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Equilibrium and price stabilization

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SNF-project No. 2625:

Markeds- og produksjonsreguleringer i jordbruket

The project is financed by: The Research Council of Norway

FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BERGEN, DECEMBER 2001

ISSN 0803-4028

© Dette eksemplar er fremstilt etter avtale med KOPINOR, Stenergate 1, 0050 Oslo.

Ytterligere eksemplarfremstilling uten avtale og i strid med åndsverkloven er straffbart og kan medføre erstatningsansvar.

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