Holocene glacial and climatic variationson Spitsbergen, Svalbard

The Holocene 7.l (1997\ pp. 45 57

Holocene glacial and climatic variations on Spitsbergen, Svalbard

John Inge Svendsenr and Jan Mangerud2

(rCentre .for Studies of Environment and Resources, Universitl, of'Bergen, HrXvteknologisenteret, IV-5020 Bergen, Norw'ct1,; tDepcrrtment oJ'Geology,

Universitt, oJ' Bergen, Alligcrten 41, LI-5007 Bergen, ltlorwcrt,)

R c c e i r t ' r i . 1 1 \ l a y 1 9 9 6 : r c r i s c r l r r a n r r s c r - i p t i t c c c p t c d 6 S c p t c n t b e r l 9 t X r

A b s t r a c t : H o l o c c n e g l a c i a l t n d c l i r r r t i c v l r i a t i o n s h a r c l r c c n i n l e r r e d l . n r r n i r r v c s l i g l t i o n s o l s e d i r r c n t c o r c s t k r t n t h e p r ( ) q l i l c i r l l a k e l - i n n r l v a t n c t . \ \ ' c \ t c n r S p i t s h c r u e n . A l o \ \ c o n t c l ) l o l g l r L c i a l l v d e r i l c d c o a l . t b s e n c e o l r c g u l a r l r r t t i n i t t i o n s i t r t d i r s l o u s c c l i r r e n t a t i o n ra t c i n t h c l o \ \ e r p i l r t o l t h c l a c u s t r i n e s c d i r r . r c n l s i n d i c a t c t h a t t h c l i r n t t c r g l a c i e r s t h a t c r i s t c d u i t h i n t h e c r t c l ) r n e n l a r c r d u r i n s t h c l i r s t i c c r g c r r c l t c c l q L r i c k l y l r i r L y a s a r c s u l t o l l l r c Y o u t t - u c r D r y l t s l l o l o c e n e r v a r n r i n g . ln r l i l L r r i n g th e n c \ t 6 ( X X ) r ' c r r s l h c r c B c r e n o ! l a c i c r s i n t h c v a l l c r . I n c r c i t s i n ! c o r l c o r . r t c n t . i n c i p i c n t l a r n i n l l t i o n s t n d r i s i n g s e d i n r e n t a t i o l r n r t c s i n d i c r t e t h a t t h c s l a c i e r L i r t n f b r c e n s t a r l c d 1 o t i r r n r - l ( X X ) - 5 ( X X ) 1 ' e a r s a g o . p r o b a b l y t s i l r c s p o n s c t o t h c h l c H o k t c e n e c o o l i n g . T h c H o l o c c n c l n t r i r t t u l t t c r t c n t o 1 ' t h c g l a c i c l o c c r r r r c d d u r i n g t h c ' [ - i t t l c

I c c A g c ' . s t l r t i n g u i t h u p r o n o u n c e d i c e a c l r a t t c c i n t h c t h i r t c c n l h o r l i ) u r l e e n t h c c n t L l r \ . r \ u c l l t l a t e i l c o r e l h r r n 1 3 i l l c t j o r d c n . r r h i c h i s a s s L r n t c d t o r c l l c c t g l i L c i a l ll u c t u a t i o n s i n t h c i n n c r p a l t o l ' t l t e ' l s l ' j o l d e n r r c u . i n d i c a t c s l s i r r i l a r d e r c l o p n r c n t t o t h i r t i n t h e r a l l c v l - i r r n d d a l c n . N o g l l c i r l s i ! n i l l u a s r c c o r c l c t l tl L r r i n g th c c a r l v a r r d r n i r l H o l o c c n e . ' l ' h e p r c s c n l t i d c u a t e r

! r l l t c i e r s s t a r t c L l to t i r r n r J ( X ) 0 J O ( X ) r ' c r L r s a g o . u i t h g l a c i u l r n a r i r r r a a r o u n d 5 ( X ) c a l . n r t l - { ( X ) 1 5 ( X ) B P t a n t l d u r i n g t h c ' l - i t t l e I c c ; \ g e ' .

K e v * o r d s : S v a l b a r d . g l a c i c r h i s t o r r . c l i r r a l i c c l r a n s c . I a c u s t r i n e s e d i n r e n t s . d c n r r i l l t i o n . e r o s i o n . H o l o c c n c .

A

H O L O C E N E

RESEARCH PAPER

Introduction

B o t h c n r p i r i c a l e v i c l c r r c e - a n r l n r o r l c l s i n t u l a t i o n s i n c l i c a t e th a t t h c a r c t i c i s s c n s i t i v c t o c l i r r a t e c h a n g e . N o t i n t h c l c a s t t h i s a p p l i e s t o t h e h i l h a r c t i c a r c a o f S p i t s b c r r c n s i t r " r a t e c l 7 7 - l J 0 " N . o n t h e - h o u n d a r v b c t w c e n t h e N o r r " ' e g i a n S e a . t h e B a r e n t s S c a a n d t h e A r c t i c O c e a n ( F i g u r c l ) . ' I ' h c

a r c i l \ \ ' A s r c p c a t c d l l , a l l e c t e d b 1 , l a r g c u n r l r a p i d g l a c i a l u c l v a n c e s c l r . r r i n g t h e l a s t i c c a g c ( M a n g e r u c l l u t l S r , c n c l s e n . 1 9 9 2 ) . A t p r e s c n t . ( d ) 7 o l ' t h c l a n c l a r e a o f S v a l b a r c l i s c o v e r e c l b 1 ' g l a c i c r s . b u t t l r c g l a c i e l s u ' e l e s n r a l l c l p r i o l t o t h e ' l - i t l l c

I c c A l c ' ( e . g . P u n n i n g c t u l . . l ( ) 1 6 ) . l l a r a n o w s k i a n c l K a r ' l i n . 1 9 7 ( r : W c r n c r ' . l 9 l l l l l 1 9 9 3 : f j u r r e r . 1 9 9 | I R o n n c r t a n c l l - a n d r i k . 1 9 9 - l ) . H o r v c v e r . t h c k r r o q , l e c l g c o f H o l o c c n c g l a c i a l v a r i a t i o n s i s i n c o n r p l c t e - a n c l m o s t l v b a s e c l o n l l - a g r n e n t a l r ' n l o r J i n c f r ' \ ' r r t \ l \ i l t t ( l ( \ l r r ) \ r : ( l s c t l i t r t c t t l s i t t s c c l i o l s .

I n t l r i s s t u t l r ' . g l a c i a l i u r i u t i o n s i t r - e i n l e r l e c l lr o r n i n v c s t i g a t i o n s o f t ' a c l i o c a r b o n - c l u t c d s e c l r n r e n t c o r - e s l h r n r t h e p l o u l a c i a l l a k e . L i n - n e v a t n e t . o n \ \ ' e s t c r n S p r t s t r c r g c n ( I r i g u r c I). This provides a con t i n u o u s H o l o c c n c s c c l i m e n t r - e c o r d . S i t u a t e c l 6 k n t c l o l v n s t r e a n r f i t r r t h e v a l l c y s l a c i c r L i n n d b r c c n . t h c s c d i r r e n t s s t o r e d i n t h i s l a k e a r e c o n s i c l c l c d w c l l s u i t e c l fu r r e c o r d i n g g l a c i a l \ " a r i a t i o n s . l1 ' t h c p r c s e n t e c l u i l i b r i u r n l i n c r l t i t r , r d c (l - L A ) i s r l i s e c l b v n r o r c t h a n

l ( X ) 1 5 0 n l t h e - s l a c i e r w i l l d i s a p p c a r . w h c r c a s if i t i s l o w e r e c l b v l - 5 0 m i t w i l l a c l r . a n c c in t o t h c l a k e ( M a n g e m d a n d S v c n c l s c n . l c ) 9 0 : S v c n d s c n r n c l M a n g e r u c l . l c ) 9 1 ) . I n t h i s p a p c r w e p r e s e n t

O Arnold 1997

s t r a t r g r d l ) h r c c v i c l c n c c t h i t t l t o g l a c i c r s c x i s t c d i n t h e c a t c h r n c n t a r c a o l ' l - i n n 6 r a t n e t th r o u g h o u t n r u c h o l ' t h e H o l o c e n c . a n c l t h a t t h e p l e s e n t g l a c i c r L i n n d b r c c n w a s t i r r r n c c l s o n t e . l ( X X ) - . 5 ( X X ) y e a r s a g o .

T h e s e d i r r e n t r e c o r c l tl o m L i n n 6 v r t n e t h a s b c c n c o r l p a r e c l u , i t h a u , e l l - d a t c c l c o r c l . n r m B i l l e f l o r d c n ( I r i - t r - r r e l ) r l h i c h i s a s s u r n e c l t u l e l l e c t g l a c i a l f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t l t e r n n e r p a r t o f t h c I s l ' j o r c l e n a r e a ( E l v c r h c t i e t t t l . . l , 9 9 5 1 . T h e n r a r i n c s c c l i r l e n t s i n t h i s c o r c i n d i c r t e t h a t t h e t i d e w a t e r g l a c i c r s t h a t p r c s e n t l y t e r n . r i n a t c i n B i l l e f j o r d e n d i c l n o t r e a c h t h c s c a s h o r c u n t i l 2 ( X X ) 3 ( X X ) y e a r s a s o . W c c o n - c l u d c t h a t t l - r c g l a c i a t e d a r e a o n S v a l b a r - c l * a s r r c u t l y r c d u c c c l d u r - i n g t h e e a r l v - a n d n r i d - H o k r c e n e c l i n r a t i c o p t i r . n u r l a n c l th a t n r a n v o f t h c g l a c i e r s p r e s e n t t o d a v d i d n o t e x i s t a t t h a t t i l n c .

Geographical setting

T h e l a k e [ - i n r r i v a t n c t i s s i t u a t e d i n a t r i b u t a r y r . . a l l e v n e a r t h c r n o u t h t l l ' l s l ' j o r d e n o n W e s t - S p i t s b c r g e n . w e l l i n s i d c t h c L l t e W e i c h s e l i a n g l a c i a l l i n r i t ( M a n g e r u d c t u l . . 1 9 9 2 ' . S v e n c l s e n c / r r l . . I t ) 8 7 ) . - f h c

l a k e l i l l s a r l a c i a l l y o r . ' c r d e e p e n e d b a s i n . a n c l i s a p p r o x i r r a t e l v ' 1 . 7 k r l l o n g . 1 . 3 k r n w i d c a n d . 1 0 n r d e e p ( F i l u r c s I a n d 2 ) . T h e s o u t h e r n c n d o f t h e l a k e . w h c r c t h c e t r l i n s u r r r u n d e r t a k c n . i s o n l y l 0 - l 5 n r d e e p a n d i t i s s p l i t b y a s r n a l l i s l a n d a n d a b r t h v m e t l i c r i d g e i n t o t w o s u b - b a s i n s . ' l ' h c e a s t e l n

0 9 5 9 6 8 3 6 ( 9 7 ) H L 1 6 3 R P

46 The Holocene 7 (7997)

l . ' i g u r e I \ ' l i r p o l ' L i r t r t t t r i t t n c t r n d t h c c i t t c h r l c n t a r e a w i t h k c v t r a p s t l t N ( ) t c t h r t t l r c r r a i n r i r e r l l o u s l r o t l t t h e g l a c i c r l - i n n 6 b r e c l l t o t h e h k e

S r a l b a r d a n d t h c N o r u e g i a n - C i r t ' c n l a n c l S c a . C l r L c i c r s (c . 9 . [ - i n n J b r c - e r t ) i t r c u h i t e L i n n i \ a t n c t .

s u b - b a s i n . w h i c h i s t h e l i r c n s o l ' t h i s p a p c r , r e c e i v c s t h e i n f l o w l l - o n r t h c r n a i n r i v c r . I - i n r r 6 e l v a . T h i s i s a t t t e l t w a t e r s t r e a n l d r a i n - i n g L i n n 6 b r c c n a n d s e v e r a l s r n a l l e r g l a c i c r s . T h e s e d i t t t c n t r e c o r d i n t h c w c s t e r n s u b - b a s i n h a s b c c t t s t L r d i e d b y W c r n e r ( 1 9 8 8 ) a t t d S n 1 ' d e r (l 9 9 l ) . a n d t h e r c s u l t s w i l l b c d e s c r i b e c l i n a s e p a r a t e p a p c r .

A f t e r t h e d c g l a c i a t i o n . a r o u n d 1 2 , 3 ( X ) B P ( 1 2 3 ( X ) c a l . B ( ' ) . t h e r e l a t i v c s e a l e v c l w a s a b o u t 7 0 r n h i g h e r t h a n a t p r e s e n t . a n d t h e b a s i n b c c a n r c a t r i b u t a r y f i o r c l t o l s f j o r d e n ( M a n g e r u d a n d S v c n c l s e n . 1 9 9 0 ) . A s a r c s u l t o f t h e g l a c i o i s o s t a t i c r c b o u n d t h e b a s i n b c c a n r e i s o l a t e d t l ' o n r t h e s c a a r o u n d l ' i 8 0 0 c a l . n t ( 9 6 0 0 B P ) . u ' h e n a p r o t t t i r r e n t tr t a r i n c b e a c h t e r r a c e w a s l i r r m c d a c r o s s t h e n o l t h c r n e n d o l ' t h c b a s i n . 3 0 r n a b o v e p r c s c n t s e a l e v c l ( S a n c l a h l . lt ) l l ( r ) . S u b s e q L r c n t l y . a s r e l i t t i v c s c a l e v e l d r o p p c d . t h e o u t l e t s t l ' c a n l c u t t h l - o u g h th c t l a r i n c s c d i t t t e n t s to t h c p r c s e n t b e d - r o c k t h r e s h o l d a t l f I n a . s . l .

Linndbreen is l'rontcd by plontincnt ice-cored crrd moraines lirr- n r c c l c l u r i n g t h c ' l - i t l l e

l c c A g c ' . R e m n a n t s o f s o n t e o l d e r l a t e r a l n r o l a i n i c r i d g e s i n d i c a t c e a r l i e r . b u t n r o r e r e s t r i c t c d i c e a d v a n c c s ( W c r n e r . 1 9 8 8 1 1 9 9 3 ) . [ n n t o s t o l ' t h e d r a i n a g e a r e a t h c b c d r o c k i s c o v e r c d b y a t h i n a n d p a t c h y v c n c e r o 1 ' t a l u s . t i l l , t n a r i n e s e c l i - r r c n t s a n d l i t t o l a l o r f l u v i a l s c d i t n e n t s ( A k c r m a n . l 9 i l 0 l S a n d a h l . l 9 U 6 ) . T h c p r i r n a r y s t r c a m . L i n n 6 e l v a . t h a t e n t e r s t h c c a s t e r n s u b - b a s i n . i s p a r t l y c u t i n t o b e d r o c k a n d i t i s a s s u m e d th a t t h c p r e s e n t

c l r a i r r a g e p a t t e r n h a s b e e n t t t t t r c o r l e s s t h e s l t l l l c t h r o L l g h o L l t t h c H o l o c c n c .

T h e c l i m a t c o f S v a l b a r c l is c o l d a n c l d r i r . a l t h o u g h i t i s i r a r r n t - r a n d r . n o r e h u n r i d o n w c s t e n l S p i t s b c r - u c n t h a n a t t t t h c r a r e a s o l ' s i r n i l a r l a t i t u d c . d u e t o t h c n o r t h w a r c l h e a t t r a n s p o r t o f t h e N o l t h A t l a n t i c C u r r e n t ( F i g u l e l ) . I n L i n n d d a l c r r t h e t n e a n a n n u i l l t e r n - p c r a t u r e i s c l o s c t o 5 o C a n d a n n u a l p r e c i p i t i i t i o n a b o l l t ' 1 3 0 n t n t ( S t c f ' f b n s e n . 1 9 8 2 ) . ] ' h c w l l l - l n e s l m o n t h i s J u l l ' w i t h a n a v e r a s e t e n r p e r r t u r c c l o s e t o f - 5 " C . P r e s e n t l y . L i n n d l ' a t n e t I s a c o l c l . r . n o n o m i c t i c l a k c w h i c h i s i s o c h c r n i c a l a n c l i s o t h c r r t t a l . t r l a i n t a i n i n g a t c m p e r a t u r e b c l o w ' . l o C t h r o r " r g h o u t t h c y e a r ( B l t y u r r a n d K j c n s n r o . 1 9 7 8 ) . ' f h e c o l d c l i r t t a t c g c n c r a t e s a r t ic c c o v c r ( 1 . . 5 - 2 n l t h i c k ) r v h i c h p c r s i s t s l' r o r n la t c S e p t e r r b c r u n t i l J u l y / e a r l y A u g t t s t .

Methods

T h c l a k e l l o o r a n d i t s s e d i m c n t s c q u e n c e w r s l i r s t r n a p p e d w i t h a 3 . 5 k H z p c n e t r a t i n g c c h o s o u n d i n g s - v - s t c l t t i n 1 9 8 ; l ( F i g u r c 3 ) . a n d w a s l a t e l c o r e d f h r m t h c w i n t c r i c e i n 1 9 8 6 b y a j o i n t e x p e d i t i o n f l ' o r n t h e U n i v c r s i t y o f B e r g e n u n d U n i v e r s i t y o f C o l o r - a c l o . A t o t a l o f l 6 c o r e s r . r p t o l 2 n r i n l c n g t h w e r e o b t a i n c c l fh r n l t h e l a k e ( F i g u r e 2 ) . T h e c o r c s w e r e t a k e n w i t h a p i s t o n - e r r r i n g d e v i c c w h i c h i s a r n o d i f i e d G E O N O R s a m p l e r u s i n g t w o s e t s o l '

John Inge Suendsen and Jan Mangerud: Holocene glacial and climatic uariations on Spitsbergen 47

Figure 2 (A) Bathymetric map of Linn6vatnet. coring sites and sub-bottom echosounding proflle A-B shown in Figure 4 are marked. The ,A-end, of the

profile is a small island ln this paper only results from the eastern sub-basin in the southem end of the lake are presented. (B) Isopach map of the

lacustrine sediments in Linn6vamer.

E

E.

o

o 2 0

0 0 . 1

Figure 3 Sub-bottom echosounding profile

o.2 _0.5

from the southern part of the lake (location shown on Fig.2A).

0.3 0.4 0.7 km

rods: pipes that are extended to the sampling tube and inner rods that are connected to the piston. This provide very precise control of the sampling depth etc. The individual core sections are 2m Iong with diameters of 11 cm, or altematively 6 cm (Svendsen er a l . , 1 9 8 7 : 1 9 8 9 \ .

The cores were first x-rayed and then split lengthwise for struc_

tural and sedimentological studies. The carbonate and organic car_

bon content (TOC) were determined with an EC 12 Leco carbon analyzer. The coal content was counted with a binocular micro_

scope with magnification 40X. All cores were photographed.

48 The Holocene 7 (19971

l s o p a c h n r a p s l i r r t h e l a c r - t s t r i t t e s c d i t r t e n t s ( S v c n d s e n t ' 1 r r 1 . . l 9 8 t ) ) a n d t h e u n c l c r l y i n g r r t a r i n c s e d i t t . t c n t s ( M r n g c r u d a n d S v c n d s c n . 1 9 9 0 ) r l e r e c o n s t r u c t e d f l ' o t n t h e s u b b o t t o r l e c h t l s o u n c l i n g p l o f i l e s t h a t w e r e c a l i b l a t c d a g a i n s t t h c r e s t t l t s fl ' o t n t h e c o r c s ( F i ! r y r c 2 ) .

T h e c h r o n o s t r a t i g l a p h y f i r r t h c l a c u s t r i n e s c q u e n c e is b a s c d t l r r A M S - r a d i o c a r b o n c l a t i n g o l t c t ' r e s t r i a l p l a n t n l a c r o f b s s i l s i n c c l r c n o . 6 ( S n 1 ' c l e r c t u l . . 1 9 9 1 1 . T h c A M S - d a t c s f r o t n t h c s e d i m e n t s i n B i l l e f ioldcn u,ere pcrlirrnrecl on forarninif'eras (Elverh6i at a/..

1 9 9 5 ) a n c l a r e c o t r c c t e c l l i r t u t t r a r i t r c r e \ L - r v o i r a g c o l ' ' 1 4 0 y e l r s ( N l a n g c r u c l a n c l G r , r l l i k s c n . lc ) 7 5 ) . R a d i o c a r b ( ) n a g c s a r e r e p o r t e d A s [ C v r s B P . T h c c l a t e s a t - e c a l i b r a t e d t o d e n d r o - o r c a l c n d a r y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o a p r o g l i t t n ( C A L I B . R c v . 1 . 0 3 ) b y S t r . r i v e r a n d R c i n r e r ( 1 9 9 3 ) . a n d a l c t h e n r c p t t r t c c l a s c a l . , t l r / t r c .

Results

Sediment distribution

\ \ ' ' h e r - c u s r n o s t o 1 ' t h c I n a r i n e s c d i t t t c t t t s a r e l o c a l c d l l e a l - l l l c l ) o r t h - c r r r c n d a n c l i r t t l t c t l c c ; l c s t p a r t o l t h c b n s i n ( M a t r g e r t l d a n d S r c n r l s c n . l t ) t ) 0 ) . r r r r r c h o l t h c l a c u s t r i n c s c c l i r t t c r t t s a r e l i r r L t l t l il l t l r c s o u t h c r n c n d . w h c r c L i n r t d c l r a c l ) t c r s t h c l a k c l F i g . t r r c 3 ) . a l t h o u g h t h e r c i s n o s u b a e r i r l d c l t a p l a i n p l o g r a c l i n g in t o t h c l a k e . T h c n r a r i r r u r n t h i c k n c s s o 1 ' th e l u c t t s t r i n e s e c l i r t t c l t t r i s : r I p t r ' r i r n l r t c l l ' l 2 r r c l o s c t o t h c r i v c r n t t t t t t l t . -{ritclualll'clecrcrsing t o l e s s t h l r n I m u u ' i t v 1 l ' o u r th c r t t l c t . T h c p r c l e r e n t i a l i l c c t t r t l t l l a t i o t l o f s c c l i n r c r r t a l o n ; l t l t c c u s t c t - n tt t a r g i t t o l t h c l a k e i s e r l l l a i r r c c l b y a t l o n r i n a t i n g c o u n t e t- c l o c k u is c c r l c t t l a t i t t r t c l u e to t l . t c C o r i o l i s l i l l c c ( W c r n c r . l98u). IIr thc cenlritl attcl clccl.rcsl p a r t o l ' t h c l a k c t r p t t r J n r o l ' l l r c r . r s l r i t t c i t n d l J t r r o l ' t t t l t r i t t c s e t l i l t t c n t s u e r e r c c o r d c d t l n t l . r c c c h u s o u n d i n g p r o l i l c s ( N 4 a n S c l t r t l a t t c l S v e t t c l s c l t . l i ) 9 0 ) . A c o r e p e n c t t i r t i t r g i n t o t h c t r n c l e l l l i r t g t t t a r i n c s c c l t t t t c t t l s i t l t h c c c t t - t l a l p a r l o l t h e l a k c u u s o b t u i t r c t l b l B o l L r t r t a r t c l K . i c r r s r l l o ( 1 9 8 0 ) l u n t l c o n l i l r t t s t l r c v a l i t l i t l o l t h c c c h o : o u r t c l i n g r t t a p p r r l g i n t h i s al-e l|.

Sediment characteristics

F o L r r c o r c s . o l u h i c h t l t t c c l ) c n e t r a l c d in t o t h t - t l l i l r i t l t s c t l t t e t t u e .

* c r c c r a n r i n c c l l i l r n r t h e c r t s l c t t t s t l b - l t a s i l t (F i g t r r c s I a r l c l J ) . T h c n r a r i n c s c r l i r n c n t s u t c t t t i t s s i r e t l t t c l t t b i o t u r b i t t i o t r . ' [ ' h e t t i t n s i t i o t l b e t r r c c r r t h e n l r t i r t c a n d l i r c L t s t r i t t e s c t l i t t t c r t l s i s e a s i l r ' t ' c c o g t l i z c c l a s a 5 - 1 0 c n l - t h i c k . l u i n t l l l a r r r i n a t c c l i n t e r r l t l i I i g t l r e 5 1 . ' l

h c l a c u s t r i r r e s e d i r l c r t t s a b o v c c o t t s i s t o l ' s t l a t i t i c d s i l t l t r r d c l e v u i t h l e s s t l r r r r l( , i s a n c l . ' l ' h c c r c c p t i o n i s t h e i t t c a . i L t s t o t t t s i d e t h c r i v c r n r o r - r l h o l L i r t n r < c l r a (c o f c 0 6 ) . u l t e t - c t L 1 . l t o l 0 t ' i s a n t l u ' a s l ' e c o r d c d i n t h c u p p c r p a r t o l t h c c t r r e ( [ ; i g t t l c 6 1 .

' f h c

l o w c l m o s t p e f t o l t h c l a c t t s t r i t t c s c q u e n c e i s c h a r a c t e r i z c t l b y a d i s t i n c t . b l a c k l a n r i n u t i o t r c l t t c t o t t t t x t o s t t l p h i c l c s t a i n i r t g { l r i g u r c 5 ) . p r - o h l b l y ' r e l l c c t i n g a n o r i c c t t n d i t i o n s c l t t e t o o c c a s i o t i a l i n l l o r r o 1 ' s e u w a t e r a l i c r t h e l a k c h c c a t l c i s o l a t c c l th t r l t h c s c a . U p u a l c l s . t h e - s t a i n i n g g l l d t r a l l y c l i s a p p e a r s a n c l t l r c s e c l i t n e n t s b c c o r n c r n o r e n ' l l s s i v c s i t h o r r l 1 " s p o r a d i c o c c t - t l ' e n c e o 1 ' s t l t t l c u c l l - r l c l i n c d li g h t g r e l ' . c a r b o r t a c c o u s s i l t l a n r i n l ( F i g L r r c 5 ) . F r o n l t h i s n e i r r l l n r a s s i v e li r r r t t e t i o t t th c r c i s a g r a t l t t l t l t r a n s i t i o l t t t l a p o o r l v l a n r i n a t e c l s c c l r - l c n c e r l ' i t h c l t r s t c r s o f c l i s t i n c t l a n l i n a c . T h e t r p p c r ' n r o s t p a r t o l ' t h c l a c u s t t - i n c s c c l t l e n c c is c h a r a c t e r i z c c l i l t a l l c t l r e s b 1 ' a c o n t i n u o u s a n c l r r c l l - c l e v c l o p c c l l a t r t i n r t i t l l l . a n d u i l l b c c l c s c r i b c d in s o t . t t c t t r o r c c l c t a i l h e lo * ' .

T h e l a k c s c c l i n r c n t s c o n t a i n t r p l o ( r 0 t r i c i t t - b o t t i t l c ( F i - r . r t r r e - : l ) . l u o s l l ) , d e t f i t a l d o l ( ) n r i t c $ h i c h i s c r p t l s c c l a l o n g t h e e l t s t c t ' t l r a l l e r s l o p e ( H . j c l l c e l r r 1 . . 1 9 8 6 ) ( F i g u r c 7 ) . I n c o n t l a s t . s t l - c a t l l i n l L - t s a n r p l e s h a v e c c l L r a l r l l r o L l r t l s o l c a l c i t c ( f r o r t t l i l l e s t o n c o u t c r o p s ) a n c l d o k r r l i t c s u g g o s t i n g s L r b s t a r t t i a l d i s s o l u t i o n o 1 ' c a l c i t e r e l a t i v c t o d o l o n r i t c i n t h c l a k e ( W c r n c r ' . l 9 l i i i l . ' f h c

c o n t c r t t o f t o t a l o r g a n i c c a r b o n ( T O C ' ) i s l o w ( l - 5 7 ) a n d c o n s i s t s t l l a i n l y ' o 1 c o a l p i u t i c l c s . c l e l i i c d f k r n r C a r b o n i t e t o u s s a n c l s t t t n c s w i t h c o a l s e a t t r s

o n t h e v a l l e y f l o o r ( l r i g u r e 7 ) . M i c r o s c o p e s e d i r n c n t s a r r p l e a n a l y - s c s f r o n . r c o r e 1 . 1 s h o r v c d t h a t t h e c o a l c o n l e n t c o n \ t i t u t c [ t p t ( ) 1 5 7 o f t h e s e d i m c n t p a r t i c l c s i n t h e l l ' a c t i o n 0 . 0 6 3 - 0 . 1 2 5 n r n r . a n c l th e r e i s a s t r o n g c o r r c l a t i o t t ( 0 . 8 8 ) b c t w e e n t h e n t c a s u r e c l T O C v l l u c s a n d t h e p e r c c n t a g e o 1 ' c o a l ( F i g r . r r c 8 ) W i t h t h e c x c c p t i o t r o f t h e m l r i n c l a c u s t r i n e t r a n s i t i o n . t h c c o n t e n t o l ' o t g a n i c t l l a t t e r procluced in the lake and/ol that arc clerived liorn the surrottt.tcling v e g e t a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r c d t o c o n s t i t u t c o n l y a s r t t a l l f r a c t i t l n o l t h c m c a s u r e d T O C v a l u e s , a n d t h e t o t a l c o n t c n t i s c e r t a i n l l s r g n i l i - c a n l l y l o w c r t h a n l 9 { , ( o f t h e w e i g h t ) .

Chronostratigraphy and correlation of cores

A c h l o n o s t r a t i g r a p h y t b r t h e c a s t c r n s u b - b i t s i t r h a s b c c t l c s t a b - l i s h c c l o n t h e b a s i s o f a s c r i c s o 1 ' A M S d a t c s f l ' o n r c o r c 0 6 ( F i g r - r r e 6 ) ( S n y c l e r e t u l . . 1 9 9 1 ) . T h i s c o r e . c o l l c c t c c l c l o s e t o t h c t ' i v e r n u r u t h . u , a s t h e o n l \ c o r c f h r u l t h c c a s l e r n s u b - b a s i r t w i t h s u l : l i c i c n t n r a c r u r c n r a i n s o l ' t e l r c s t r i a l p l a n t s l i t r A M S - d a t i n g . I l o w - c v e r ' . a p r c c i s e c o n ' c l a t i o n c o u l c l h c ' t l o r t e b e t w c c n t h i s a r r d t l l c o t h c r c o l e s i n t h c t i r l l o " r ' i n g l c r c l s l F i g t r r - c -1 1 .

1 . M a r i n e - l a c u s t r i n e s e c l i m e n t b o u n d a r y ( i s o l a t i o n c o n t q c t ) c . 8 8 0 0 c a l . c c ( 9 6 0 0 B P )

C ' O r c s ( X r ancl l6 stoppccl a lcu cttt ltborc thc tllarine scclitltcttts.

N e a l n c s s t o t h i s b o u n d a r v i s c l e n t o t t s l t ' i t t c d b ) t h c o c c u r r e n c c o l s t r o n u s r - r l p h i c l c l a n r i n a t i ( ) l i it t t h e b a s e o l l r o t h c o r c s a l t c l i t l o u c a r b o u u t c c o n t e l r t . T h c c c h t t s t t u n c l i n g p r t l l i l e a l s o s l t o u . ' s t l l a t t h e t l l n s i t i o n t o t l . t c n t a r i n e s c c l i t . t t c t t t s o c c t t t s c l o s e t o t h i s l c \ c l ( l - i g L l r c -l ) . T h r s b o u n d a r y h a s h e e n l a t l i o c a r b o r t d a t c c l to t l E ( X ) c a l . s t ( 9 6 ( X ) B P ) o n t h c b a s i s o l ' s c v c l a l ( 1 0 ) n r o l l t r s c s l r e l l s l i r r l t t h e r . l l ) p c r p u l t o f t h e I t t a r i n c s c c l i n r c n l s ( N 4 a t t - g e r t t c l a t l t l S v e n t l s e r r .

| 9 9 0 ) .

2 . I n c r e a s e i n C a C O 3 s h o r t l y a f t e r i s o l a t i o n from the s e a

I n t h c l o u e r p a l t o l t h c l a c u s t l i r t c s c c l t r e n c e t h c r c i s a p r o t t o t t t t c c c l r i s c i r r t h c c o r t l c n t o l c l t r t r o n a t e in a l l c t t r c s . A t . o t - s h o r t l r a b t l v e . t h i s l c r c l t h e l e i s a ( l L - c r e u s c i n t J r c s t r l p h i c l c s t a i n i r r g t h a l c l t a r a c t e ri z c s t h c l o u e r' p u r - t o l l l t c I a c u s t t - i t . t c s c c l i t t t c n t s .

3 . D e c r e a s e i n C r C O 3 a n d i n c r e a s e i n T O C c . 3 O O 0 cal. n<: (44OO BP)

T h i s l e v e l n r a r k s t h e t r a n s i t i o n l i o n r h i g l r t t l I o u c a l - h o t t i l t c c o l l - t c r ) t s in t h c l o r r e r p a r ' 1 o l t h e c o t c s . , ' \ 1 t h e s a t t t c Ic r c l t h c l c i s l r p r o r r o u n c c t l ir r c r c a s e in t h c f ( X - c o n t c n l l t n t l t h e d e v c l t t l . l t t t t r t t l o 1 i n c i p i e n t l r r l r n a t i o t t .

4 . T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a r e d l a m i n a c . 9 O 0 - 1 0 0 0 c a l .

nc (28O0-2900 BP)

T l . r t - o c c u l r e n c c o l a t h i n . b u t d i s t i n c t r e c l l l t t t t i n a r c p r e s e t t t s a n i n r p u r t l n t n t a r k e r h o r i z u n u ' h i c h c o u l c l l r c l c c o g n i z e d i r l a l l c o l c s 1 l ' o r r t h e e a s t e r n s u b b a s i n . T h i s i s t h e - o n l y r c d l a n t i n a l i r u n c l i n t l ' r i s b a s i n a n d t h e c l . t l t . t c e ' s l i r r I r i s c o r r c l a t i o n a t e t h c r c l i r r c r t t i n i - n r e l . T h e l a m i r t a i s p r o h a b l y d c r i v c t l l l ' o t t t lt r c t l t l i s h s a l t c l s t o l l e t h a t o u t c r o p s a l o n g t h e c l t s t c r n V a l l c l ' s i c l c .

5 . T O C p e q k a n d l c t m i n a t i o n c . c a l . A D 4 O O - 5 O O

( 1 4 0 0 - 1 6 0 0 B P )

A t l i s t i n c t T O C p e a k c a n b c t r a c e c l ll ' o t t t c o t c s 0 6 t o 1 6 . b t t t i s r r o { r e c o q n i z e d i r t c o r e l - 1 u n c l l . i ( F i g t r r - c (t ) . H o \ \ e \ e l . o n l h c b a s i s o f ' a c h a l a c l e l i s t i c p a t t e n r o l ' l r t r t i n a t i o t r i t i s p o s s i b l c to v i s t t - a l l v c o r l e l a t c t h i s l c v e l b c t u c c t t a l l c o r c s . J ' h i s l e v e l l t l s o t l t l t ' k s t h e t r a n s i t i o n t o t h c L l p p c r . u ' e l l - c l c r c l o p c t l l a t n i t r a t c d z o n e .

6. lncrease in TOC c. cal. ao 1200-1300 (700-900 BP)

T h i s l c r c l i s r e c o g n i z e c l in t h e u p p e r p a r t o 1 ' a l l c o r e s a s a t r a l l - s i t i o n t o l n i n t c r v a l u ' i t h h i g h T O C a n d l o l r c r t b o n a t e v a l u c s .

John lnge Suendsen and Jan Mangerud: Holocene glacial and climatic uariations on Spitsbergen 49

103Cal. yrs 06 [ 0 t

l z 5

I ctt

l - 4 6

f o E f e I

L 1 0 1

CaCOs z:r TOC CaCOg /.\ TOC CaCOg

a?v:?,,49, , ? ,47", ,a?vt?,,Q9, ,? ,07" ,4Y??-,

TOC 2 4 %

CaCO. TOC

agut1ri,,Q9 , ? ,1"

CaCO. TOC

1v:?,,Q9, , ? ,07"

1000

2000

3000 4000

@00 8000 9000

1 500

1000

500

0 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 7000 8000

8800

= i"tffiH,." F=-l B'#".;,"" trB'*rjrormassiv ffi i"**11"" [ifflJ| iliil':"

x 3:;" ^l{l Transitional l-\l interval

Figure 4 (A) Correlation of the cores 06, 16, 14 and 15. Each core is plotted on a linear depth scale; depth is indicated on the right side of each core.

Note that the scale is different between each core. To the left is given ages both in raC yrs BP and calibrated (: calendar) years (cal. AD/Bc). Note that

CaCO. and TOC are plotted with the scales in opposite directions to the sediment column in the middle. The correlation levels discussed in the text are numbered and labelled. (B) This diagram shows the decreasing sediment thickness in the eastem sub-basin, from the delta (core 06) towards the marn basin (core 15). On the top part, the core lengths are plotted on the same scale.

Criteria in the sediment record for identifuing glacial variations

The following lithological and sedimentological characteristics are attributed to the glacial activity in the catchment area: the coal content, the lamination and sedimentation rate. A discussion of each of these parameters is given below.

Coal content

Linn6breen is underlain by coal-bearing sandstones (Figure 7) (Hjelle et al., 1986), and the present meltwater stream carries sedi- ments characterized by high coal and low carbonate content. In

contrast, the inflow streams from the eastern valley side erode

carbonate rocks, and carry no coal. Thus, when the glacial source

is dominant the sediments entering the lake are enriched with coal

particules whereas during periods with less glacial activity the

sediments are enriched with detrital carbonate. Both the carbonate

and TOC (coal) contents of the surface sediments are roughly

similar to the values measured in the river sediments along Lin-

n6elva. This indicates that presently most of the sediment supply

is from Linn6breen. We conclude that downcore variations in the

content of coal, measured as TOC, basically monitor glacial fluc-

tuations throueh time. The low coal and hieh carbonate values in

50 The Holocene 7 (7997)

\r c6 44o o rO

IIJ z

.TIJ z

=

(r) (\l

({)

o ro

ut z

'uJ 2 z

1 7 0

1 7 5

Figure 5 Photographs of different core segments. (A) The marine-lacustrine boundary in core 23. (B) A section from the lower part.of the lacustrine sediments (core 14) with sporadic lamination. (C) Faintly laminated sediments (from core 14.) (D) A section of the upper, well-developed laminated sediments (from core l4).

(o

I (f,

(3 rJ)

ut z

.uJ z

z 1 6 5 c

tr

g -(g

(I)

t (D

:

?t

@

itg

E

@

{a

!t CT

ai ()

tf,

l- lrJ

z

-uJ z z

John lnge Suendsen and Jan Mongerud: Holocene glacial and climatic uariations on Spitsbergen 51

Linn6vatnet, core 06 E

o

Radiocarb. I

dates I

t l o I

" C yrs 8P)

Grain size distribution

20 40 60 80?

Total org. carb.

(roc)

1 2 3 4 5 1 ,

, , , t , . , , t , , , . i . , , , r , . . r . .

Carbonate ( C a C o 3 )

20 400/o

, , , ' | | |

Calibrated Age

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

, , , 1 , , , , t , , , , t , , , , t , . , , t , , , . t , , , , t , . , . , , , , , , . . , ,

S€dimsntation rate (mm/yr)

2 4 6 8

9 -

€;i

a t

200

400

600

800

1 000'

580i70

730145

F

F

IFH

745165

1 1 50170 142017a

Z O @ I / L

4065155 7595r1 3(

Ca9600

= age ol lake

t - - - !

t - - ' Q i t i - - i

.1

J l

5OO AD

0

1000 Bc 2000 Bc 4000 Bc 6000 Bc 8000 Bc

8700 BC

1

X

^-1

'1

\ = - : \ - - - \ : - - \

: t . - \

t ---'-:'/

t-'---{

l.-i.-.-_-:-_-_\ _'t

- l >

1

- t G 1 ^

Core

E Strong l----l Ditfuse l---l Sporadic lamination [-]-]l Bl9c.kr. lSTl Core l\--'l Transitional

l- ---l raminarion L I ramination Lj or massivo l--..] illlfili",i"" L,\ gap I \ interval

l i g u r t 6 T h L l i l l r ( ' . l r : r l r . r r i r l , l r \ i r n ( l s c d i n l c n l r r l i o n r r t c . T o t l r .

o l c o r c ( X r . s h o * i n g s t r u c t u r e s . g r a i n s i z c r i u h t i s -uirer ii tilncscrle in calibratccl ( -

L E G E N D

, t a i = i l M a r n l y P r e c a m b n a n ' L ' . : , ' . 1 m e l a s e d r m e n t s ( H e c l a H o e k )

, E . C a r b o n i f e r o u s s a n d s t o n e s

" f f i C a r b o n i f e r o u s - P e r m r a n ' ! : T - l t i m e s t o n e s / g y p s u m

, E = = M e s o z o i c s h a l e s /

- tr---l siltslones/cherts

_ t )

r' -? ( Glacrers

_ - _ _ B o u n d a r y t o r t h e c a l c n m e n l a r e a

0 5 k m

l ' i g u r e 7 S i r r p l i l i c d b c d r o c k n l r p o l t h c s t u d y a r c a (n r o d i l i c d f r - o r t r I l j e l l e e t r r 1 . . l 9 l l ( r ) . N o l c t h a l [ - i n n c ; b r e c n c r o c l c s c o r l - b c l r i n g r o c k s .

T O C c o n t e ' n t . c a r h o n l l t c c o n t c r ) t c i L l e r t d a r ) r c a r s .

t l d i o c a r h o n d a t c s ( lh ) n t S n r c i c r r , / a / . . 1 9 9 - 1 1

0 5 t 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0

% Coal

F i g u r e 8 , \ r c g r c s s i o n d i a r r a n r s h o u i n g t h c r c l a t i o n s h i p b c t $ c c r ) t l r e c o n - l t ' n t o l ' l ' O C

( g i v e n a s s c i g h t . , , i o l t o t n l s e d i n t c n t ) iu r d c o r l p a r t i c l c s ( g i r e n r s ' r i o f p a r t i c l c s i n t h e l l ' r c t i o n 0 . 0 6 . 1 0 . l l - 5 l ) l l l i n c o r c l J .

t h e l o * ' e r p a r t o f t h c h c u s t r i n e s e d i n t c n t s ( F - i g L r l e . { ) rndicatc tl-rat t h c s c d i m e n t i n p u t f i ' o n r L i n n d b l e e n t v a s r l u c h s n t a l l c r t h a n t o d a y . T h e T O C i n c r c r s c a r o u n d 2 5 ( X ) - 3 ( X X ) c a l . B ( ( : l ( X X ) - + - 5 0 0 B P ) i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r c g r o w t l i o 1 ' L i n n 6 b r e e n . I t i s u o t e \ \ ' o r t h y t h a t t h e m a x i n r u n r i n f l u x o 1 ' c o a l a c c o r d i r r g to t h c T O C - c r - r r v c s c o r r e s p o n c l s u ' i t h t h e l a s t I ' e * ' h u n d r e d y c a r s ( t h e ' L i t t l c I c c A s e ' ) . \ \ ' h e n it i s

y = O . 9 2 + O . 7 7 t

52 The Holocene 7 (1q97)

k n o q n l k r r n o t h e r s o u r c e s t h u t t h c g l a c i e r s h a d t h e r r - n l r x l m u n r e x t e n t c l u l i n g t h c H o k r c c n c .

L a m i n a t i o n

L a n r i n a t c c l s c d i m c n t s a r c a l y p i c a l l ' c a t u l c i n p r o g l a c i a l l a k c s a n c l i n n r a n y c a s e s t h c v a r c u s e c l to r e c o n s t r u c t li r r r n e r g l a c i a l f l u c t u - a l i o n s ( M a n g c r u t l c / r r 1 . . 1 9 7 9 : [ - c o n a r c l . lt ) 8 6 : [ - c r n r n c n c / r r 1 . .

l 9 8 l l : N c s . j e c t t t l . . l L ) t ) l l L e e n r a n n a n c l N i c s s e n . 1 9 9 . 1 ) . A l l c o l e s f r o r l t h c c a s t c r r r s u b - b n s i n c o n t a i n c c l c l i s t i n c t l a m i n a t i o n s i n t h c r - l p p c r p a r t ( F i g u r c s - l a n d - 5 ) . T h c r i ' c l l - c l c v e k r p e c l l u n r i n a t i t ) u s t r r t s s o o n a f t e l t h c i n c r c l s e o l ' c o a l : t h c t \ \ ' o i n d i c a t o r s o f -glircial a c t i v i t ) , s u p p o l t i n l t c a c h o t h e r ' . M a n v l a r r i n a t i o n s a r e c o u p l e t s u ' i t h a l i g h t . s i l n , l a r ' c l a t t h c b a s c a n c l a d a r k c i a l ' c _ v l a y c r a b o v c . T h e t h i c k n e s s o t ' e a c h l a r n i n r i s t v p i c a l l v i n t h e o r d e r o f I 2 n r n r i n t h e c c r r t r a l p i r f t o t ' t h c c a s t t l a s i l l . b u t t ' r ' c q u c n t l v t h c l a l c c r c r . r t h i n n c r . c s p c c i u l l y i n t h c n r o s t p r - o x i n r a l c o r c s . T h e l e c a n n o t b e r n u c h c l o u b t t h u t t h c u ' c l l - c l e v e l o p e d l n n r i n a t i o n s a r c c a u s c r l b r , t h e p e r - i o t l i c s u p p l v o l ' s e c l i n r e n t - l a c l e n m e l t r . ' n u t e r . e v e n t h o u g h t h e s c d i r l c n t a t i o n p r o c c s s c s p r c l h a b l v v a l v b c t u ' c c n c l i l t c l e n t l a n r i n a c r n d c u r t n o t b c u n l l r c l l c c l i n t l c t a i l . S o r t t e o l ' t h e l a r . n i n r L l L r e i n t e r - p r c t c r l l s c l e r r s i l ) ' f l o r i ( t u l b i c l i t c s ) s t f L l c t r - l l ' c s . s o r r r c p r o b a b l v r - c l l e c t i n c l i v i c l u a l n r e l t l v a t e l p l u n r e s r r h e r e a s n r a n ) ' ( n r o s t ) r ' c p - r - e s c n t g l e c r a l ln n u u l v a r r c s . T h i s l a t t c r a s s L r r n p t i o n i s s u p p o r t c d b 1 l h c l a c t t h a t t h e n r L n r b c l o l ' t r a c c u b l c c o u p l c t s (t . I 2 5 0 t b e t r " c e n t h e s u r - l u c c a n d l l 0 c r l i n c o r e l - l i s c l o s e t o t h e c a l c n c l a r v c a l s ( 1 3 ( X ) l l ( X ) ) ' r ' s ) o n o u r l i n ] c s c a l c il r i g u r c - l ) . H o u c r c r . i t r v a s i n r p o s s i b l c t o c o u n t a l l t h e i n c l i r i c l u a l c o r . r p l e t s i n t h e c o r c s d u c t o t h c r l c n s c a n r l c o n r p o s i t c l u n r i n a t i o n s . F i g u r - e -l s h o * s t h a t a b o v e t l r c o b s e l r c c l T ( X l i n c r e a s e a l o u n t l 2 - 5 ( X ) - . 1 ( X ) 0 c a l . t t t ( l ( X X ) - - l - 1 0 0 B P 1 t h c r c a l c l i r u r r o l l c s \ \ i t h r i c l l r l c l i n c c l la r n i n a t i o n s t l r a t a r c s e p l l ' i r t e ( l b l n r o r e v a l u c l l ' l u n r i n a t e c l in t c l v a l s . T I r e u p p e r z o r r c i s n r o s t c l i s t i n c t ir r a l l c o r c s l n c l c o v c r t h c p c r i o c l f i o m a l o u n d c a l . , r l r - 5 ( X ) ( 1 5 ( X ) - 1 6 ( X ) B P ) a n d u p t o t l i e p r e s e n t . T h e l o w e r z o n c s i L r c r n u c h t h r r t r t c l a n t l \ \ ' c \ \ ' c r c r t o t a h l c t o r e c o g n i z c a l l o l ' t h e n r i n t h c n r o s t p r - o x i n r a l c o f e ( ( X r ) . T h e l p r o b a b l y l e p r c s c n t s n r a l l c r l n t l r r r o r c s h o r l l i v c d a r l v l n c c s o 1 ' L i n n r i b r c e n .

S e d i m e n t a t i o n r q t e s - l ' l r c

r c c o n s t r u c t c c l s c c l i n r c n t a t i o n l a t e s ( F i g u r e 9 ) e r e a l l b a s c c l o n e g c s r c a i l l l r r n r l s n r o o t h c t l c u l v c r l t l v n r r lr s l r b c s t l l t t h r o u g l t t h e r - u r l i o c u r - b o n c l a t c s in c o r - e 0 6 ( F i g u l c 6 ) . T h L r s . t h c c u n e s l i l r s c c l i n r c n t a t i o n r i t t c s a r c o n l v s h o u i r r g t h c g c r r c r a l p a t t c f n . a n c l s n t a l l c r l l u c t u u t i o n s r " i l l b c o b l i t c r - u t c c l . H o r " e v e r . \ \ ' e i l s s u n r e h c - r c th a t t h c g e n c r a l t r c n t l i n t l i c a t e c l b 1 ' t h e c u l v c s i s l c a l .

A l a p i i l c L - o p in s c d i n r c n t a t i o n r - a t e is r e c u r c l e c l f r o n r t h c t i n r c

w h e n t h e l a k e w a s i s o l a t c c l f r o n r t h c s c a t . 8 8 ( X ) c a l . e c ( 9 6 ( X ) B P ) t o a b o u t 7 0 ( X ) c a l . B ( ( 8 0 ( X ) B P ) { F i g u r e 9 ) . T h i s i n i t i a l h i g h s c d i n r e n t r t i o n r a t e \ \ ' a s r n o s t l i k e l y c a r . r s e d b y a d r o p i n l a k e l e v e l d u e t o t h e c l o r " ' n c u t t i n g o l - t h e t h r e s h o l d l h r r n 3 0 t o l 2 n r a . s . l . O n c e t h e l a k e l e v e l s t a b i l r z e d . th e i n f l u x o f s c d i m c n t s d e c r e r s e d . D u l i n e t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n 7 ( X X ) a n d - l ( X X ) c a l . n c ( 8 0 0 0 - + . 1 0 0 B P ) . t h e s e d i n r e n t a t i o n r a t e s w c r c c x t l c n r c l v l o w . 0 . : 1 n t n t / v r i n c o r c ( X r d c c r e a s i n g t o 0 . I m n l y r I i n t h c n l o s t d i s t a l c o r e ( 1 5 ) . I ' - r o r . n a b o u t 2 ( X X ) 3 ( X X ) c a l . n r ' ( 3 6 ( X ) - . L l ( X ) B P ) t h c s c c l i n r c n t i n f l u x i n c r e a s e c l l g a i n . u , i t l . r n r a x i n r u n r v a l u c s c l r - r r i n - t t h e l a s t n r i l - l c n n i u r n . A s i m i l a r i n c r e u s e w a s a l s o r e c o r d c d i n c o r c 2 2 f l o n t t h c r n a i n b a s i n ( F i g L r r c l) . w h i c h c a n e a s i l v b e c o r r e l a t e c l w i t h t h c c o r e s l h r r t t t h e e a s t e r n b a s i n b a s e c l o n a s i n r i l a r d o w n c o l c v r r i u t i t r n i n t h c T O C c o n t c n t s . H o r v e v e r . a s s e e n f r o n r F i g L r r e 9 t h c c h a n g c s i n t h c c a l c u l a t e c l s e c l i n r e n t a t i o n m t e s a r e n o t s t r i c t l ) s y n c h r o n o L l s i n a l l c o r c s . F o r c r a r t t p l c . i n c o r c 0 6 a n l r . r i n r u r l s e d i n r e n t a t i o n r a t c o 1 ' r ' . 7 r . t . t r t t 1 ' r I seenrs to lravc been reachcd as cat'l)' ils a r o u n c l c a l . r n 1 . 1 ( X ) l - 5 0 0 ( 6 0 0 . 1 ( X ) B P ) . l i r l l o w e d b v a s l i g h t d c c l i n c . I n c o n t r r s t . i n t h e n r o s t c l i s t a l c o r c ( 1 5 ) r n a x i n t u n t s c c l i - n r e n t a t i o n r a t c s o l ' l . l m m t-r I are calculatcd tirr thc last tc$

h u n d r e d 1"ears. T h c r c a s o n f b r t h i s a p p a l c n t i l s v n c h t ' o n o L l s d e v e l - o p n l c n t i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y u r x l e r s t o o d . T h e o r e t i c a l l y . t h c p r r r t o u r t c e d i n c r e a s e in s e c l i r n e r r t a t i o n l a t c i n t h c n t o s t p r o r i m a l c o r e s ( 0 6 ancl l6) conlcl bc cxplaincd bv a progracling clelta. Ifthis n,as t h c c r s c a c o l t r s e n i n g u p u ' a r c l s s e q u e n c c w o u l c l h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d . a n d r n d c r - c l t h c s a n d c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s in t h c u p p c r 2 n r o 1 ' c o l e 0 6 ( F i g L r r e ( r ) . Hrxvever. thc incrcascd llux ol sund occurs a t i c r t h c i n c r c a s c i n t h c s e c l i n r e n t i r t i o n n l t e ( F i g u r e t ) ) . A n o t h c r . a n c l r n o r e l i k e l y . p o s s i b i l i t v i s t h a t t h c a p p a r c n t d c c r c a s c i n s e c l i - n l e n t a t i o r r r a t e d u r i n g t h c l a s t + ( X ) 5 ( X ) 1,cars in core 06 and l6 i s a n a r t i l ' a c t b c c a u s e t h e u p p e r n r o s t r a d i o c a l b o n d a t c s i n d i c a t e s l i g h t l y ' t o o v o u n g a g c s .

1 ' h c g e n e r a l p a t t e r n s e c l r s c l c a r . D u r i n g t h c c a r l y a n c l n t i c l - H o l o c c n c t h c f l u r o l ' s c d i r n c n t s i n t o t h e l a k e l r a s i r r w a s m u c h l c s s t h a n c l u r i n g t l r e l a s t I 5 ( X X ) y c a r s . c s p c c i r l l l ' t h c l a s t l ( X X ) v e a r s . T h e c l i f f c r c n c c s in s c d i r r c n t i l t i o n l a t e s b e t r . l e e n t h e p n r r r n r a l c o r c s ( 0 6 a n d 1 6 ) a n c l th e c l i s t a l c o r c s ( l - 1 a n c l 1 5 ) a l s o i n c r e a s e c l t h e l a s t 3 0 ( X ) r , e a r s ( F i g u l c 9 ) . ' l ' h i s

s t r o n - l l v s u g g e s t t h a t L i n n d c l v a

\ \ a s t h e n n i n s o u r c e l i r r t h c i n c r e a s c c l s c c l i n l c n t tn f l L L x . A s w i l l b e c l i s c u s s e c l l a t c r ' . th i s i r r c r c a s c is a t t r i b u t e c l to t h e r e q r o \ \ t h o f t h c g l a c r c r L i n n t i b r e e n .

Discussion

Glacial variations inferred from the lake sediments

M o s t q l a c i c l s i n S v a l b a l c l a r e o l ' t h e s u r g c t y p c ( H a g c n e l a 1 . . l 9 t ) 3 ) . a n d w e c a n n o t c x c l u d c t h c p o s s i b i l i t y th a t L i n n 6 b r c e n a l s c r b c l o n g s ( o l p r c v i o u s l l ' b e l o n s e c l ) t o t h i s c u t c g o r \ ' . c v c n t h o l l s h s u r - l e s h a v e n o t b c c r r r c g i s t c r c d l i r l t h i s p a r t i c u l a f -glacier. Con s i d c r i r r g t h e s i z e a n c l p l o l i l e o 1 ' L i n n 6 b r c c n . s u l g i n g i c c a c l v a n c e s o l m o l e t h a n a l c n h u n c l r e c l n r c t t ' c \ s c c l t l s v c r v r " r n l i k e l y . A s r i i l l b c d i s c u s s c c l b c l o u . t h c i c c l l o n t p o s r t i o n s e e n l s t o h a l c b c c n l o c r l i z c d i n s i d e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h c ' L i t t l c

I c c A _ s t " n r ( ] r ' u i n c \ t h r o u g h o u t t l . r c H o l o c c n c . C i l a c i a l s u r g e s o n S v a l b a r d a r c s h o l t - l i v e d e v e n t s ( l - 1 0 r , r ' s t t h a t r r o r n r a l l y r c c u r w i t h i n t e l ' \ ' a l s v a r . v i n g f h r r n . 1 0 t o n r o r c t h a n l ( X ) r , e a r s [r e t * e e n e a c h a c l v a n c c (H a g c n c t 2 r 1 . . 1 9 9 3 ) . T h e r e i s n o c l e a r c v i d c n c c i n t h c s t l a t i g t a p h i c re c o r d i n L i r r n i r a t n c t f b r s u c h s h o r t - l i v e d a n d a b r r , r p t e v e n t s . a n c l i l ' t h c g l a c i c r h r s b e e n s u r g i r r g t h e l a c u s t r i n c s c c l i n r e n t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s e a d v a n c c s n r u s t b c l o c a l i z e c l w i t h i n o u r r n a i n s t r a t i t r a p h i c u n i t s . r i ' h i c h r e l l e c t n r o r e l o n - u - l a s t i n g d c p o s i t i o n a l c v e n t s . T h u s . l e g a r c l l e s s o f r t n ' h c t h c r o l ' n o t s L l r g c s h u r c ' o c c u r r e c l f i o n r l - i n n c b r c c n o r n o t t h i s h l s n o l r e a r i n g o n o u r n r a i n c o n c l L l s i o n s c o n c e r n - i n g t h e i n t c r p l c t a t i o n s o 1 ' t h e s e d i r n e n t r e c o r c l i r r t c r n r s o f g l a c i a l h i s t u r l ' .

S o t n c r . ' a r i a t i o n in s e d i m e n t 1 1 u x th l o u g h l i n r e c o u l d p o s s i b l y

S E D I I I E N T C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

T O C . I N C R E A S € S T R O N G LAI'INATION

D I F F U S E L A M I N A T I O N T O C . I N C R E A S E

s P o M o r c L A M I N A T I O N o R l t ^ g s r v E

S U L P H I D E LAMINATION tsotaTtoN CONIACT M A R I N E s € o t x E N T s t o J

BC/A D

l ' i g u r e 9 C i l l c u l r t c d s c c l i r r r c n t l t i o r r r i l l c s l i l r t h e c o r e \ 0 6 . 1 6 . l - 1 a n d 1 5 . ' f o

t h e r i g h t i s g i v c r r r s i r r p l i l i c d s l f r t i r : f a p h i c c o ) u n r n . p l o t t c t l o l l t h c \ t n l L ' t i n r c s c r l c ( i n c o n l r i l s t t ( ) d c p t h s c a l c i n F i g u r c s - 1 a n d 6 ) .

SEDIMENTATIoN RAT€ ( .rrrvyr )

John Inge Suendsen and Jan Mangerud, Holocene glaciol and climatic uariotions on Spitsbergen 53

b c e x p l a i n c d b v c h a n g e s o f t h e t e r r p e r a t t t r c r e g i m e w i t h i n t h c - l l a c i c r . A h i g h s c d i r n e n t a t i o n r i l t c r n a y b e i n d i c a t i v e o f a g h c i e r a t t h e p l ' e s s u r c n r e l t i n g p o i n t a t t h e b a s c . w h e r e a s p e r i o d s w i t h l o w s c c l i n r e n t i n p u t n t a y r e l l e c t a c o l d b a s e d g l a c i c r . T h e t e m p e t ' a - t u r e r e g i n r c o f L i n n 6 b l e c n h a s n o t b c c n n r e a s u r e d . b L r t l i k c t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e g l a c i c r s o n S v a l b a r c l it i s c o n s i d c r e d t o b e o l ' t h e s r . r b p o l a r t y p c . ' f h i s

r r e a n s t h a t t h e I r t i L r g i n a n c l p a r t s o l ' t h c a b l a t i o n a r c a r e r n a i r t b c l o r v t h e f r e e z i n g p o i n t a n c l i s l l ' o z c n t t t t h e g l o u n c l . w h i l c t h c d e e p e l p a r t o f t h e i c e n t a s s c s in t h e a c c t t t . t . t t t l a t i o r t r t r e i l s t a y s a t t h e p r c s s u r c n r e l t i n - r . p o i n t a l l y e a r . P r o V i c l e c l t h a t t h e t e l l l - p e r r t u r c r c g i r n c o l ' L i n n d b r e e n h a s c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l v t h r o t t g h t i n r c i t i s t e m p t i n g t o u s s u u r e th a t t h e s e c h u n g c s c o u l d h a v e a l ' t ' e c - t e c l t h c s c c l i n r e n t r c c r t r d i n L i n n 6 \ ' a t n c t . H o w e v e t ' . s u c h a n i n t e r p r c t a t i o n i s c o n t l a d i c t e c l b y t h c f a c t t h a t p e r s i s t i n g h i g h s e d i - m e n t l t i o n r a t e s o c c L l l ' r ' c d d u r i n g t l - r c ' l - i t t l c

I c e A g e ' r ' n ' l . t c t ' c a s n l i n i - n r u n r i n l l u r h a p p c n e c l c h - r r i n g t h e e a r l v a n c l n t i c l - H o l o c e t r e c l i n l r t i c o p t i n r u n r n ' h e n i n c l c p c n c l e n t d a t a g i v e e v i c l e n c e o f a s i g n i f i c a n t l y

\ \ ' a n n e r c l i n r a t c t h a n a t p l e s c n t ( c f . B i r k s . 1 9 9 l) . A c t L r a l l i , ' . t h c s e c l i r . n c n t a t i o n r a t e s v i l r v i n t h e o p p o s i t c c l i r e c t i o n t h c n w o t r l c l b e c r p c c t e d i 1 ' te m p c r a t u r e r v a s t h c n t a i t r d e t e r n l i n i n g f i t c t o r ( c f . F i - g - u l e s ( r a n c l 9 ) . W e t h c l c t i r t ' e c o l t c l t t t l c t h a t t h e s e c l i r l l e n t o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s i n t h e l a c u s t r i n e s e q u c n c e i s f i r s t a n c l f i r r c t t r o s t a t ' e s t t l t o l ' l o n g t e r n r g l a c i a l U u c t u a t i o n s . i. c . c h a n g e s i n t h c c c l u i l i b r i u n r l i n e a l t i t r . r c l c ( t i t - A ) o n L i n r t c b r c e n .

I i r t i r n s t u d i e s o l ' t h c u n c l e r l l it r g n t a r i r r e s e d i t t t e n t s r , ' ' c p r e i i o t r s l v c o n c l u c l c c l t h i r t t h e l i r r n r c l l - i n n d b r e e n l i l l c c l t h c I a k e b a s i n c l u r i n g t h c l a t c W e i c h s c l i a n n u t x i n r u r t t a n d r c t r e a t e d a r o t L n c l 1 2 3 ( X ) B P ( l 2 l ( X ) c a l . n < ) t o a r t u n k t t o w n p o s i t i o n f u r t h e r u p v a l l e y ( M a n g c l u c l a n c l S v c n t l s c n . 1 9 9 0 ) . ' l ' h c r e

i s n o c v i c l c n c c f i r l r t t l r j o r ' g r o u ' t l r o l ' t h c l o c u l g l a c i c r s b e t r l , c c t t I 2 3 ( X ) a n d I 0 ( X X ) U P ( Il3(X)-t)3(X) cal. nr') ancl cluring thc Younget' Dr)'as at Ieast sotttc o l ' t h c l o c a l g l a c i c r s o n w c s t c r ' n S p i t s b c r g c n \ \ e l - e e v e r t s l r t a l l c r t h a n c l u r i n g th e ' L i t t l c

I c e A g c ' ( t t t a n g c r t t d a n d S v c n d s c n . lc ) 9 0 ) . l n t h c l o " v c r p a r - t o l ' t h c l a c u s t t - i n c s c d i n t c n t s t h e r c i s I i t t s c d i - r n c n t o l o g i c a l o r l i t h o l o g i c a l e r i c l c n c c t i r r g l a c i l l a c t i v i t y a t a l l i t h e l e a r c h i g h c a r b o n l t c a n t l l o r t n c o a l ( T O C ) c o n t e n t s . n o r c g u l a r l a r r r i n a t i o n s u n d l o u ' s e c l i n r c n t a t i o r t r a t c s . T h t t s . $ c i t s s t - l l t t e t h a t t h e g l a c i c r s n r e l t c c l a u a l ' s o o n a l ' t c t t h c Y o l t r r - g e r D r y a s - H o l o c c t t c t r a r r s i t i o n ( r ' . 9 3 ( X ) c u l . n < i l 0 ( X ) 0 B P ) a n c l w h c n t h c l a k c * a s i s o - l l t c d f h r r n t h c s e a u l c u h u n c l r e c l v c a r s l a t e r ( 1 i 8 ( X ) c a l . B ( / g f i X ) B P ) t h e r e \ \ o r c n o g l a c i c l s i n L r n r r d c l a l e n . T l - r c n lb l l o u ' c c l a l o n g - l a s t i n g i c c l r c e p c r i o t l u n t i l a b o u t 3 ( X X ) c a l . I t ( ( . 1 ' 1 ( X ) B P ) .

W c a s s u n r e th a t t h c r i s e i n t h c J ' O C - c t r r v e s a t 2 ( X X ) 3 0 0 0 c a l . s t ( 3 ( r ( X ) + - + ( X ) B P ) ( F i g u r e J ) i s c l r . r c t o t h e i n c l e a s e d i n l l t r x o 1 ' c o a l e r o c l c c l b l t h c n c r ' ' l l l i r r n r c c l l- i n n d b r e e t i . T l . t c fi r s t a p p e a t - a n c e o l ' i n f c r r e c l g l a c i a l l a r n r n a t i o n o c c u r r c c l t. o t r e t l t o u s i i t t c l v c a r s I a t e r ( r ' . l ( X X ) l - 5 ( X ) c a l . s t / 1 8 ( X ) 3 3 0 0 B P ) r h e n t h c ' l ' O C c t r n e s r e a c l . t r i r l u c s c l o s e t o t h c p r c s c n t o n e s . W c i l s s t t l t r e th l l t t h i s l c f l c c t s a l a s t i n g -rrlacial sro\\'th (luf ing this period (Figtrrc l0t. This i n t e r p r c t a t i o n i s s u p p o r t c c l h 1 ' t h c i n c r c a s i n g s e c l i l r l e l t t l t t i o t t t r t t t ' s r t t h i s t i n r c ( l i i g u r c 9 ) . W c c o n c l u c l e t h a t L i n n d b r c c n h a s e x i s t e c l c ( ) l l t i n u o u s l ) s i n c c l h c n . b u t r " i t h a V a r l , i n g s i z c .

l n o r c l c r t o i n t e r l ) l - c t l i t c t - t s t t ' i n e s c ( l i n l c n t a t i o l t tt t o t ' e p t ' c c i s c l y i n t c n r s o l ' g l a c i a l v a r i a t i o n s . it i s n e c c s s a r Y t o t a k c i t l t r ) i t u t o L l l l t b o t h t h c t l y ' n a n r i c s o l t h c g l a c i e r s a n c l t h c i r I n e l t \ \ ' u t c r ' r' c : j i r t t c ( l . e c n r a n n anrl Nicsscn. lcl9.l). Both an aclvaucin-{ a n d a r c t r c a t i n g g l a c i c r c a n i n c r e a s c th c p l o d u c t i o n o l g l a c i a l l y c l e r i v e c l s e c l i r n c n t s . D u r i n g a n a d r a n c c t h e a r e a a l ' l c c t c c l b v g l a c i a l c t ' o s i t t r t u i l l i n c r c l s c . t h c g l a c i e r - n t a 1 " s t i r u p a l r e a c l l ' d c p o s i t e c l s e c l i r r t c u t s . a n c l t h c s e c l i n r e n t s o u r c c r ' i i l l r t t o r " c c l o s c r t o t h e I a k c . O n t h e t x h e r h a n c l . c l u r i n g i c e r c c c s s i o n . g l a c i a l s c d i r n c n t s a r e e x p o s e ( l to l l u v i a l l c r l ' o r k i n - { . n r o r c n r e l t w ' a t c r is r c l e a s e d . a n d a s I r c s u l t t h e s e c l i - n r L - n t a t i o n r a t e n r a v r c t r r a i n h i g h i n a p r o g l a c i a l b a s i n .

T o s o r l c c x t c n t i s i s p o s s i b l c t o t e s t t h i s h y p o t h c - s i s b , v - l o o k i n g l u t t h c s t r a t i g n r p h i c r c c o r d t i r r t h e l a s t I ' c w h u n d r e c l y e a r s . I t i s k n o w n t h a t t h c g l a c i e r L i n n 6 b r c c n h a s r e t r e a t e d a I ' e w h u n d r e c l m e t r c s t h i s c e n t u r v . b r . r t t h e r e i s n t t t h i n g t o s t t - s g e s t t h a t t h e i n l l t r x

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! - r n S p i t s b c r g c n . d e d L r c c d f r o t n s t r a t i u r a p l r l i n t h c t l c t u r t : t r e t n t l a k c I - i n n i - Y a t n e t . T o t h c l c t i i s g i r c n a s i r r p l i l i e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c c o l t - t n r n . p l t t t t c t l o t t l l r c s l r n r c l i r r r s c r l . ' ( i n c o n t r l \ 1 1 o th c c l c p t h s c a l e it t F i g t t r c s 5 a r r d 6 ) .

o l ' g l a c i a l l v c l e l i v e c l s c c l i r l c n t s h a s i r t c r c a s c d c l u r i n g t h e s a l l t c p c r - i o d . O n t h e c o n t r a r y . t h c i n f l u r o f ' c o a l a p p e a t ' s t o h a v c c l c c r e a s e d l h r n r t h e p c a k v a l u c s tl u r i n g t h c ' L i t t l c I c c A g c ' g l a c i a l n r a r i r t t u t . t t ( l r i g L n ' c - l ) .

A t p r e s e n t $ ' c a r c n o t a b l e t 0 l i r l l ! d i l ' l c r c n t i a t c h e t u e e n t h c d i l ' f ' c l c n t g l a c i a l a n c l h v c L ' o l o g i c a l p r ' o c e s s e s t h a t c a l l s c t h c s t r a t i - - t r a p l - r i c s i g n a l s i n t h e l a k c s c r l i r n c n t s . H o w c r ' e r . t h e s i z e o l ' t h c g l a c i e r s r r p s t r e r m o l ' t h c l a k e s e e r n s to b e t h e r t t o s t in r p o r t a n t f u c - t o r r e - r a r c l i n g th e s e d i m c n t a t i o n i n [ - i n n i r . a t n e t . T h i s c c r t a i n l l ' h o l d s f i I ' t h c e x t r e n r c s i t t - [ t t i o n s : n ( ) ( o r a l t t t o s t n o ; g l a c i e r s . a n c l r u - r n x i n . r L r n r ' [ - i t t l e I c e A g e ' g l a c i c r s . T h i s i n r p l i e s t h a t s t r o n g l l ' l a r l i n a t e c l i n t e r v a l s r ' r ' i t h a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o 1 ' c o a l ( T O C ) a r e a s s u m c c l to r e f l e c t g l a c i a l r n a x i r n a . A c c o r d i r r g l l " . g l a c i r l t t t a x i t t t a s c c r n t o h a v e o c c u r r c c l a r o L r n c l l ( X X ) c a l . s r ' ( 2 8 ( X ) 2 t ) ( X ) B P ) . - + ( X ) - - 5 0 0 c a l . B C ' ( 2 - l ( X ) - 1 5 ( X ) B P ) . c a l . . u r - l ( X ) - - 5 ( X ) ( l - s ( X ) l 6 ( X ) B P t a n c l c l r , r r i n g t h e ' l . i t t l c I c e A g e ' ( F i - { r u r c l 0 ) . I n c o n t r . l l s t . t h e v a g u c l l ' l a r n i n a t e d in t e r v u l s r t t a 1 " h a v c u c c u r n u l a t e c l d r - r r i n - t p c l i o d s r ' " ' h e n t h e g l a c i c l w a s s t n a l l e r . A t a n v r i r t c . t h c s c c l i t n e n t c o l u l l t t c o i . ' c r i n g t h e l a s t 7 ( X ) 8 ( X ) 1 " c a l s . i n c l r . r c l i n g t h e ' L i t t l e I c c A g c ' . s t a n c l o u t a s a p c l i o c l u ' i t h a p a r t i c r , r l a r l l ' h i g h i n f l u x o f g l a c i a l l v c l c r i r , c d s c d i r l e n t s ( F i g u l c s . l a n d 9 ) . T h e g l a c i a l c x p a n s i o n t h l t t c u l r l i n a t e i l i n t h c n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u l ' v s c c m s t o h a v e s t a r t e d i n t h c t h i r t e e n t h o r f o u r t c c l r l h c c n t u r i e s . T h e T O C c L l r V c s n r A v i n d i c a t e a t \ \ o - s t a g c d c v c l o p n r e n t . a n e a r l v m c d i c v a l a g c a c l v a n c e l i r l l o q c c l b y a n r o r e e x t e n s i v c c x p a n s i o n c l u r i n g th e ' L i t t l e

I c e A g c ' .

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T h e g l a c i a l c h r o n o l o g f i n f ' e r r e d t l o n r t l - t c la c u s t l i r t c s e d i n r e n t s in L i n n d r , a t n e t is i n g e n e r a l r c c o r c l a n c c w i t h t h e s p a r s e m o r a l n c r c c - o r d o n S r a l b a r d . S h o r t l v a l i e r 9 3 ( X ) c a l . s t ( l 0 ( X X ) B P ) t n o s t o l ' t h c -ulaciers s e e n l t o h a v c b c c n s n r a l l c r t h a n t h e p r e s e n t ( M a n g c r l l d c t u l . . 1 9 9 2 ' . L a n c h . i k c l a 1 . . l t ) 9 - 5 ) . T h c l c a r c t c w H o l o c e r t e i c e m i r r g i n a l f ' c a t u r e s b e l , o n c l t h c ' l - i t t l e

l c e A g e ' I n o t u i n r - r ( K r i s t i a n s e n a n d S o l l i c l . 1 9 8 7 ) . i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h c o l d e r g l a c i a l a d v a n c c s w c r e n r o s t p r o b a b l y s r . n i t l l c r t h a n d u r i n g t h e ' L i t t l e

l c c A g e ' . S a l v i g s c n e t u l . ( 1 9 9 0 ) r e p o r t e c l a l i n r i t c d l o c a l r e a c l v a n c e