Author name / Radiation Measuerements 00 (2019) 000–000
C o n t e n t s l i s t a v a i l a b l e a t S c i e n c e D i r e c t
Radiation Measurements
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r c o m / l o c a t e / r a d m e a s
1350-4487 ©Copyright Year, doi: 10.1016/…
In-field and out-of-file application in
12C ion therapy using fully 3D silicon microdosimeters
Linh T. Tran
a, Lachlan Chartier
a,b, David Bolst
a, Jeremy Davis
a,f, Dale A. Prokopovich
a,b, Alex Pogossov
a, Susanna Guatelli
a,f, Mark I. Reinhard
a,b, Marco Petasecca
a,f, Michael L. F. Lerch
a,f, Naruhiro Matsufuji
c, Marco Povoli
d, Anand Summanwar
d, Angela Kok
d, Michael Jackson
eand Anatoly B. Rosenfeld
a,faCentre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
bIonising Radiation, NSTLI Nuclear Stewardship, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
cNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
dSINTEF, Norway
eUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
fIllawarra Health Medical Research Institute, Australia
H I G H L I G H T S
▶ The application of the silicon microdosimeters for radiation field characterisation in heavy ion therapy was presented
▶ Microdosimetric measurements were carried out and RBE10 values were derived in 12C ion therapy ▶ Dose equivalent determination at different lateral points from the edge of the field were obtained
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
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This paper presents recent development of Silicon on Insulator (SOI) detectors for microdosimetry at the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) at the University of Wollongong. A new CMRP SOI microdosimeter design, the 3D mushroom microdosimeter is presented. Modification of SOI design and changes to the fabrication processes have led to improved definition of the microscopic sensitive volumes (SV), and thus to better modelling of the deposition of ionizing energy in a biological cell. The electrical and charge collection properties of the devices have been presented in previous works. In this study, the response of the microdosimeters in monoenergetic and spread out Bragg peak therapeutic 12C ion beam at Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC, Japan) are presented. Derived relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in 12C ion radiation therapy matches the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) well, along with outstanding spatial resolution. The use of SOI technology in experimental microdosimetry offers simplicity (no gas system or HV supply), high spatial resolution, low cost, high count rates capabilities for beam characterization and quality assurance (QA) in charged particle therapy.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Keywords:
Microdosimetry
Relative biological efficiency (RBE) Charged particle therapy
Silicon microdosimeter 3D sensitive volume
1. Introduction 1
Radiotherapy using heavy ion beams such as Carbon-ions is 2
advantageous for the treatment of deep-seated tumors over 3
conventional radiotherapy with X-rays due to an enhanced dose 4
deposition in the Bragg peak (BP) at the end of the ion range. The high 5
localization of dose delivery ensures the highest dose deposited in the 6
tumour with minimal dose to the surrounding healthy tissue.
7
Furthermore, the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of 12C ions 8
used in hadron therapy greatly depends on the depth of the target 9
volume in the body due to LET variation, nuclear fragmentation 10
processes and neutron productions. Due to the complexity of the field, 11
it is important to estimate the RBE of the heavy ions in hadron therapy 12
applications so as to deliver the correct dose.
13
Microdosimetry is an extremely useful technique for estimating the 14
RBE in unknown mixed radiation fields, typical for hadron therapy.
15
The conventional detector for microdosimetry is the tissue equivalent 16
proportional counter (TEPC) which has the advantages of i) an 17
isotropic response thanks to the spherical sensitive volume and ii) 18
tissue equivalence of its walls and filling gas. However, the TEPC has 19
several limitations such as high voltage operation, large size of 20
assembly, which reduces spatial resolution and introduces wall effects, 21
and an inability to simulate multiple cells.
22
The Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) has developed 23
multiple generations of microdosimeters on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) 24
substrates which have been successfully tested [1-6] and recently 25
summarized in [7]. The latest development of SOI microdosimeters at 26
CMRP is the 3D array microdosimeter (also called “mushroom”
27
microdosimeters) using 3D micro technology at SINTEF MiNaLab, 28
Norway. The charge collection properties have been presented in [8].
29
This paper presents the response of the 3D mushroom 30
microdosimeter in a therapeutic 12C ion beam in HIMAC, Japan and 31
shows its application for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) 32
determination in charged particle therapy.
33
2. Material and Method 34
Design of the 3D mushroom microdosimeter 35
36
Figure 1 shows a schematic of two different single 3D SV 37
structures of the mushroom microdosimeters. The first structure is 38
called a trenched 3D (or air-trenched) SV and consists of 3D 39
cylindrical SVs with a core column of air and n+ doping in the inner 40
walls of the SV center (Fig.1a). Each SV is surrounded with a trench 41
of air and with p+ doping on the outer wall, designed to physically 42
eliminate the possibility of charge generated outside the SV from 43
being collected.
44
Figure 1 Schematics illustrating different configurations designed 45
to define the sensitive volume geometry a) Trenched 3D structure (air- 46
trenched) and b) Trenched planar structure (poly-trenched).
47 48
The second structure of the mushroom microdosimeter is called a 49
trenched planar (or poly-trenched) SV, which also consists of 3D 50
cylindrical SVs with a planar n+ core produced by ion implantation 51
(planar technology). Each SV is surrounded with a completely p+ 52
doped trench filled with polysilicon (Fig 1b).
53
The mushroom microdosimeter is based on an array of 2500 54
cylindrical SVs, each with a diameter of 30 µm and a thickness of 9.1 55
µm. The even and odd rows of SVs are read out independently to 56
avoid events in adjacent sensitive volumes being read as a single event 57
in the case of oblique charged particle tracks.
58 59
Microdosimetric probe based on SOI microdosimeter 60
Figure 2 shows the microdosimetric probe, named the Micro Plus 61
probe (μ+), developed at the CMRP, based on an SOI microdosimeter 62
with an array of 3D SVs connected to a low noise spectroscopy-based 63
readout circuit. The readout electronics of the 𝜇+ probe are located 10 64
cm away from the detector to keep the readout circuitry out of the 65
primary radiation field and avoid radiation damage to the electronics.
66
The µ+ probe is covered by a PMMA sheath to allow the 67
microdosimeter to be operated in water.
68
69
Figure 2 The microdosimetric probe (or also called MicroPlus probe) 70
71
Passive pristine Bragg Peak and Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) 72
of 12C ion beam delivery at HIMAC facility.
73
A 290 MeV/u 12C ion beam was delivered with pristine BP and 74
SOBP of 60 mm using an Al ridge filter. A 0.434 mm and 0.649 mm 75
Ta scatterer was used upstream to broaden the beam for the pristine 76
and SOBP beams, respectively. Once shaped the beam was collimated 77
to 10×10 cm2 140 mm before the phantom. The range of the 290 78
MeV/u 12C beam in water after traveling through air between nozzle 79
and phantom was 147.92 mm. The microdosimetric probe was 80
mounted in a water phantom using an X-Y stage to remotely control 81
the detector location in the phantom with sub-hundred micron 82
precision.
83
Data collection and analysis 84
The spectral response of the detector was recorded with an 85
Amptek MCA 8000A Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA). To obtain the 86
microdosimetric quantities from the MCA spectrum, the energy 87
deposited was converted to lineal energy which is used to describe the 88
energy deposition in a micron sized sensitive volume (SV) along a 89
particle’s track, given by:
90
𝑦 = 𝜀
< 𝑙 >
(1)
where 𝜀 is the energy deposited in a SV with an average chord length 91
<l>. A silicon-tissue scaling factor of 0.58 was obtained by calculating 92
the energy deposition in silicon SV exposed to the 290 MeV/u 12C ion 93
radiation field, along the Bragg curve, by means of Geant4 [9].
94
Based on equation (1), the probability density f(y) can be 95
measured for all primary and secondary particles generated during an 96
exposure to tissue by ionizing radiation. The dose probability density 97
d(y) is given by:
98
𝑑(𝑦) =𝑦𝑓(𝑦) 𝑦𝐹
̅̅̅
(2)
where 𝑦̅̅̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ,𝐹 0∞ 𝑦̅̅̅̅̅ is the frequency-mean lineal energy. 𝐹 1
The dose-mean lineal energy 𝑦̅̅̅ is defined as 𝑦𝐷 ̅̅̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑(𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝐷 0∞ ; the 2
latter is used to determine the parameter in the Linear Quadratic 3
Model (LQM) applied for radiation field of interest and used later as 4
an input parameter for the MKM to calculate RBE10 corresponding to 5
10% of human salivary gland (HSG) cell survival. A detailed 6
description for calculating RBE10 using the MK model can be found in 7
[10].
8 9
Determination of Quality factor and dose equivalent in out-of-field 10
measurements 11
The dose-equivalent H is defined as the product of the absorbed 12
dose and a quality factor used to estimate the dose received by a 13
person upon radiation exposure. Using the lineal energy dependent 14
quality factor Q(y), defined for radiation protection in the ICRU-40 15
report [11], the dose is scaled to be proportional to the biological 16
effects it causes with respect to effects produced by a reference 17
radiation. The method for calculating the dose-equivalent using 18
microdosimetry has been explained in detail in previous work [12].
19
3. Results 20
Response of the microdosimeter to 290 MeV/u 12C pristine BP 21
Figure 3 shows the dose-mean lineal energy values obtained at 22
different depths in water obtained with the poly-trenched mushroom 23
microdosimeter as well as the physical dose measured using a pin 24
point ionisation chamber PTW31006 (0.015 cm3 measuring volume) 25
for the passively delivered 290 MeV/u pristine 12C ion beam. The 𝑦̅̅̅ 𝐷
26
values at the entrance depth in water was 11.39 keV/µm then increased 27
up to approximately 90 keV/µm at the BP (147.92 mm depth in water) 28
and then sharply rose up to 265 keV/µm at the distal part of the BP.
29
This sharp increase in 𝑦̅̅̅ can only be obtained due to the extremely 𝐷 30
high spatial resolution of the SOI microdosimeter of an order of 10 µm 31
thick.
32
33
Figure 3 Dose mean lineal energy obtained with poly-trenched 34
mushroom microdosimeter and corresponding physical dose in 35
response to 290 MeV/u pristine 12C ions.
36
Figure 4 shows the derived RBE10 distribution obtained with the 37
poly-trenched mushroom microdosimeter at different depths in water 38
and the corresponding physical dose, irradiated by a 290 MeV/u 39
pristine BP of 12C ion beam. Fig. 4 shows that for pristine 12C ions the 40
maximum RBE10 value of 2.92 occurs at the same depth as the 41
physical dose, unlike other ions [13]. At the distal part of the BP the 42
maximum 𝑦̅̅̅ was approximately 265keV/µm, RBE𝐷 10 was about 2.66.
43
The decrease of RBE10 towards the distal part of the BP is associated 44
with the overkilling effect of cells which has been taken into account 45
by the MK model [7].
46
47 Figure 4 RBE10 obtained from measurements with the poly-trenched 48
mushroom microdosimeter in 290 MeV/u pristine BP of 12C ion beam.
49
50
Figure 5 Dose mean lineal energy obtained with the poly-trenched 51
mushroom microdosimeter and corresponding physical dose in 52
response to 290 MeV/u 12C SOBP.
53
54
Figure 6 RBE10 obtained from the measurements with the poly- 55
trenched mushroom microdosimeter and TEPC and corresponding 56
physical dose in 290 MeV/u 12C SOBP ions in water.
57 58 59 60
1
2
Figure 7 RBE10 (a) and 𝑦̅̅̅ (b) lateral distributions at 19.41 mm and 146 mm depth of 290 MeV/u 𝐷 12C SOBP in water where the field size was 10 cm × 3
10 cm. The vertical dashed line shown in the graphs indicates the edge of the radiation field.
4
Figure 5 and 6 show the 𝑦̅̅̅ and derived RBE𝐷 10 distributions in 5
different depths in water obtained by the poly-trenched mushroom 6
microdosimeter for a 290 MeV/u 60 mm 12C SOBP, respectively. The 7
physical dose measured by the pinpoint ionisation chamber is also 8
shown. In order to deliver a flat biological dose in the target region, 9
the ridge filter delivers a physical dose which decreases with depth 10
such that Dbiological = Dphysical × RBE10 is flat over the 60 mm treatment 11
area. The maximum 𝑦̅̅̅ value obtained in the SOBP 𝐷 12C ion beam was 12
155.7 keV/µm and is lower than the maximum 𝑦̅̅̅ value in the 𝐷 12C 13
pristine BP. This is due to the presence of the Al ridge filter which 14
smears out the sharp dose at the BP region due to increased straggling.
15
Figure 7 shows the RBE10 and 𝑦̅̅̅ lateral distributions at 19.41 mm 𝐷 16
and 146 mm depth in water where the field size was 10 cm × 10 cm.
17
The air-trenched mushroom microdosimeter was used for this 18
measurement and was placed at: 0, 25, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 70 mm from 19
the central axis of the beam where 50 mm lateral distance is the edge 20
of the radiation field. At the entrance of the SOBP (19.41 mm depth), 21
it can be seen that the RBE10 values were almost constant in the field 22
however at the penumbra region the RBE10 slightly increased from 23
1.13 to 1.23 as the microdosimeter moved 5 to 10 mm out of the field 24
due to fragments and neutrons. Finally the RBE10 slightly decreased as 25
the microdosimeter was moved further away.
26
At the end of the SOBP region (146 mm depth), the RBE10 values 27
were also almost constant in the field and then dropped sharply at the 28
penumbra region. At 5 mm distance from the edge of the field, the 29
RBE10 reduced from 2.47 down to 1.44 and stayed almost constant at 30
further lateral distances due to the contribution of fragments with 31
lower LET than that of the primary 12C ions at the end of their range, 32
but higher than recoiled protons, generated from neutrons. At larger 33
distances, the effects of neutrons and fragmented protons are not 34
distinguishable. A similar trend was observed with the 𝑦̅̅̅ distribution 𝐷
35
shown in Figure 7b. For 19.41 mm depth both 𝑦̅̅̅ and RBE𝐷 10 are 36
constant within the field while towards the edge of the field 𝑦̅̅̅ slightly 𝐷
37
decreases at 146 mm depth leading to a slight increase in RBE10 due to 38
the correction for the overkilling effect by the MK model.
39
The RBE10 and 𝑦̅̅̅ values provide useful information on how the 𝐷 40
RBE10 and 𝑦̅̅̅ varies at the penumbra region, particularly for the sharp 𝐷 41
dose gradients at the edge of the field.
42
Determination of dose equivalent in penumbra region of the 290 43
MeV/u 12C beam 44
45
Figure 8 Dose equivalent per dose and calculated average quality 46
factor at different lateral points from the edge of field for 19.41 mm 47
and 146mm depth in water.
48 49
Figure 8 shows the dose equivalent per dose in the middle of the 50
SOBP which was calculated based on the measured lineal energy 51
spectra obtained with the air-trenched mushroom microdosimeter at 52
lateral distances of 5 mm, 10 mm and 25 mm from the edge of the 53
carbon SOBP field for depths 19.41 mm and 146 mm. At a 5 mm 54
lateral distance from the field edge the dose equivalent was 24.6 55
mSv/Gy and 16.8 mSv/Gy for 146 mm and 19.41 mm depth, 56
respectively. The dose equivalent at these points correlate with an 57
average quality factor Q (𝑄̅) of 7.1 and 4.4 for 146 mm and 19.41 mm 58
depth, respectively. Increasing 𝑄̅ can be explained by the contribution 59
of primary 12C scattered ions which have lower energy at 146 mm 60
depth in comparison to 19.41 mm depth. At 10 mm lateral distance 61
from the field edge the dose equivalent and 𝑄̅ obtained at 2 depths 62
were approximately the same. At 25 mm lateral distance the dose 63
equivalent dropped faster laterally at 146 mm depth in comparison 64
with 19.41 mm depth while 𝑄̅ is in opposite correlation with values of 65
5.4 and 4.0, respectively. This can be explained due to larger partial 66
contribution of heavier fragments and fast neutrons at 146 mm depth 1
in comparison to the shallower depth 19.41 mm, while physical dose 2
due to fragments is lower at depth 146 mm than at 19.41 mm depth for 3
this lateral point.
4
4. Conclusion 5
Two SOI mushroom microdosimeters structures have been 6
recently developed, fabricated and characterised in pristine and SOBP 7
12C ion beams at HIMAC, Japan. The dose mean lineal energy and 8
RBE10 distributions in water were obtained with exceptionally high 9
spatial resolution in the BP and the distal part of the BP. This work has 10
shown that the 𝑦̅̅̅ at the entrance of the 𝐷 12C pristine BP (11.3 keV/µm) 11
was lower than that obtained at the entrance of the SOBP (14.5 12
keV/µm). However the maximum 𝑦̅̅̅ values in the pristine BP was 𝐷
13
higher than those in the SOBP due to the presence of an Al ridge filter.
14
The maximum RBE10 values for 12C ions occurred at the same depth as 15
the maximum physical dose in the BP which is in agreement with 16
other work [13]. This confirms the advantage of using 12C ion for 17
treatment of tumours.
18
The results obtained by the SOI microdosimeters show good 19
agreement with the TEPC after the application of proper correction 20
factors to convert the silicon response to that biological tissue and 21
indicate that the mushroom microdosimeter is suitable for use in heavy 22
ion therapy applications.
23
The lateral RBE10 and dose mean lineal energy distributions were 24
obtained in this study for a depth close to the entrance and a depth at 25
the end of the SOBP. It has been shown that in the penumbra region 26
the lateral RBE10 sharply decreased for 146 mm depth and slightly 27
increased for 19.41 mm depth. The dose equivalent at these lateral 28
points were also estimated. The dose equivalent reduced over a short 29
distance for lateral points at 19.41 mm depth in comparison with 146 30
mm depth.
31
The silicon microdosimeter containing 3D SVs presented in this 32
study is a new and fast radiation field characterisation tool that has 33
been tested and applied in heavy ion therapy applications with sub- 34
millimetre spatial resolution. It shows great promise as an 35
experimental device used for microdosimetric spectra measurements 36
and based on this, commissioning of RBE used in treatment planning 37
systems.
38 39
Acknowledgement 40
This research was supported by the Australian Government 41
through the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding 42
scheme (project DP 170102273).
43
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Nadia Court and her 44
team at the UNSW ANFF node for their packaging work as well as 45
Mr. Adam Sarbutt from NSTLI Nuclear Stewardship, ANSTO and Mr.
46
Peter Ihnat from the School of Physics, UOW for their assistance in 47
preparation for the experiment. Finally the authors would like to thank 48
all collaborators in the 3D-MiMiC project, funded by the Norwegian 49
Research Council via the NANO2021 program.
50
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