and nuclear physics and nuclear physics

Imaging in modern particle Imaging in modern particle

and nuclear physics and nuclear physics

Csörgő, Tamás Csörgő, Tamás¹¹

1 1 MTA Wigner Research Center for Physics,MTA Wigner Research Center for Physics, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics,

Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Hungary

Diffraction Diffraction

HBT effect, identical particle correlations HBT effect, identical particle correlations

Non-identical particle correlations Non-identical particle correlations

Jet-tomography Jet-tomography

Outlook Outlook

Femtoscopy

Femtoscopy

Tamás's research

Particle physics:

Experiment:

Bose-Einstein correlations e⁺e^- in L3 @ LEP – the shortest movie

Correlations in h+p collisions in NA22 at CERN SPS – the smallest ring of fire

p+p collisions in the TOTEM experiment at CERN LHC – imaging structure of protons

Theory:

Bose-Einstein correlations in h+p and in e⁺e^- - the movie equation

Heavy ion and nuclear physics:

Experiment:

A+B collisions, PHENIX, BNL RHIC – perfect fluid of quarks, hottest man-made matter, most perfect known fluid - fundamental results

Theory:

Femtoscopy: imaging, pion lasers, model-independent correlation analyzis Exact solutions: relativistic and non-rel. hydrodynamics

Hydro phenomenology (Buda-Lund), initial conditions for heavy ion collisions anomalous diffusion, Lévy distributions, …

New area: diffractive physics

Science Outreach:

Diffraction - introduction Diffraction - introduction

Determination of sizes, (charge)density distributions using diffractive (elektron or) neutron scattering: R ~ r A^1/3

Diffraction – Hofstadter, Nobel (1961) Diffraction – Hofstadter, Nobel (1961)

Diffractive elektron scattering on nuclei and the resulting charge density distributions, images of several nuclei

Diffraction at the LHC era Diffraction at the LHC era

Structure of protons = ? Diffractive p+p at LHC (7 TeV). → Model of Bialas and Bzdak: p= (q,d) or p = (q,(qq))

Diffraction at LHC – Gauss approx Diffraction at LHC – Gauss approx

The quark-diquark model of Bialas and Bzdak can be

analytically integrated in a Gaussian approximation, if the real part of the forward scattering amplitude is negligible.

Two different pictures: p = (q, d) or p = (q, (q,q))

Note: p= (q,q,q) model fails, quarks are correlated (Czyz et al)

Diffractive p+p scattering Diffractive p+p scattering

p = (q, d) p = (q, (q,q))

Results, ISR@23,5 GeV Results, ISR@23,5 GeV

p = (q, d) p = (q, (q,q))

Results, TOTEM data, LHC@7 TeV Results, TOTEM data, LHC@7 TeV

p = (q, d) p = (q, (q,q))

Images of proton: p= (q,(q,q)) Images of proton: p= (q,(q,q))

Increasing proton size mainly (q, d) distance grows

What have we learned so far? What have we learned so far?

Model independent effective formula:

works well on sub-femtometer scale see F. Nemes and T. Cs, arXiv:1204.5617

Elastic p+p

scattering: imaging the structure of p

images of p:

model dependent Effective size, total

cross-section of p grows with

increasing energy

Identical particle correlations Identical particle correlations

Robert Hanbury Brown Richard Q. Twiss

Intensity interferometry, first in radio astronomy → angular diameters of main sequence stars (1954) Currently: identical pion, kaon, … correlations in HEP Two radio engineers, TLA: HBT effect

Famous quotes Famous quotes

Robert Hanbury Brown: Boffin (Taylor & Francis, 1991)

„Interference between two different photons can never occur.”

P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford, 1930

„In fact to a surprising number of people the idea that the arrival of photons at two separated detectors can ever be correlated was not only heretical but patently absurd, and they told us so in no uncertain terms...”

„I was a long way from being able to calculate, whether it would be sensitive enough to measure a star. ... my education in physics had stopped far short of the quantum theory.

Perhaps just as well,

ignorance is sometimes a bliss in science”

Results in e

Results in e

e e

annihilation at LEP annihilation at LEP

Region of anti-correlations! Series of snapshots (movie)→ Duration: 0.15 fm /c ~ 5 x 10^-25 secundum (!!)

P. Achard, ..., T. Csörgő, L3 Coll:

EPJ C71 (2011) 1648

Time evolution in the transverse plane

Time evolution in the transverse plane

e e

e e

annihilation annihilation : 2 jets seen in (t,r : 2 jets seen in (t,r

) )

h+p collisions@SPS

h+p collisions@SPS : no jets in (t,r : no jets in (t,r

) )

h+p collisions@SPS

h+p collisions@SPS : ring of fire (r : ring of fire (r

,r ,r

) )

Pb+Pb@SPS

Pb+Pb@SPS : fireball in (r : fireball in (r

,r ,r

) )

A A boomerang in (t boomerang in (t ,r ,r

) )

A A comparison of h+p and Pb+Pb comparison of h+p and Pb+Pb

Results on book covers

Results on book covers

Summary Summary

Imaging in particle and nuclear physics:

4 methods

Diffractive p+p scattering at LHC HBT and imaging of pions and kaons

at SPS (also at RHIC, LHC) Shortest movie in e+e-, smallest ring of fire in h+p

hottest fireball in Au+Au (Pb+Pb) Non-identical particle correlations Imaging works on femtometer scale

but details are difficult to see

Results, ISR@30,7 GeV ... Results, ISR@30,7 GeV ...

p = (q, d) p = (q, (q,q))

Fit results: p= (q,d) Fit results: p= (q,d)

2 parameters can be fixed Model works@ISR, fails@LHC

Illusztráció: p= (q,d) Illusztráció: p= (q,d)

Növekvő proton méret főleg a q, d távolság nő

Fit results: p= (q,(q,q)) Fit results: p= (q,(q,q))

Increasing shadowing@ LHC model works@ISR, fails@LHC

Below Newton's tree's ..., Cleveland Below Newton's tree's ..., Cleveland

at the door of prof Glauber, Harvard

at the door of prof Glauber, Harvard

prof Glauber and Hungarians prof Glauber and Hungarians

TOTEM@CERN

TOTEM@CERN

prof Glauber and Hungarians, prof Glauber and Hungarians, TOTEM@Wigner

TOTEM@Wigner , Budapest, Hungary , Budapest, Hungary