1998 ACFM 1.pdf (18.28Mb)

ICES CM 1998IACFlWACME:l Ref,: E

REPORT OF THE

WORKING GROUP ON ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS OF FISHING ACTIVITIES

~ ~ ~ ~ a e a d q u a r t e r & , . Copenhagen, Denmark

24

Nayember-2 December 1997

This report is not to be quoted without prior consultation with the General Secretary. The document is a report of an expert group under ^the auspices of the International Council for'the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council,

International

Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour 12~xploration de

la

Mer

Palsgade 2-4 DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark

'"TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

. ? , . .

: I..

. . .

. .

THEORY.ON THE 3EHA;V:XOUR 0E.CQMMUNlTY METRZCS:

INTRODUCTC?RY.DISCUSSIQN ...

³

...

. .

3 . 1 , . Integrating : , Inf?r,y$io.n . . . . . p-p,.Nonh Sea Assemblages from Different. ^{. . <} _{, :} . . . F u ~ e y s . . . , . ,-,.:

:..,.

, ( { ' . . . .

,..-...,-..;...;....>.

8.^{. . . .} .

!.

³

..

3.1.1.

~ ~ s e ~ ~ E ~ i

ves~el.'su.fveys; ;:

..:...;... ...

^{. . .} 3 .

. . . . . .

. . . . . ⁸ ., .

3.1.2. 'Otlier sainpllng meth6ds

..

;.;.;:.;;;

...

;

...

:

...

. . . . . . ...;.i . . . .

...

^,: 4 3.1.3. PrCjljlems with c6hibining gear catches

. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

.. :!,... ::.. ^{. .}

. . . . , ..

. . . . . . .

...

...

3.1.4. . Referenced

. . . . .

^{.,.,: ... . .} 6

32 ^{' .} Theory". of Comm~inity Metrid

-

Multivatiate Indices and ~ n a l ~ s . & . o f Ciiinrnbhities..:

...

,

...

i ⁶

, . . .

...

.

...

3.2.1 North Segregion

:

.;;

...

-;

...

ⁱ

...

⁶

. . , , . . . .

3;2.1.1 Review of curreiit'infdlination

....

..;:

...

ⁱ

...

1

...

6

. . . .

3.2.1.; 1.1 Monitoiing of change? iri small-scale fish. assemblages ,ini t.h'i. ~ o r t h Sea

. . . ...

. . . . . . . . . .

... ... ...

(S..Ehhch.&id C. Strzinsky, Working Paper) ;

,... : ^{. , . . k}

6

. .

. . . -

' '3.2; 1.1.2 Long-tefm changes' in North Sea fish assehblag~s based on different beam

. . . . . . . . . trawl surveys (G. Pier aild

A:D.

. . . ,~ i j h i d o r ~ , : ^{! ... , ,} ~ o r k i n ~ . ~ a ~ e r ) .

...

7

. .

3i2.1.2 Analysesc~iedo~tbyWGECO;

...

:;

... .... ... :+

^.

...

^. 7

. . . .

. . . ,:, , , '

...

3.2.1.2.1 Dutch Beam Trawl Survey data ^{;; .}

....

^.:: ...r... ^. ;..

...

⁷

. ^{. / :} ' . . . . .

. . . .

.

...

3.2.2 Other oce&s'and.seas

...

^{;; ;}

... .. .. ...

^{. . i}

...

^{: i}

...

⁸

3:2;2; 1 . . Review of current iriftnmation

...I ... :,;;..: ...

⁸

. . .

... 3.2.2.1.1, Conipariiig . . . . diversity of coastal de,+ersrai . . . fish faunas inthe N6rth-East ^. .

. . . . . . . .

- .~tiiiit'i~~(s;~:'~ogr;rs er a1;'Workihg Piper)

... ::.'.\.; . . .

ⁱ

...

⁸

. . .

. . 3.2.2.1.2 .Spdtid hsitcrns of groundfish. assemblages on the continekd shelf of

. . . . . . . ^{Portugal (M.C. Gomes and E.} Serrao, Working paper)

^.

..'.'.'.'.

. ...'...

8

.. . . . .. . ., .. .. . . .: . r - . : :3,2.2,1.3 Spatial distribution of,spesie~.assemblages:in the Celtic sea ^gtj the Fay ,

. .^{. .} . . ^of BBiscay (J.C.-Foulard and.3-. Boucher, -Working paper)

,...

^;

....

^;

.,..,.... ,...

9

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.2.1.4 Anglysjs,$ the spatial and.tempom1 variabilityqf the size sFct& ofthe fish

. . .

. . . . , . . , . . , commqnity in,the, Bay of Bisqay, 1987-1995 (J.C. Poulard and J. ~ o u c h e r ,

... ...*...

. . . . .

. . . . . . Working Paper)

...,

^{;i L}

!.,. ...

9

.... . . . ^, ! . . ^:: 3.-2..:2.1.5 . , ~ ~ i l . i m t i ~ of expqr+qmld-trayl

data

for estimation of fish stock dynamics

j . j .

...

. . . in tb.Gu!f of ,Riga .(H. :Ojaveiy,:.Working Paper) 10

... ...

....

. . . . 3,.2;2,2. A d y s b carried ,out by the Wprking Group:

.. .. .,

11

. . .

....

^{. . .}

. . .

...

^.

....‘...~...*...*...

. . 3.2.2.2.1 Gulf of Riga ;

.,... ,...:

^{f 1}

. .

... ...

3.2.2.2,Z Baren@ Sea bottom trawl survey

.;

^{; 12}

. . . . . . .

...

. ..3.2.3

.

Spatial- p,att~ms aqd,the.relationship with fishing

...

+.. ¹³

,

...

3.2J.1 ^.( ,(Review of cufrevt infomation.; ....-:

... ...

¹³

. . .

. . , , .

. . . . . 3,2,3,, 1: 1 Changes in the groundfish .specie+ assemblage of the northwestern North Sea

. . . .

. . between 1925 and 1996,[S.P.,Greenstt-+t,:F. Spence, and J.A. McMillan,

. . . . . :

... ... ...

. . . Working Paper)

.,.

^{. . .::,} 13

...

3.2.3,2 . Analyses carried out by the Working.,Gqn.y 13

. . .

...

. . . . 3.2.3,2.1 ,Mqn,itoring fish assemblages insmal1:defined areas in the North Sea 13

. . .

. -

... ...

. . 3.2.4 Concluding comments and discussion,on multivariate q ~ t r i c s

. . .

¹⁴

. .

,3.2;$ . :rEeferences;

... ... .. ...

15

. .

.

...

3.3. . Theory and Perfomancq of ~ e t r i c ? of Community ~?&rti.ks, from M&S-balance Models 15 3.3.1. ^, ,Case studies.using mass-b.d~nce rnodels,to compare the trophic structure of ecosystems

-

...

pelagic upwelli.n,g systems ^.?..!.. ...

... ...

¹⁵

. . .

. .

.*...

. . . . .3.,3,,,1,.1 ,Datasets description

,,.. ...,.... . . ...?...,....

^:

...

15

... ...

. .

. . . 3.3.1.2 Description of tha morjelling and analysis methodology

. . .

1 5

...

. . . 3.3J.2.1 Construction of rhe models.:

...

^{:; 15}

. . . _...,

... ...-...

. . . :..3.3.1.3 ^.?. Results..;

..,.; ...,...

^{? 1 7}

. .

....

... .

3.3.1.4 . Discussion

...;,. ... ... ...

¹⁷

. . . . . . . .

...

.

....

. . . . . 3.3,,1..5. References i.

..-.!...

^;

...

¹⁷

3.3.2. Case ?tlldi&s usjng mass-balance models to compare the trophi~ structure of ecosystems -

. . .

... ...

... application to,the Baltic Sea -. 1900 to .the Present ;

...-... . .

18

. . . . ;.... .. .

...

. . .

. . ..3,3.2.l Pescriprionofdata

....,...?...

18 . 33.2.2. ,Results and discussion

...; ...,.,...

^{. .}

...

1 8

...

. , 3.3.2.3 Metrices addressing ,the impactiof.fishing in. this case study 19

... ...

. . . . . 3.3.2.4 References. ... . . . . . .

..

. . , , ^::

...

²⁰

TABLE:.OF CONTENTS :-.$@ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^{. .} i;: Page

.... ... ...

3.4 Theory on Size and Diversity Spectra :

. .

²¹

. - . , . . : I

.... .... ... ... ... *... ...

^{: . .} .3.4.1 Size spectra ;, .: ; ...I........ i :i.; .21

... ...

.. , . . , 3.4.2 _3.4.3 Diversity spectra Diversity profiles ^.

...

^.

. . . ...

^{. . . . .:}

-...*

^, 1

...

^{, . .} ₈ ⁴ _{. .} . . . , . . i . . i

.-..; ... .

^{; : , .} .25 24 . . . . . . . . ^*....

... ...

^{. .}

.... ... ...

. . . i 3;4.4 . References

..:...

^{:.i; is;:}

...

:

...

^; ,,.;,:; ^;.& ;.; 25 . .

....

4 . . . . LEVELS ^.., OF ^. PREDATION . . . . . .ON

BENTHOS

_{. . .} (CF) _.

SUBSTRUCTURE DET~RMINEDEY

_{. .} ! . _{. . . .} .

GROUP(TOR B)

65 4.1 Introduction

...

_{. . . .}

...

65

. . . . ) . . . .:: 4.2 ~et'hodology and'Approkh

... ; ...

..L

... 6 .... ..-.-: -...-.-... ...I. ...

⁶⁵

. . . . . . , i . . . 42.1 ~re'nds in stock biomass . . . . . .

...-..

. . . . . ^{. . .} .

..;

.

... .+.:

,

...

-

';

^...:

... : ...

65

... ... . . . ...;... ...

. . . , , 4.2.2 Diet and daily rations

....,..: .

_{, ,}

.

_. ^..;_.! _.. ._. ._.. _. .

;.:

. . .

;

66

' . . . .

... ...

.

,... ... -.-...-...-...*...;....-..

4.2.3"

adoi id

s'.... l-...., i

:...,....

ⁱⁱ 66 . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . 4.2.4 Hatfish

... ... . . ^...

..mII.I.I.~~.

-.-.. ...-...

i

... .:, ...

66

. . . . . . . - . . . . .

... ... 43

.Results _{. . . .}

...,? ...,....,: ... i..,.

. . .

....,....

^!

~...;...!...~-...-

66

. . . ^{. / .} :. . . . : . . . .. ^' . . . . . 4.3.1 . Flatfish

...

v...,...i...

...-...

. . .

...

66

. . . . . , . :: I . ; . : _. 1 : _{, .} . ^, , . . . . . _{. . . .} . . . . ^.4.3.1 . . .

^.I.

. ^{.,Trends in,} . stock biomass .

.... ...!...

. . . ^{, .} . . . .

: ...

66

...

. . . . . ^{, ,:} 43'13. 4.3.1.2. ..Fdod .Die~composi~ion . . . . . ..I . . . . , 67

... ...

.... . . .

. . .

consumption _{. . .} !...

...

67

. . .

... ...*...

'

... ... ....-...-...-...-...-...-..

4.3.2 ~a'doids

..: ,i.a-s-...

~...tttttt.tt

L..,

67

. . . _{. . , . .} .... ^4.3.2.1 _... ^{~ren'ds m}

.

^.- stock biomass ^{. . .}

...-....

^{. . . . .}

:.-.- ...-...-... ...:.. .

^?....

...

67

. . . . . . , . ^, . 0 . ^, , . . . . . .

...-... -.-...-.-...

4.3.2:2 Diet compositidn . . .

.,...

68

. . . . , > . . . . . . . '

....-.. ...-...-... ...*...

, : 4.3.2.3 ' F O O ~ c?.nsupp,$on

; ,: ,....,... ; ;....-.-; ..:

68

I . . : : .. , I ;.: > . 4.3.3 Combined effects and .implications . . for system productivity

...

^:i:

... . . . ...

⁶⁸

. . . . . . ^{i . .}- . . . I

...

4.4 _{. . . .} :. ,Discussion _{. . . . . .}^.?

...

_{. . .}

..?.,!

_.^.?...

... ..:.

_.

...~...

_{. .} 69

, . . . !. : . . . . .

... .-.- ...-... ... ;... ...-

.. . . . 4.5 References., , , . . .

,.! ....,.

^...:..ti . . . . l.... . :

-..;.,

70

5 m(FORMAT10NON IMPACT

OF

_FISHING ON AGElSIZE DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION . . OF.FIVE. S.PECIES'POR-FIVE

0SPAR.AREAS':

OPENING

REMARKS

[TORS C,

D,

E)

...

90

. . . . . . . 5'.$ _{. .} ; .:" "5"1"1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ e ~ i ~ r i . ~ ~ : ' ~ n t r o ~ d c t i o i i .

- .

..

...

: . .. . .. .:

...

.I:.

... ..: ...

..;, ^.

...

^. ,

... ;;.. .: ... ...

⁹⁰ 91 . . . . , . . , . , . ^5.1.1;1 North-East Arctic Cod

...

L:..

...

:

...~...,...

91

. . . . . _, . . . , _: .5:. 1.1 .,1;1 ^; Context - ~attern'ofhuinbers, biomass, liidings and fishing mortality . . . . . . . s .. .(ICES -CM 1998/Assess:2):

....

~..3...

...

91

. . . . 5.1.1;1.2. C!Hatlges,.in size distribution and/or a&cohposition' _.

... . . ...

⁹¹

. . . . . . . .5.1.2;1.3. Changes in spatial distribution..

...

&..A

...

91

. . . . . . 5.1.1.2 .,IcelandicCod;;.:r

...

^.;

...

. . . . . ,..d..,..! .

...

. . ^.

;....

^I1

...-.-.-...-.-...

^+!

...

.-.-92

. . . . . . . 5.1 1 . 2 1 Context

-

pattern of numbers, biomass, lhdingsiai~d fishing mortality

...

92

. . . . . . . .. . .^{; / .} : .: . ..:,. . .^. . 5.1; 1.2.2 Changes in size distributioil andlor age;cornposition:.~. . . .

...

92

... ... ... ... ...

.5;:1;1;2.3. References .; ;;..; ^{A .:.} 93 . . . _, . ~ .. . . . . .5.1;1'.3 ^. East-Grgeiiland cod

...

^' . . . . , . , . , . . ,. ;

...*...

93

. . . . . . _{. .} .--5.1.1.3.1 Changes in size di~tribution.and/or age composition

...

⁹³

. . . _. , _. -5.1: 1.3.2 Changes in spatial distribution

...*.*.*...

.. . : . .'.,

...

..:... ^.

...

^. 94

. . . . I . . . . . . . . . . 5:1:1'.3;3 References ...;,... . . ;;A!

...

:

...

;

... :;;...

.

...

. 94

. . . . . . . . . 5.1.1.4 Faeme Plateair'-cod

...:;.; ...

; .

...

. . ^,

..; ... ...

^{. . 94}

. . . 5.1.1.4.1 Context -.Pattern of numbers, biomass, landings, and fishing mortality I . . ^{, , . . ,} . . . ^. . . .,(ICES-.CM $9.97/A~~6~~:'13)

;...

A;..;

....

;...A; ^{. ,}

...

;

....;...

^{. ,:. . :} _{. . . .} ^{. / I}

:: ...

^{, . f}

:.-.: ...

94

. . . . . . . !'. . ' . . . . ^{. .} 5.1.;1.4.2 Chaage$in. sizedisirhutf~n- afidtor age composifiori..::

...

;

...

94

. . . . . . . . . . .5.1:1:4;3 Changes in spatial distribution

_...

t..:

...; ...-...

. . . . ^:

...

94

. . . . . . . ^.. 5.1.1.5. ^. Faeroe Bank cod.

...

;..:

... ...

. .L . .

...

;:

...

94

. . . . I . . . . . . 5.1.2 ^. Herring

...

;..i:..i..;;:;ii;.:.:.'..;.'.;.; .

...

, . . , . . - , . ;

..*...

;

...

. ! .^{. . . .} ;

...

^{. . . 8} 95 . . . . . . . . --5.1.2.1 Norwegian spring-spaxhing heriingi;.~..;.; _..

...

. . . . . .

,.,. ...

95

. . , . . . . 5;1.2;1.1- Context

-

pattern of numbers,~biamass,~landingsj.and-fishing mortality . . . . . . _ . . . . . . ^. .

... .. ...

. . (ICES

CM

1997/Assess:.14) .;;...~.:,~i.~.:...~,i;. ; 95 . . . . . . ^. 5;1..2.1.2 .. ,Changes in size.distribution andlor8ge composition^..;

...

95

. . . .

-.s1

^...

. * . ,

~ . ~ . 3 .chh nges. in spatial distribut~oti..:;:;;..~.;,.: ^{' . '} . . .

...

^{: .}

...

^{. , . . 95}

, . . . . , . . . . . 5.1.2.2 ^. ,Icelandic summer-spawnisg heiiing

...

:;

....

;:::

...

;..;...,i;

...

;

...

95

. . . . ,5.1:2.2.1. Context

-

pattern of number& biomass, landings, and fishing mortdity

...

⁹⁵

. . . . . . ^.5: 1.2.2.2. Changes in size distribution.and/orage composition

... . . ...

⁹⁵

. . . . . . 5

. , , .

1'2 2' 3 1:'~h.d ^{nges' in} Spatial distfibutioa:.:.;;

... *... ...

96

. . 5,1;2;2.4.- References

,:...

^::

.... . .

. .

...

k...;.:.. ^., kj....

...

^, 96

'.!s$&tion . . . ^{. . .}

. . . . . . . . . . . . Page

. . .

. ,; _. ... . . _. 5.2 . _:... . 5:2::1, OSpAR.REGION

_{. .}

.. ': _. .

.eo;& ...

^{. . .}

..,.

11.- ^:

...

: . . . -Context of-fisheries-from

^1. :...*...*

:,.;\ir~';~,!.. , . ; , :iili.ciiii;.l~., . . .

....

ACFM

;... ..

^.,is; .:a:~::-.~i~~r~.~~~.~~.,,j,.;... -.:..,

....&.,.

... ;.i:!:>;i,;.~..i.:;.;..; . . . . . . .

...

. .

... ..: ...

11 1 X 11

-' . . . ^{,-.. ;..}

. . . . . 5..2;1.1 : . :Nofi:Sea ~dd:i.~.'?;..;~i:,i;i;

.. ...,... .;.;

.,.,. ;~.~,;,.;.ii.i;p'.iiii.i

...

I l l

2 % .

/ . . . . . . 5..2 .. 1.1. ..I . -~onte,it:.-:pitterns of iumb~iis,:~biornasi,:landings, and fishing mortality

...

^{I I1}

. . - .

. . . . . . . . 5.2.. 1.1..2. . Changer;'iri. size.dis&ibu&i andfar age~composition

...

112

s . .

. . . . . , . . : .. : . . . I . -, I ; . . . *: 5.2.:1;1::3.. ~ h & ~ d : i n : s ~ a t i a l distributiii:;

..

i

...

,.i

...

^,112

, _{. .} . ^{5..2.1.2 .} Skagerrak and.:Kattegat;;.'

...

;

....

~..:..l.:,,.;. ^{. . , . :} ..

,... ...

112

e .

. . . . . .

...

. . -5.2.1.2. 1 Cont&$t4

-

patterns of numbe~s,:biomass,:landings, and fishing mortality 112

. . . . , . . . . . . . . 5.2.1.2.2 Changes in.size distribution and/or age composition;

... .. ..

ⁱ

...

^{1 13}

...

. . . . . . . . . 5.2.1.2.3 .Changes in .spatial distribution :;:;..::..:..;.;

...

11.3

. , . . . _{. . . . .}

.... ... ...*...

: .:',%- -25~2.2:

.

'::-':Herring..;:..;

.

:..A

i

.

113

. . . . . , .5..2..2,1 North.Sea herring..:.;; . .

....

::

,.,.,..: ... :-:

...b;... i

...

1 1 3

. . . . . .

.

.5.2.2.1.. 1 Context

-

-pattkrns of numbers; biomass, landings, and fishing mortality

...

113

. . . . . . . . 5.2-.2.1,2 Changes in size distribution.andlor;age'~o;mposition

...

113

. . . . .

. . . .

. . . . . ' . ) !.;.:. . . :::'::::.. . . ! ~.~.2.2.1.:3,:~Ch'ang~~.in.sp~tialdistributionrr~;

,..,

i.i.i.i.:,ii.x _{. . . . .}

...

_. ^113.

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . ^{. .}'5.2.3 Sole;. ...;,....a.:..i.:

. .

:.::::

. . ; ... . .

;;

. .

;.;

...

;

....

^i;.;:.:;; ,;,,~;;.:~...

...

_.

... _. . .

¹¹³

. . .

I . .5;'L.3,.1. 0 .1

... ;.;,;...;...;.. ...

^{, . 113}

. . .

. . . . . . ,. " ^, ,.

...

. . 5,2..3 1,.1- Context - patterns of .numbers,.biomass, landings, an& fishing inortality 113

. .

. . . . . 5.2.3.1.2 Changesin size distribution and/or-age composition; ^. ...,..i.A.;.i

...

^;

...

114

. . .. .. . ^{. .}

.... . . . . . . .5.2.3;1.3 . Chaage's in spatial dis~button.i;;.;r i.:;.. .i.:.;;

... ... ... ...

114

. . . . .

. . . . ,. , . . :. . . .

: . _... 5..2..3.2 Skagerrak'and .Katt&gat

...

^:;

...

^i.,

...

.i..;i.i;;.,;;..s,,6

...

^c...;

..-. ...

114 . ,

8 . . . . . 5.z.3.2,1 . Context -.patterns of numbers,~biomass,-landings, and .fishing iiibrtality

...

114

. . . .

I .

. . . . . .

...

. . . . . 5.2.,3.2.2 Changes-in size distributicm:and/or~;'~g~~composition

, . .

^1.14

. . . .

. . , . . / . : . . . . . . 4.2.3.2.3 .Cb'arig&&in;spatiai distributioil;:;.:; ...i;.i..'... 1 1 4

. . ,

. . . . _{. . .} . .5.2.3.3 . EasternCh~nel.

;...

^:,.:.:

... ... . . . ...

¹¹⁴

. . ^{. .} . . . 5.2.3.3.1. Context

-

pattenis:of numbersi: biibmask, landings, and fishing mortality

...

114

. .

. . . . * . . . . .5.2.3..3.2 Changes in size-distribution.andlor age.cornposition:

...

114

. . . :

. . . 523.3.3 -Changes in.spatial.distributi6n.i.i:.;i..:.;::..:

...

;...;....

....;...

114 . . .

:I;. 5 . ~ ~ 4 ^..:!, ; ; ~ ~ k ^{. . i :,..: , .}

.

^{. ... ' .} :',.,.!;.'!.

. . ere]!i.i..b...;.;.;..

... ... . . ; . : . . ; ...

¹¹⁵

. . .

. . . . . . .; .5..2.4;1. ...:$J&h:~ea'stock ,:;;.,..::.;;;.;...;...;

...

. . . ^:..-i..i

. . . . ...

1 1 5

. . . _{. :}

. . . . . . . . . 5.2.4.1 1.. Contekt: ... ; patterns of .numb&is;.biomass; landings, and fishing mortality

...

1 15

. . ....

. . . .5.2.4.1.;2 Changes in.size distribution andlor age compasition

....

,

... ...

1 15

... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . _{. . . .} 5i2.4'11.3 ..Chaiiges.iri spatial distribution.;:

...

^;.;

... ...

1-15

. , . I . , .

. - . . .

: . . . _{. . . . 5.2.4..2} Western Stock

... <... ....,...

;:i.;ill.l..:...

....

1;; ^....* :..:..I

...

115

. . .

2 . . . . , . , . : : : . : . : , 4 . '

. . . .... ::.5.2.4.:2.1 .Context

-

patterns of numbers; biomass; landings, and fishing mortality

...

115

...

. . . 5.2.4.2.2 .Changes :in size distribution.and/or age composition . .

... . .

¹¹⁵

. . . . . . 5.2.42.3 . Chariges in spatiai.distribution _{. . . .}

. . . . ; .

:.;

... ...

116

. . . . . . . . _{! . . . . .}

5.2.5 ~ & e : . :: . : : :.I . . .

...;... . . . ...

. .

;!:M.;;; ... ... ...

^{, 1 1 6}

. ,

. . . a . .

. . . . .. 5.2.6. ...~eferen&s

... .... ... ....

^<..

...

^.:

...

1.; ^{........,s,.+}

... ...

^,

...

¹¹⁶

, . . . . . . . _{. . .}

, , . . . . . . . . ^. . .

. ^. 5.3.'' O R

.... , . . . ..;.;...

is:

... ...

^;

...

¹³²

' / : . .

... . . . . 5.3.. . . . . .

... ...,...

^{. : ::} : . . ^{. . . .} ,. .

...,.... ...

¹³²

t, , : : . . . . . . .

:

.

. , , ^.. 53.1.1 ^. .Division VIa

..;;..:; ....

^;.,;;;

.... ;:..;; ...

&

...~... ..;...

132

. . . .

. i

. . . . . . 5.3.1.1; 1.. ^. Context.

-

patterns of numbers, biomass, .landings,and,.fishing . . . mbrtdity

...

132

. . :

.... . I . . . _ . . . . 5.3.1,1.2- Changes in size distributiodage composition;.;

..:'A:..

^:...

...

^....133

...

. . . . . . . . . .5.3.1;1.3 Changes. in spatial distribution;;

... ;..;.,.- ....

^Z..i..-

... ...

¹³³

, .

. .

. . , . . . . . . . 5.3.1.2 Division VUa ...i...,...

. . .

^L

.... A

. .

...

^{1 3 3}

: . I . . . . . . . ^. 5.3, 1.2;1 Context

-

^{patterns of} numbers, biomass, -landings ad-fishing mortality

...

133

...

. .

. . . . . . . . . . , . . . 5.3.1.2.2 Changes in size disributiodage composition . . . . . ^, . ... . : .! 133

. . . . . 5.3.1.2.3 'Changes in Spatid 'distributibri

...

. I . . . 133

. . . . . . . .

. . . . .

.... ..

. . . .

...

5.3.1.3' Celtic 'Sea stocks 1;

...

^,

~ . . .

1 3 3

' i : . . .

. . .

...

... . . . . . . . 5.3.1 :3;1, Context: @@terns

of

^{nynjieri, . .; .. .} bidma@, la&&&d . . . . . . .. .. fi~hingmortalit~ 133

*3-1 ,3;2::.cfii.':. ,I:..

. . .

... ...

. . . nges in'size distibutton/age composition...;: . . . .

, ....,... A

134

. . .

. . . . . ..Clia. ^. ,".. '

. . .

. . .

^{. . . . . . .}

...

. - : . . _ _ ; . . . . nges 1nspatia1 'distri@tion.:..,

... ...

_{. . .} ¹³⁴

. . . - , . :;;::: .'.>..'.;;, :.::,,:-i;,:, , : , : - , . ; :

. ,. . . . ^! : ;

...

. '

... ...

5.3.2' Heriing :

...+..

. . . 134

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.... .

.

...

5.3.2.1 Division Via (North)

:

^:.

.,. ... ...

¹³⁴

. . . . . . .

5.3:2:1:1 Context

- pamr&s6f

nuhbLrs, bi&*$, . ]&dings, tiqd %shing rnortali ty... 134

. . . ^..:..

.

. . . . 5.3.2;1;2 Cliariges

in

iiie di'itribiiti~nja~e composition

..:.. ...I...

^{. . .}

...

¹³⁴

. . .

. . . . . . .

.... ...*... ...*...

5.3.2.1.3 'Changes in spatial.distributibii; ; .

...

^{. .. . /} i 134

. . . .

. ! . : . . . . . .

. .

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Smion ^: ::,.:;Page

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, .

. . . . .

. . . 5.3.2.2 ^. Clyde herring

... +...; ... . ...;...~

^{1 3 4}

. . ^{. .} . 5.3.2.2.1 Context

-

patterniof numbers, b i o n a s ~ , landings, and fishing.&ortality

...

134

. , . 5;3.2.2.2. Changes in size dis.tribution/age composition

...

i

...

135

. . . . . . . , ' . , . : . ; . .,,: . : . . . . . : 5.3.2,2:.3-; .Changes in spatial distribution

...~~...

¹³⁵

...

...,...

..

... ...

. . , . . . 5.3.2.3 : :Divisio+ VIa (South). VUb; and.VIIc ;...;

...,., . . . .

¹³⁵

...

. . . .

.

^. 5.3.2.3,l Context.- patterns-of numbers,! biomass, ;landings, and fishing mortality 135 . . 5,3.2.3.2, ,,Changes in size distributionlage composition ...?... I

...

135

. . . . . . .. ,.... :.:.. :: ::, , i , -

.

^: 5.3.2.3.3; Changes-in spatial distribution

...

^{. i,.:}

. ...

¹³⁵

, . ^.: ^{. . ., 5 3 3} Sole

....

:

....

;

...

:. :illii..i.iiii

,.,,,.,.. .., ...

. . :

... i

. ...?.%.. .

!...!...

. . i.;

...

135

. . . . 5.3.3.1 Division,VIIa.,;

..

...,. ;.+

....

i,....,.,.,iii.i .?

...4...,...

135

. , . . . 5.3.3.1.1. Context - patterns.of numbers, biomass, landings, and fishing mortali ty... 135

. . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.1.2. Changes in size distributiodage composition

...,,,,..!.,... ...

¹³⁵

. . _{. :; : .:::;..}

_.

, . . : . . . . 5.3.3.1.3:,:Changes in spatial.distribution

...

;

...,... . . ...

136

. . . . . 5.3.3.2,. , . .Celtic Sea,.;;

...

;

...

;

... ...

136

...

. . . . . 5.3.3.2,l Context

-

patternsaf numbers,. biomass, landings, and fishing mortality 136 " , _{. . , . . , . . . . .} 5.3.3.2,2 Changes in. size distribution/age,composition

...

¹³⁶

. . . - 8

. . . . . . 5.3.3.2.3 Changes in spatial distribution

... ;... ...

136

. . . : i . : ! 1 : . :5..3.4 :. References.

..,...

^.,i

.... A . . . . : . . . . . ...;...

ⁱ

...

136

. . . , . 1 : 5.4.. ^. OSPAR Regiori-IV:..,

...

^.;

...

^i;

.,. ... . . . ...

¹⁴⁹

. . . 4 1 ~isheries

in

the northern parts ofithe Bay :qf Biscay /WII a, b; d, e )

...

149

5.4.2 Fisheries in .the Iberian region {Divisions-VQIc and IXa) ...,..

,.;.; .,,. w..;

^{1 4 9} . . .

...

. . . . . _:!:.

....

, , . . . . : 5.4.3

:

Sole

... ... .. ^...

^{:;,.+ !.}

...,... ...

¹⁵⁰

. . . . . . . . . 5.4.3:li:. :;Bay .of Biscay~sole.stock

...

^.;

..

ⁱ;...;..;l... 150

: . . . ^{. . . .}5.4.3,l.l. context- patterns-qf numbers,, biomass,.landing, and fishing mortality

...

150

. ,

..

. . . . . . , 5..4.3,.1,2. Change insize and/or age c ~ m p o ~ i t i o n :...:.:

...

15 1

...

. .^: i ^{! ,} . . . . - . . ^{. :} . . . :-i. . . . . ;.~:4,3.1:~3i:~,Ch~ges.~spatial. distribution ;

....

CCCCC~.,,.

...

¹⁵¹

. . '

....

. . . . ,5.4,4 ^. Mackerel.;

...

ii.i:,.;i.iii.i~.ii.,.

....

;.'..:

....

i..i.ii.ii

...

^:....!

^...

^;,,;

...

1 5 1 . , . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.4.1 . . Northeast Atlantic rnacke.rel...;

.... ;...- ...

15 1 . . . .. . . . 5.4.4.1 ..I Context

-

patterns. of numbers,, biomass, landings,.and fishingmortality

...

¹⁵¹

...

. . . . . . . 5.4.4.1.2 .Changes in size distribution and/or,age.distr~bution

..,..

15 1 . . . . . . ^{. . , . ,. . . . .} 5,4.4..1..3ri :.Changes!in:spatial di.stribution

...

^..;

...

:

...

152

. . .

...

5.4..5 Hake;

...

^;

..,;

^;

....

^;..::...i

...

^i::

...

~,.i..~.-,i,..

.*,!. ;:..,:

e...c....:

...

152

. . . . , ,. . 5.4.5.1 . .Hake. -,northern stock! (Division :IIIa, submeas

IVj

VI, and VII, . , , . . . . , . and Di~isions VIIIa,b)

...,...,....

^{A ;}

....;

....

. . . . . ...

¹⁵³

. . i ; : ; , . . . . . .:...5:4.5. l:il.:-,Co'ntextir patterns:~f,number.s, biornass,:landings, and fishing mortality

...

153

' . . . , . . , . ' : : : .5...4.:5.1,2 :Change-in!size and/or. age.composition ,:..;;...:

...

153

. . . . . . . . . . 5..4.5...1.3. Changes ihspatial distribution

...; ,...

^;

...

1 5 3 . . . .. . : . . . . 5.4.5.2 . Hake :southern.stock.in the ~berian,r&gion (Diyidon .~111c,a~d. _{. .} . . . . . . . . $ub,areas

IX

and

X) ...,... ....,... ... ;.

^...tt.ti

!.,.,...,. ...

^{1 5 3} . . . _{. ,} . . , . , . . ,5.4.5:.2..1 Context, pattern of numbers, biomass, landings; and,fishing.mortality ;.

...

153

.

.... ...

. . . $.4.5,2,.2 Changes i n size distribution andfor age ,compos.i~ion.-..;; .A+.;:... 154

. .

...

. . . . . . . . 5.4.5.2 ..3 ..Changes, in spatial distribu~ion

...;..

^;

... . . ... ..

¹⁵⁴

. . . . . . , - ... ...

...

.; ,.. -5.46 References..,:

;..:...;.:.,

....;.^.:., .iG,

. . .

. . . 1 5 4 ; .5.5 . .OSPAR.REGION.V;.,. ....

:..,.;;..:

^{.,., ;+i..;}

....

^:.

...

:.:...

. . . . ... .; ...

^{1 6 8} I .

:

..5,5.1 . Descripti~n.of,~.e,fisheries,.~;.,..:.~,,

... :..A,.- ...

168

...

. , . . . , .. i 5.5.2 ..Trends in the fiveselected species

..., ; ...,....,..

^A.~...:

....

ⁱ

...

168

. . .

... ...

:.. i . . . . : lii .. , 5 5 3 . ,:References

... ,.: ...

^;:;.:;.:

....

~..iiiiii.~..;..

...

ii.c.;

... ;.,; ....*... -..:

^{?...:. 168}

. . . :,: I :y;.- ;; : . : . : . : . . . .

.

_{. ,} ^{.. .DISCARDS}

...

^{. . . . . . . : .}

...

^{. .} _...

... . . .

_{. . . .}

...

^{. .}

...

^{. . '}

...-...-...

169

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . I . . ..,:,,. ^{' 8 .}

... ... ...

. . . , 6 .. 1 . . D~sCakds 1 1 ^.'

:

Informalion,'on 'discards by g e q type in OSPAR Region'I';.

..

. . .

....,... .. ...,...:

. . .

:.' ... ...,,...

^{. .}

. . . . ...

. ^{. . .} . ^{1 6 9 169} " . .

,

^{/ ,.. , .} . . . _! ..' _{. . . .} . . . . .

...

.. 6J.2 ..

c~&iinedtary

. . . d~ quglity'df aat&$~d.cdlk&tion . . . . prdgra'&nes . . . 1 6 9 ! . . . . ; . . . . . . ... . . . ^{. ! : .} . .

...

.

... .-..-.-.--...

: : . . 6.1'.3 References ;

...

^{. :., ,}

...

170

: .

^{6.2 .} .Diidai.ds in OSPAR RegionlI: ~brt'h'~e;iti;ic~&iii~ the ~k&errak, Ksttegat edChapnel

...

e . f f f 170 . . ! I . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...

. . . . 6.21' 'EIe&ing..: ;

... ... . . . .

_{. . .}

. . .

..-170

. . . . . . . . . ^: .. ^{.;: : '} . . . . . 6;2.11.1 .. Noith:Sea:and eastern Channe!..,.

... :...: ...

170

. . . . . . . . < , . : . .: . : . j . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... ... ...

6.2.1.2 ~ k a ~ e ~ a k / ~ a t t ~ ~ a t .'.

...:...

170

: 8 . : : . : . - . . . . . . .. . . , . .

...

6.Z.2 Mackerel ;

... ... . . . ...-...

1 7 1 . . .

...

. . ,* - . , . .

... ...*... .

. 6.'23 ^' Horse mackerel

m...

¹⁷¹