Erfaringer etter tre år som
Statskogsjef i Uganda.
Institusjonsbygging, plantasjeinvesteringer og politisk maktkamp.Olav Bjella
UMB 9.mai 2007
Fakta om Uganda
30 millioner innbyggere, veksttakt 3,6%
236000 km2
Ligger ved Victoriasjøen,
nabo til DRC, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania og Rwanda –
BNP 1,800$ per innbygger
Økonomisk vekst 5-6% pr år
Gjennomsnittlig levealder 52 år
50% av befolkningen < 14 år
1,2-1,7 mill. IDP
The Pearl of Africa,
W.Churchill
Forest Cover in Uganda
Forests and woodlands cover a total of 4.9m ha, about 24%
of the total land area.
Of the 4.9m ha, 30% are in protected areas and 70% are found on private land.
Protected Areas contain the country’s Permanent Forest Estate (PFE), which is 1.9m ha. Of this, Central Forest Reserves (CFRs) cover 1.2m ha.
Less than 1% is Plantations
Other land 28%
Plantations 1%
Subsistence farmland
40%
Tropical high forest
5%
Bushland 7%
Woodland 19%
Trends in Forest Loss
Date Gross Area % THF cover
1800 - 20.0
1900 3,090,100 12.7
1926 2,627,700 10.8
1958 1,117,600 4.6
1995 924,200 3.8
Country 1993 (FAO) 2000 (FAO)
Uganda -1% -2%
DR Congo -0.6% -0.4%
Tanzania -1.2% -0.2%
Kenya -0.6% -0.5%
Burundi - -9.0%
Rwanda - -3.9%
Libya - +1.4%
Swaziland - +1.2%
FAO – Food and Agricultural Orgn
Ownership of forests
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
NFA UWA PRIVATE
'000 ha
Tropical High Forests Woodlands Plantations
Wood consumption
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Firewood household
For Charcoal
Firewood - Comme rcial
Firewood Industrial
Poles
Sawlogs
million tons
Informal sector Formal sector
Uganda’s Forests are fuelling the nation
The facts:
– Woody biomass - 92% of Uganda’s energy needs
– 30 times petroleum and electricity energy combined.
– In 1995/6 GoU spent Ush214Bn generating and distributing electricity (Uganda PIP). The same year GoU spent only 11Bn in forestry sector.
– 60% of Uganda’s Charcoal from 7 Central Districts
– Net loss of biomass of almost 2 tonnes/ha/yr
– Distance to collect firewood has increased
dramatically between 1992 and 2000 from 0.06km to 0.73km
Per Capita Forest Area for Uganda
Per Capita (Forest Area)
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Years
Per Capita (Ha)
Per Capita (forest Area)
Per capita forest area or forest cover per person
More people …. less Forest
The facts
– By 90s 5% of CFRs were degraded, 9% deforested while 43% of LFRs
deforested!
– Plantations declined from 35,000 ha to 11,000 ha out which pines were only 6,000 ha with estimated vol. of 1 mill cu. m.
– Declining per capita forest from 0.3 to 0.1 hectares in 2025
Trends
-60,000 -40,000 -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Forest biomass ( '000 m3 )
Demand Annual yield 0.9% defor.
Annual yield 3.15% defor. Wood balance 0.90% defor.
Wood balance 3.15% defor.
The Facts:
– Consumption: 36.7 million m3 equivalent of 26 million
tonnes in 1997
– Demand expected to triple to about 60 million tonnes by 2025
– Sustainable supply of forest produce has seriously
declined.
Demand for Forest Products is increasing faster than supplies
.
Policy and Legislation
The Forestry Policy, 2001 and the National Forestry and tree Planting Act, 2003 emphasize “government „s will to actively protect,
maintain and sustainably manage the current Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)”.
The Land Act, 1998 (Section 44-45) recognizes the importance of Central Forest Reserves when it:
– Empowers Governments to hold in trust for the people and protect forest reserves and other land for the common good of the citizens of Uganda.
– Prohibits Governments from leasing out or alienating any natural resource mentioned in the Act, without the approval of Parliament.
However, Government may grant licenses or permits.
The forest sector reform process (1998-2004)
Review of Forestry Initiatives
Forest Sector Review (FSR) Exercise
New Statement on Forestry Policy
National Forestry Authority (NFA) Planning
National Forest Plan Process
NFA Launch New Forest Act
Implementation of NFP Components
Flow diagram showing the links between key Forestry Sector
planning activities
New Forest Regulations
The National Forest Plan
Turns forestry policy into action
Meets local, national & International obligations
Sets out sector priorities and programmes
Sector wide investment programme
– Enabling institutions
– National Agencies (NFA,UWA,NEMA)
– The District Forestry Services
– Private sector development
– Urban forestry
– Forestry research
– Forestry education
Clarifies on institutional roles and responsibilities
Institutional linkages
National Forestry Authority
528 central forest reserves
HQ and 9 regional centres (FMAs)
Field operations
Some contracted
services (NBC, NTSC, PFD)
Districts
192 LFRs + 70% + on-farm
decentralised DFS in all 56 districts
revenue collection
advisory services
tree planting and community forests MWLE
Forestry Inspection Division
policy and legislation
sector co-ordination
support to Districts
monitoring of NFA
promotion
stronger links Performance cont
ract Supp
ort and s uperv
ision
National Forestry Authority
Officially launched 26th April 2004
Created as part of GoU restructuring 1998
Replaced the 105 years old Forest Dep.
Stands for accountability and professionalism
NFA:
–
Manages CFR using generated revenue
–
Provides forestry services on contract
–
Operates the Biomass and Tree Seed Centre
Why was the NFA created?
Long-standing problems with the Forestry Department
Protect the nation’s CFRs which are 50% of the Permanent Forest Estate
506 CFRs >1.2million Ha
High economic value, needs strong business-like management:
– wood, employment, rural income & livelihoods
– 90% of national energy is from wood
– soil & water conservation, climate amelioration
MUKONO
BUGIRI GULU
MAYUGE
KALANGALA MASINDI
KOTIDO
HOIMA
MOROTO KITGUM
RAKAI ADJUMANI
MASAKA ARUA
KIBOGA
WAKISO YUMBE
LUWEERO
PADER
APAC
LIRA
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
MPIGI BUNDIBUGYO
BUSHENYI
MOYO
KASESE
KUMI
MBARARA NEBBI
SOROTI KATAKWI
KIBAALE
MUBENDE
PALLISA
KAPCHORWA
SEMBABULE KYENJOJO
KAMWENGE
MBALE NAKASONGOLA
KAMULI SIRONKO
RUK UNGIRI KAN
UNGU
KABAROLE
KAYUN
GA TORORO
JINJA
KABALE
KABERAMAIDO
KISORO
NTUNGAMO
IGANGA
BUSIA KAMPALA
Zulia
Moroto Mt. Kei
Kadam Budongo
Bugom a
Mabi ra
Napak
Kas yoha-Kitom i
Agoro-A gu
Tim u Rom
Era
Kilak
Kagom be
Kal inzu
Ny angea-Napore Otzi
Taala Kikonda
Nangolibw el Kano
Morongole
Itwara
Kibeka
Akur
Rw oho
Zoka
Ogili
Alerek
South Bus oga Kas agala
Matiri Iyi
Luw unga
Buk aleba W ic eri
Lw ala
Maruzi
Muj uzi Buy aga Dam
Kaz ooba
Mal abigambo Luk u
Nam w asa
Bajo
Jubiya
Kyahi
Ns ow e
S. Maram agam bo
Buj awe
Achw a R iver
Kapim pini
Lw am unda Kafu
Kitechura
Kyalw am uka
Kyam azzi
Opit Laura
Kalom bi
Kam us enene
Kas olo
W ank w ey o
Kiula Kac hung
Muk ihani
Lal ak
Kisangi
Kas ato
Kyalubanga Lendu
Naw andigi Om ier
Bwezigolo-G unga Ny am ak ere
Lam w o
W ambaby a
Ny ak arongo
Alungamos im osi
Kisom bw a
Napono
Kas ana-Kasam by a
Parabongo
Nam alala
W est Bugw e Got-G weno
N. R w enzori
Otukei
Mafuga
Kandanda-N gobya
Nam anve
Kigona River
Lake Victoria Lake Kyoga Lake Albert
L . G eorge
L . Edw ard
Echuya
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
Lakes Functions
Ecological Industrial Other Roads
Tarm ac Murram Railway Administrative Units
International Booundary District Boundary S
N
E W
Functions of Central Forest Reserves
Produced by: Mapping And Inventory Centre, National Forestry Authority,Plot 10/12 Spr ing Road, P. O. B ox 70863 Kam pala,Tel: 031- 264035/6, 041-230365/6, Fax: 041-230369 E-mail: info@ nfa.or g.ug
Scale 1 : 3,500,000
Legend Sudan
Kenya DR Congo
Tanzania
Rwanda
A Start-Up Fund formed through a MOU between GoU, EU, DFID and Norway
– Funding of necessary capital expenditure and operational deficit in the first 4 years (Norway and DFID)
– Technical and financial support to core activities through the Forest Resource Management and Conservations Programme (EU)
– Funding of Institutional Cooperation between NFA and Statskog (Norway)
– Financial Commitment from GOU
Strong financial and technical support in
the start-up period
NFA’s Vision
“A sufficiently forested, ecologically stable and economically prosperousUganda”
NFA’s Objectives
Improve the management of the Central Forest Reserves
Expand partnership arrangements
–
Supply of other products and services
.
Financial sustainability
.The Performance Contract
A five year contract with Government with the intention to:
Establish the procedures governing the relation between the NFA and the Ministry;
Establish a committee to monitor compliance to the terms and conditions of the contract;
Identify contact persons and the roles and responsibilities of the parties
To identify the principles which shall govern the operations of the Authority
To determine the criteria that shall be used by the
Government to evaluate the performance of the Authority in its mandate
Institutional set-up
Minister
Water, Lands and Environment
Board of Directors
Executive Director
Field Operations Division Technical Services Division
Finance department Corporate Affairs Office
Human Resource & Adm. dep.
Developments since the NFA was Set Up
NFAs’ challenge has been to restore the physical and legal integrity of CFRs, control massive encroachment and stabilize markets.
During FY2004/05, the NFA introduced open public tendering in selling of the trees for timber in its mature plantations. Repeated and refined in the following 3 years – immature markets a major obstacle – price level proven to be unsustainable
About 80,000 m3 of standing volume, worth Shs. 4.7 billion (excluding VAT) was licensed the first year. Revenue from standing volume stood at Shs. 1.2 billion before NFA, from a much higher (unsustainable) volume.
In its first year of existence, the NFA collected VAT worth Shs. 1 billion – first time ever that any tax was collected from the sector.
NFA developments (continued)
In its first 2 year NFA received 1318 applications for land for tree planting. 548 were offered a total of 58,000 ha (local and foreign companies and individuals).
On the other hand, the NFA inherited 2,684 permits issued to private tree planters covering 44,100 ha all over the country. About 9,500 ha had been
planted by end of 2004. Only 96 permits upgraded to valid licenses during 2005- 06. More land scheduled for allocation, but pending opening of boundaries and solving the encroachment problem
Plantation establishment creates jobs and contributes to the economy in many districts. Average investment per ha is Shs. 1,200,000. 60% of this is labour contracts contributing to household incomes. By NFA alone; 2,340
people were employed for plantation establishment, and 1,324 in maintenance in 2005-06.
NFA developments (continued)
During its first 2 year of existence, the NFA has
planted 4200 ha as industrial timber plantations.
NFA launched a country wide massive sensitization
programme for timber dealers, LG official, Civil Servants and people living in and around reserves.
3,686 km of forest boundaries re-opened and mapped (about 50% of the total boundaries),
many with registered surveyors.
Collaborative forest management introduced as a tool for safeguarding the integrity of the CFR’s and improving livelihoods for neighboring communities.
Forest infrastructure, transport fleet and offices upgraded countrywide.
NFA’s core challenges
Gain political support at all levels to protect the integrity of the CFR’s
Create an efficient, commercially oriented management culture
Uphold our values of integrity, transparency and excellencies at all levels
Obtain reliable long term funding sources for public good deliveries
Be attractive for funding as an investor in
commercial plantation establishment
Genesis of Forest Reserve Encroachments
Up to 1970, the forest sector of Uganda was seen as enviable in the Commonwealth countries
1972 to 1986 - Break down in law and order:
Forestry Department was unable to effectively manage FRs
People illegally entered FRs for agriculture & settlement.
1990 - 1992 major evictions in Mabira, Kibale and Mt. Elgon Forest Reserves
First time that Government seriously addressed the problem of encroachment
Evictions done in most of the CFRs, except for some in smaller and dry land reserves where the Forest Department didn't have enough resources to follow up.
Since 1992, some reserves such as South Busoga in Mayuge District was faced with new encroachments.
Status of Encroachment in CFR’s
By Sept. 30th 2005, NFA had registered 179,000 people found encroaching in the forest reserves.
35 CFRs have more than 1000 encroachers, whereas 5 have more than 5000.
Area under cultivation is estimated at 56,000 ha
134,000 livestock found grazing
100 illegal land titles/leases
112 CFRs had been vacated following after NFA took over, but with a major set backs later.
Many investors have had parts of their new plantations destroyed
FRs for Catchment protection
River Banks need forests
THFs need protection
Hilltops need to be replanted
Destroying FRs in Gulu
Mvule – value for money????
Carnage in Abera FRs
Respecting Boundaries
Encroachment in Wambabya
CRF
Illegal gold mine in K. Kitomi CFR
Factors Leading to Encroachment
Population growth of 3-4% annually, economic development and insecurity main driving force behind encroachment.
Encroachers are attracted by the relatively rich and virgin forest soils.
However, this soil deteriorates very fast, crop yields quickly become poor during the following years.
Poor methods of farming exacerbate the problem leading to serious soil degradation and exhaustion.
For a long time staff were not well facilitated to enforce the laws.
Forest patrols were intermittent enabling encroachers to “dig in”
unchallenged.
Many boundary marks have been altered and some destroyed by unscrupulous individuals to confuse the boundary to their advantage.
Factors Leading to Encroachment (continued)
Some corrupt officials encouraged encroachment in connivance with selfish individuals. When threatened with eviction,
encroachers often rush to their leaders and even higher political offices for support.
Very often the local leaders are encroachers themselves and these tend to exaggerate the number of encroachers to enhance their stakes and win the sympathy of the public and government.
Internal and regional immigrants account for over 40% of the encroached areas, and 80% of the encroachers are immigrants.
WHY INVEST IN COMMERCIAL PLANTATIONS IN UGANDA?
A growth potential not matched anywhere in the world
Demand for timber products exceeds any likely supply scenario
Potential for major industrial development
Reducing the pressure on Uganda’s natural forests
Provision of employment,
contribution to poverty reduction and economic growth
A profitable and relatively secure long term investment
Domestic demand for timber
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1,50% 2% 2,50% 3% 3,50% 4% 4,50% 5%
Rate of Timber Consumption Growth
RequiredPlantationAreain2025(in1,000ha)
30% recovery rate 35% 40% 45% 50%
Demand scenarios are uncertain due to lack of detailed baseline data.
Kallweit (2005) study based on FAO baseline of 1995 estimates current timber consumption at 270,000 m3 per annum.
With 2-3% GDP growth with corresponding consumption growth
domestic consumption of 1 million m3 of roundwood is a minimum estimate.
Recovery rate in the sawmills have significant impact on demand and corresponding area of plantations.
Saw log yields assumptions
Table 1. PCH SI Comparison - rotations, sawlog yields and area required to produce 50,000 m3 u.b./annum
SI
Rotation years
Final Stand
Net Total SL Vol
harvested Saw Log MAI
Area required for 50,000 DBh1 (m3 u.b.) (m3
u.b./ha/a) m3 u.b.SL
14 22 33.1 240.9 11.0 4,566 ha
16 20 32.8 270.8 13.5 3,693 ha
1 DBh = Diameter at breast height
Table 2. Grandis SI Comparison - rotations, sawlog yields and area required to produce 50,000 m3 u.b./annum
SI Rotation years Final
Stand
Net Total SL Vol
harvested Saw Log
MAI Area required for 50,000
DBh (m3 u.b.) (m3
u.b./ha/a) m3 u.b.SL
30 9 29.3 123.0 13.7 3,658 ha
34 8 31.2 149.7 18.7 2,672 ha
Market considerations
The amount of mature crop in NFA plantations was by end of 2005 790,000 m3 on 1,920 hectare only
All young crops are below 15 years of age
In total NFA has about 6,000 ha of young crop, yet 10,000 ha was clear felled in the past decade.
Area and Age class of Conifer Plantations in Uganda 2005
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
1 - 3 4 - 6
7 - 9 10 - 12
13 - 15 16 - 18
19 - 21 22 - 24
25 - 27 28 - 30
31 - 33 34 - 36
37 - 39 40 - 42
43 - 44
Age class (years)
Area (ha)
Market consideration (continued)
The current mature crop will be harvested at a level of 100,000 m3 annually for the next 6-7 years.
The Vol. will drop to 30-80,000 m3 until 2013 where it is assumed that we gradually can scale up operations for harvesting of the newly
established plantations.
There is likely to be good export opportunities for sawn timber to neighboring countries in future
Available timber supply from
Conifer plantations in Uganda 2005-2025
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000
2005 2006
2007 2008
2009 2010
2011 2012
2013 2014
2015 2016
2017 2018
2019 2020
2021 2022
2023 2024
2025
m3 u.b. Final harvest Volume Thinning Volume
How NFA can promote private sector investments
Secure and favorable land licensing;
Lead by example in plantation establishment and management;
Supply quality seeds and seedlings;
Initiate tree improvement programmes and local seed collection;
Spearhead targeted R&D programmes that benefits the whole sector
Initiate pilot projects like carbon credits and use of indigenous species in plantations
Promote industrial development through strategic allocation of new plantations and harvesting licenses.
Challenges?
Lack of funds to invest in commercial plantations
High level of illegal timber on the market undermine prices and discourage investment
Limited management experience in Uganda
Government constantly wanting efforts to secure land from reserves to other purposes
Encroachment – deters private investors
Potential for sales of Carbon credits must be fully integrated into the development plans. A successful implementation of the Rwoho
initiative is crucial.
Status as of May 2007 for NFA and forestry in Uganda
Encroachment and political pressure to give away land escalated towards the Presidental election in 2006. All
evictions were halted and promises to industrial investors given by President Museveni.
Promises started to be implemented in July 2006. Board and Management refused
Board replaced by a more political correct one in November 2006, gradually leading to total collapse in management continuity.
Donor community lead by Norway setting up governance conditions for continued support.
Kalangala Island and Mabira forest dominating the public debate on forests.
Grass root protests for environmental protection caused loss of lifes and insecurity for the Indian community
