehole locations and is therefore not indicated on this chart.

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Figure 6. Summary of air temperatures, snow pack, and precipitation (mm w.e.) during the first phase of the NGTS project on Svalbard.

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Figure 7. (a) Temperature monitoring instrumentation and (b) field site in Adventdalen.

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Figure 8. Ground temperatures from thermistor strings at A6 in Adventdalen and E1 at UNIS East.

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Table 3. Overview of laboratory testing.

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of tests

Value

Natural water content w % 158 7.0 – 161.0

Bulk density ʌ kg/m³ 47 1.1 – 2.2

Unit weight J kN/m³ 47 11.0 – 21.1

Dry density ʌd kg/m³ 47 0.5 – 1.9

Density of solid particles ʌs kg/m³ 64 2.4 – 2.8

Unit weight of solid particles Js kN/m³ 64 23.7 – 27.0

Degree of saturation Sr % 37 73.0 – 99.5

Porosity n % 37 35.0 – 82.0

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel content

- % 114 Clay: 1.8 – 41.3

Silt: 11.3 – 83.4 Sand: 1.1 – 77.1 Grvl: 0 – 33.4

Liquid Limit wL % 51 22.8 – 37.4

Plastic Limit wp % 45 15.9 – 23.4

Plasticity index Ip % 45 1.7 – 17.6

Salinity Sn ppt (‰) 85 1.0 – 79.0

Freezing-point depression Tf °C 61 -0.1 – -5.1

Total Organic Carbon TOC % 121 2.6 – 11.2

Frozen thermal conductivity Kf W/mK 21 1.6 – 3.1

Thawed thermal conductivity Kt W/mK 22 1.2 – 1.6

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Figure 9. Example grain size distribution curves and plasticity charts for the soil beds at the Adventdalen (Units D1-D3; upper row) and UNIS East (Units U1-U3; bottom row) sites.

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a net area ratio of the cone penetrometer c_v coefficient of consolidation

C_s swelling index (for consolidation tests) h_sf height of reference point above seafloor f_s cone sleeve friction

Gmax initial shear modulus I_L liquidity index I_P plasticity index i inclination

Ko coefficient of earth pressure at rest (= V^'h0 /V^'v0) m_v coefficient of compressibility

p₀഻ in situ vertical effective stress (=V'v0) q_c cone penetration resistance

q_t cone penetration resistance corrected for pore water pressure effects s vane blade thickness

s_u = c_u undrained (undisturbed) shear strength of soil s_uC static triaxial compression undrained shear strength s_uD static DSS undrained shear strength

s_uE static triaxial extension undrained shear strength s_ufv shear strength by vane testing

s_ufv,rem remoulded shear strength by vane testing s_ufv,res residual shear strength by vane testing S_t soil sensitivity

u₂ pore pressure

Vp compression wave velocity Vs shear wave velocity

vvh vertically (v) propagated, horizontally (h) polarized shear wave velocity [[ material damping ratio

] height above seafloor for drilling mode in situ probe zero reference readings Jƍ submerged unit weight of soil

Ȗ_P material factor Q Poisson's ratio

V ^stress

VY in situ vertical effective stress ( = p₀഻Ϳ VK in situ horizontal effective stress Iƍ effective angle of internal friction

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BHA bottom hole assembly

CCV consolidated constant volume CD consolidated drained test CPT cone penetration test

CPTU cone penetration test with pore-pressure measurement CRS controlled rate of strain

CT computerized tomography

CU consolidated undrained DS direct shear (box)

DGPS differential global positioning system DSS direct simple shear

ERP emergency response plan FVT field vane test

GIS geographical information system GNSS global navigation satellite system HAZID hazard identification

HAZOP hazard and operability study HSE health, safety and environment

HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning

IL incremental loading

LBL long baseline

MSL mean sea level

MSCL multi-sensory core logging OCR over-consolidation ratio PEP project execution plan

PPE personal protective equipment

QA quality assurance

QC quality control

RFID radio-frequency identification ROP rate of penetration

ROV remotely operated vehicle

RS ring shear

SCPT seismic CPT

SH shear waves

SHANSEP stress history and normalized soil engineering parameters SIMOPS simultaneous operations

SOW scope of work

SRB sulphate-reducing bacteria SWL safe working load

TC triaxial compression TE triaxial extension TOC total organic content

UCT unconfined compression test USBL ultra-short baseline

UU unconsolidated-undrained WGS World Geographic System VSP vertical seismic profiling YSR yield stress ratio

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ASTM American Standard for Testing and Materials CAD Consolidated Anisotropic Drained

CAU Consolidated Anisotropic Undrained CPT Cone Penetration Test

CPTU Cone Penetration Test

CRSC Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation DIS Draft International Standard

ISO International Organization for Standardization

NGF Norsk Geoteknisk Forening (Norwegian Geotechnical Society) NS Norsk Standard (Norwegian Standard)

PGA Peak Ground Acceleration

PSV Pseudo Velocity

UU Unconsolidated Undrained

ABBR/Group

Name Abbreviation definition Sampler & In situ test Term in LOCA_ID- HOLE_ID

BH54C 54 mm composite sample borehole (with liner) B

BH54 54 mm sample borehole (no liner) B

BH72 72 mm sample borehole (no liner) B

BH75 75 mm sample borehole (no liner) B

BHSB Sherbrooke block sample borehole (large) B

BHSBm Mini Sherbrooke block sample borehole B

BHGPTr Gel push Triple tube sampler B

BHGPS Gel push Static penetration B

BHGUS Gregory Undisturbed Fixed Piston Sample (GUS Sampler, manufactured by Acker Drill Company, PA)

B BHDM Dames and Moore Fixed Piston Sampler (DM Sampler,

manufactured by GeoMatic, CA)

B

BG Bag sample (unrelated to a BH) BG

NA Attempted test - no results reported -

SCPTU-DIS Seismic cone penetration tests with dissipation C

CPTU-DIS Cone penetration test with dissipation C

RCPTU-DIS Resistivity cone penetration test with dissipation C CPTU

Cone penetration test with pore pressure

measurements C

CPT

Cone penetration test without pore pressure

measurements C

RCPTU Resistivity cone penetration test C

SCPTU Seismic cone penetration tests C

SDMT Seismic dilatometer test D

DMT Dilatometer test D

ERT Electrical resistivity tomography ER

MASW Multichannel analysis of surface waves M

SRefra Seismic refraction SRR

VSP vertical seismic profiling VP

SBP Self boring pressuremeter test P

EPCT Earth pressure cell test (hydraulic, Glötzl) EP

HFST Hydraulic fracture stress test H

FVT Field vane V

INC Inclinometer I

Piezo Piezometer (Electric reading) PI

StandP Stand pipe S

THS Thermistor string TH

RWS Rotary weight sounding RW

Name Abbreviation definition Sampler & In situ test

HOLE_ID

RCD Rock control drilling RC

SS Simple Sounding SS

RPS Rotary pressure sounding RP

TS Total sounding TS

SLU Slug test SL

PAC Pack test PA

XBseism Crosshole seismic XS

XBGPR Crosshole GPR XG

XBERT Crosshole ERT XE

DBseism Downhole seismic DS

DBGPR Downhole GPR DG

DBERT Downhole ERT DE

GPR Ground penetrating radar G

EM Electromagnetic E

SP Self polarisation SP

SRefle Seismic reflection SRL

HYP Hydraulic piezometer (Manual reading) HP

PS Passive seismic PS

SPLT Screw-Plate Load Test SPLT

WS Weather station WS

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Undrained shear strength, su = cu, of clays (in kPa)

Density index, ID, of sands (in %)

Extremely low <10 Very loose 0 to 15

Very low 10 to 20 Loose 15 to 35

Low 20 to 40 Medium dense 35 to 65

Medium 40 to 75 Dense 65 to 85

High 75 to 150 Very dense 85 to 100

Very high 150 to 300 Extremely high*⁾ >300

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Soil fractions Sub-fractions Particle size (in mm)

Very coarse soil Large boulder > 630

Boulder 200 to 630

Cobble 63 to 200

Coarse soil Gravel 2 to 63

Coarse gravel 20 to 63 Medium gravel 6.3 to 20 Fine gravel 2.0 to 6.3

Sand 0.063 to 2.0

Coarse sand 0.63 to 2.0 Medium sand 0.2 to 0.63 Fine sand 0.063 to 0.2

Fine soil Silt 0.002 to 0.063

Coarse silt 0.02 to 0.063 Medium silt 0.0063 to 0.02 Fine silt 0.002 to 0.0063

Clay d 0.002

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Descriptions Ip (%)

Low plasticity Medium plasticity

High plasticity

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> 20

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PARTING(S) Horizontal inclusion(s) of different sediment type less than 3 mm thick

SEAM(S) Horizontal inclusion(s) of different sediment type 3 mm to 75 mm thick

LAYER(S) Horizontal inclusion(s) of different sediment type greater than 75 mm thick

POCKET(S) Inclusion of different sediment type that is smaller than the diameter of the sample

BLOCKY Containing discrete blocks of sediment set in a non-structured matrix

PLATY Containing discrete platelets with one dimension (vertical) limited and less than the other two

SLICKENSIDED Having (inclined) planes of weakness that are slick and glossy in appearance

FISSURED Containing small scale discontinuities in sediment fabric LAMINATED Composed of thin seams or partings of varying colour and

texture

FOLIATED Containing small scale laminar structure with no colour or textural variations

INTERLAYERED Composed of alternate layers of different sediment types WELL GRADED Having a wide range of grain sizes. Similar to poorly sorted.

POORLY GRADED Predominantly of one grain size. Similar to well sorted.

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LOCATION – ADDITIONAL MAPS AND SITE IMAGES

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A1 Geological map 2

A2 Quaternary geology and geomorphology 3

A3 Aerial photo – Longyearbyen 1936 4

A4 Aerial photo – Adventdalen 1936 5

A5 UNIS East 6

A6 Adventdalen 8

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Figure 1. Geological map of the Longyearbyen region. Black arrow indicates the location of the Adventdalen Site. Red arrow indicates the location of the UNIS East site. Modified from Major et al. (2000).

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Figure 2. Quaternary geology and geomorphological features within the Longyearbyen area.

Figure modified from Tolgensbakk et al. (2000).

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Figure 3. Aerial photo of Longyearbyen taken in 1936. Blue circle indicates the approximate position of the UNIS east site.

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Figure 4. Aerial photo of Adventdalen taken in 1936 (NP). Adventdalen site indicated by red box.

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COORDINATE TABLE

OLD ID LOCA_ID‐

HOLE_ID ABBR UTM Datum CM Northing Easting

Elevation  surface,  NN2000

GPS  Equipme

nt ID

HDOP VDOP

Field  Equipment 

ID

Cone  factor  (a)

Depth to  end of 

test

Depth to 

bedrock DATE

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ m m m ‐ m m ‐ ‐ m m YYYY‐MM‐YY

A1 SVAB01A BHBG 33X WGS84      8,680,930         519,020 4 24.6 na 2017‐03‐31

A2 SVAB02A BHBG 33X WGS84      8,680,962         519,061 4 THS 27.0 na 2017‐03‐31

A2_2 SVAB02_2A BHBG 33X WGS84      8,680,962         519,061 4 21.0 na 2018‐04‐01

A3 SVAB03A BHBG 33X WGS84 8 680 997         519,094 4 THS 30.0 na 2017‐03‐31

A3_2 SVAB03_2A BHCR 33X WGS84 8 680 998         519,094 4 THS na 2017‐03‐31

A4 SVAB04A BHCR 33X WGS84      8,680,830         519,149 4 THS 29.0 na 2017‐03‐31

A4_2 SVAB04_2A BHCR 33X WGS84      8,680,830         519,149 4 THS na 2018‐04‐01

A5 SVAB05A BHCR 33X WGS84      8,680,883         519,221 4 THS 28.0 na 2017‐03‐31

A6 SVAB06A BHCR 33X WGS84 4 THS 29.5 na 2017‐12‐07

E1 SVAB01E BHBG 33X WGS84      8,683,177         514,995 7 THS 30.0 na 2017‐05‐31

E2 SVAB02E BHBG 33X WGS84      8,683,228         515,074 6 THS 30.0 21.0 2017‐05‐31

E3 SVAB03E BHBG 33X WGS84      8,683,214         515,165 2 THS 30.0 na 2017‐05‐31

E4 SVAB04E BHBG 33X WGS84      8,683,152         515,179 3 THS 30.0 na 2017‐05‐31

E5 SVAB05E BHCR 33X WGS84      8,683,205         515,037 6 THS 26.0 2018‐04‐01

E6 SVAB06E BHCR 33X WGS84      8,683,180         515,174 2 THS na 2018‐04‐01

E7 SVAB07E BHCR 33X WGS84      8,683,162         515,251 1 THS na 2018‐04‐01

A1 SVATS01A TS 33X WGS84      8,680,930         519,020 4 24.6 2017‐03‐31

A2 SVATS02A TS 33X WGS84      8,680,962         519,061 4 25.4 2017‐03‐31

A3 SVATS03A TS 33X WGS84 8 680 997         519,094 4 26.0 2017‐03‐31

180814_unis_01_glg SVAC01 CPTU 33X WGS84      8,683,229         514,831 9 na 2018‐08‐14

180816_uniseast_01_glg SVAC02 CPTU 33X WGS84      8,683,180         514,991 7 na 2018‐08‐16

180818_uniseast2_02_glg SVAC03 CPTU 33X WGS84      8,683,222         515,066 6 na 2018‐08‐18

180825_advenr_03_glg SVAC04 CPTU 33X WGS84 4 na 2018‐08‐25

OLD ID LOCA_ID‐

HOLE_ID ABBR UTM Datum CM Northing Easting

Elevation  surface,  NN2000

GPS  Equipme

nt ID

HDOP VDOP

Field  Equipment 

ID

Cone  factor  (a)

Depth to  end of 

test

Depth to 

bedrock DATE

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ m m m ‐ m m ‐ ‐ m m YYYY‐MM‐YY

180825_advent_01_glg SVAC05 CPTU 33X WGS84 4 na 2018‐08‐25

180826_advent_02_glg SVAC06 CPTU 33X WGS84 4 na 2018‐08‐26

180828_uniseast_02_glg SVAC07 CPTU 33X WGS84 6 na 2018‐08‐28

GEOTEST_SVAL_P1_N‐S SVAER01 ERT 33X WGS84 5 to 12

GEOTEST_SVAL_P2_N‐S SVAER02 ERT 33X WGS84 2 to 10

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CPTU RESULTS