How circular is our economy, and how circular should it be?

Here, we exploit the most recent and available data period (1994–2017) and investigate the causal relationship between MSW generation per capita, income level, urban- ization, and

Green project categories included in the framework are renewable energy, manufacturing of eco-efficient and circular economy adapted products, production technologies and

Biogas based on waste is considered part of the circular economy: it forms part of a closed loop in which waste, wastewater and forestry and industrial residues are used in

Early on we recalled that CE is a broad concept with many definitions. This was a lso reflected in our analysis and discussion. Combined with lacking availability

However, the effects of digestate on GHG emissions from soil have not been much studied (but see Senbayram et al. It is not straight forward to predict how

This mode can be related to the concept of the prosumer (Toffler, 1990). These two modes can serve as a departure point for studies on the circular economy. Keeping the cycles of

The paper proposes a conceptual model highlighting eight business analytics resources that, in combination, build a business analytics capability for the circular economy and how

Keywords: materials cycle / gross energy requirement / embodied energy / global aluminium fl ow / aluminium use / transport sector / waste / circular materials economy /