Hefte nr. 3/2005
Overenskomster med
fremmede stater
Innhold
Side
1996
Okt. 22. ILO-konvensjon nr. 180 om sjøfolks arbeid og bemanning av skip ...241
1999 Nov. 30. Protokoll til konvensjonen om langtransportert grensekryssande luftureining av 1979 om reduksjon av forsuring, overgjødsling og bakkenært ozon av 13. november 1979 nr. 1...249
2004 Okt. 19. Overenskomst mellom Norge og Tsjekkia til unngåelse av dobbeltbeskatning og forebyggelse av skatteunndragelse med hensyn til skatter av inntekt...327
Des. 17. Landbruksprotokoll mellom Norge og Tunisia...352
Des. 17. Frihandelsavtale mellom EFTA-statene og Tunisia...354
2005 Jan. 11. Rammeavtale mellom Norge og Slovakia om gjennomføring av den norske finansieringsordningen 2004 – 2009 etablert i samsvar med avtale av 14. oktober 2003 mellom Norge og Den europeiske union (EU)...380
Feb. 11. Rammeavtale om gjennomføring av EØS-finansieringsordningen 2004 – 2009 mellom Norge, Island, Liechtenstein og Slovakia ...400
Juni 8. Avtale mellom Norge og Vietnam om et utviklingsmotivert gjeldsbytte ... 418
Juni 16. Avtale mellom Norge og Sveits om tilbaketaking av personer uten lovlig opphold...425
Aug. 4. Gjennomføringsavtale mellom Norge og Russland ...434
Aug. 26. Sikkerhetsavtale mellom Norge og Latvia...437
22. okt. 1996 nr. 21
ILO-konvensjon nr. 180 om sjøfolks arbeid og bemanning av skip
I henhold til kgl.res. av 12. september 2003 ble konvensjonen ratifisert 22. oktober 2003. Konvensjonen trådte i kraft for Norge 22.
april 2004. Det vises til St.prp.nr.74 (1997–1998), Innst.S.nr.22 (1998–1999) og til vedtak i Stortinget 13. november 1998.
Convention no. 180 concerning seafarers' hours of work and the manning of ships
The General Conference of the International Labour Organization, Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Eighty-fourth Session on 8 October 1996, and,
Noting the provisions of the Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 and the Protocol of 1996 thereto; and the Labour Inspection (Seafarers) Convention, 1996, and
Recalling the relevant provisions of the following instruments of the International Maritime Organization: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended, the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended in 1995, Assembly resolution A 481 (XII) (1981) on Principles of Safe Manning, Assembly resolution A 741 (18) (1993) on the International Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management (ISM) Code), and Assembly resolution A 772 (18) (1993) on Fatigue Factors in Manning and Safety, and
Recalling the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, on 16 November 1994, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the revision of the Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1958, and the Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Recommendation, 1958, which is the second item of the agenda of the session, and
Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;
adopts, this twenty-second day of October of the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six, the following Convention, which may be cited as the Seafarers» Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996:
Part I
Scope and definitions Article I
1. This Convention applies to every seagoing ship, whether publicly or privately owned, which is registered in the territory of any Member for which the Convention is in force and is ordinarily engaged in commercial maritime operations. For the purpose of this Convention, a ship that is on the register of two Members is deemed to be registered in the territory of the Member whose flag it flies.
2. To the extent it deems practicable, after consulting the representative organizations of fishing- vessel owners and fishermen, the competent authority shall apply the provisions of this Convention to commercial maritime fishing.
3. In the event of doubt as to whether or not any ships are to be regarded as seagoing ships or engaged in commercial maritime operations or commercial maritime fishing for the purpose of the Convention, the question shall be determined by the competent authority after consulting the organizations of shipowners, seafarers and fishermen concerned.
4. This Convention does not apply to wooden vessels of traditional build such as dhows and junks.
Article 2 For the purpose of this Convention:
a. the term «competent authority» means the minister, government department or other authority having power to issue regulations, orders or other instructions having the force of law in respect of seafarers» hours of work or rest or the manning of ships;
b. the term «hours of work» means time during which a seafarer is required to do work on account of the ship;
c. the term «hours of rest» means time outside hours of work; this term does not include short breaks;
d. the term «seafarer» means any person defined as such by national laws or regulations or collective agreements who is employed or engaged in any capacity on board a seagoing ship to which this Convention applies;
e. the term «shipowner» means the owner of the ship or any other organization or person, such as the manager or bareboat charterer, who has assumed the responsibility for the operation of the ship from the shipowner and who on assuming such responsibility has agreed to take over all the attendant duties and responsibilities.
Part II
Seafarers' hours of work and hours of rest Article 3
Within the limits set out in Article 5, there shall be fixed either a maximum number of hours of work which shall not be exceeded in a given period of time, or a minimum number of hours of rest which shall be provided in a given period of time.
Article 4
A Member which ratifies this Convention acknowledges that the normal working hours» standard for seafarers, like that for other workers, shall be based on an eight-hour day with one day of rest per week and rest on public holidays. However, this shall not prevent the Member from having procedures to authorize or register a collective agreement which determines seafarers» normal working hours on a basis no less favourable than this standard.
Article 5 1. The limits on hours of work or rest shall be as follows:
a. maximum hours of work shall not exceed:
i. 14 hours in any 24-hour period; and ii. 72 hours in any seven-day period; or b. minimum hours of rest shall not be less than:
i. ten hours in any 24-hour period; and ii. 77 hours in any seven-day period.
2. Hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periode, one of which shall be at least six hours in length, and the interval between consecutive periode of rest shall not exceed 14 hours.
3. Musters, fire-fighting and lifeboat drills, and drills prescribed by national laws and regulations and by international instruments shall be conducted in a manner that minimizes the disturbance of rest periods and does not induce fatigue.
4. In respect of situations when a seafarer is on call, such as when a machinery space is unattended, the seafarer shall have an adequate compensatory rest period if the normal period of rest is disturbed by call-outs to work.
5. If no collective agreement or arbitration award exists or if the competent authority determines that the provisions in the agreement or award in respect of paragraph 3 or 4 are inadequate, the competent authority shall determine such provisions to ensure the seafarers concerned have sufficient rest.
6. Nothing in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall prevent the Member from having national laws or regulations or a procedure for the competent authority to authorize or register collective agreements permitting exceptions to the limits set out. Such exceptions shall, as far as possible, follow the standards set out but may take account of more frequent or longer leave periods or the granting of compensatory leave for watchkeeping seafarers or seafarers working on board strips on short voyages.
7. The Member shall require the posting, in an easily accessible place, of a table with the shipboard working arrangements, which shall contain for every position at least:
a. the schedule of service at sea and service in port; and
b. the maximum hours of work or the minimum hours of rest required by the laws, regulations or collective agreements in force in the flag State.
8. The table referred to in paragraph 7 shall be established in a standardized format in the working language or languages of the ship and in English.
Article 6
No seafarer under 18 years of age shall work at night. For the purpose of this Article, «night» means a period of at least nine consecutive hours, including the interval from midnight to five a.m. This provision need not be applied when the effective training of young seafarers between the ages of 16 and 18 in accordance with established programmes and schedules would be impaired.
Article 7
1. Nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to impair the right of the master of a ship to require a seafarer to perform any hours of work necessary for the immediate safety of the ship, persons on board or cargo, or for the purpose of giving assistance to other ships or persons in distress at sea.
2. In accordance with paragraph 1, the master may suspend the schedule of hours of work or hours of rest and require a seafarer to perform any hours of work necessary until the normal situation has been restored.
3. As soon as practicable after the normal situation has been restored, the master shall ensure that any seafarers who have performed work in a scheduled rest period are provided with an adequate period of rest.
Article 8
1. The Member shall require that records of seafarers» daily hours of work or of their daily hours of rest be maintained to allow monitoring of compliance with the provisions set out in Article 5. The seafarer shall receive a copy of the records pertaining to him or her which shall be endorsed by the master, or a person authorized by the master, and by the seafarer.
2. The competent authority shall determine the procedures for keeping such records on board, including the intervals at which the information shall be recorded. The competent authority shall establish the format of the records of the seafarers» hours of work or of their hours of rest taking into account any available International Labour Organization guidelines or shall use any standard format prepared by the Organization. The format shall be established in the language or languages provided by Article 5, paragraph 8.
3. A copy of the relevant provisions of the national legislation pertaining to this Convention and the relevant collective agreements shall be kept on board and be easily accessible to the crew.
Article 9
The competent authority shall examine and endorse the records referred to in Article 8, at appropriate intervals, to monitor compliance with the provisions governing hours of work or hours of rest that give effect to this Convention.
Article 10
If the records or other evidence indicate infringement of provisjons governing hours of work or hours of rest, the competent authority shall require that measures, including if necessary the revision of the manning of the ship, are taken so as to avoid future infringements.
Part III Manning of ships
Article 11
1. Every ship to which this Convention applies shall be sufficiently, safely and efficiently manned, in accordance with the minimum safe manning document or an equivalent issued by the competent authority.
2. When determining, approving or revising manning levers, the competent authority shall take into account:
a. the need to avoid or minimize, as far as practicable, excessive hours of work, to ensure sufficient rest and to limit fatigue; and
b. the international instruments identified in the Preamble.
Article 12 No person under 16 years of age shall work on a ship.
Part IV
Responsibilities of shipowners and masters Article 13
The shipowner shall ensure that the master is provided with the necessary resources for the purpose of compliance with obligations under this Convention, including those relating to the appropriate manning of the ship. The master shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the requirements on seafarers» hours of work and rest arising from this Convention are complied with.
Part V Application
Article 14
A Member which ratifies this Convention shall be responsible for the application of its provisions by means of laws or regulations, except where effect is given by collective agreements, arbitration awards or court decisions.
Article 15 The Member shall:
a. take all necessary measures, including the provision of appropriate sanctions and corrective measures, to ensure the effective enforcement of the provisions of this Convention;
b. have appropriate inspection services to supervise the application of the measures taken in pursuance of this Convention and provide them with the necessary resources for this purpose; and c. after consulting shipowners' and seafarers' organizations, have procedures to investigate
complaints relating to any matter contained in this Convention.
Part VI Final provisjons
Article 16
This Convention revises the Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1958;
the Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1949; the Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1946; and the Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1936. As from the date this Convention has come into force, the above-listed Conventions shall cease to be open to ratification.
Article 17
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 18
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
2. This Convention shall come into force six months after the date on which the ratifications of five Members, three of which each have a least one million gross tonnage of shipping, have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member six months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
Article 19
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.
Article 20
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of the registration of all ratifications and denunciations communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. When the conditions provided for in Article 18, paragraph 2, above have been fulfilled, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the date upon which the Convention shall come into force.
Article 21
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, for registration in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.
Article 22
At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 23
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides –
a. the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 19 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
b. as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 24
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.
Konvensjon nr. 180 om sjøfolks arbeidstid og bemanning av skip
Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjons generalkonferanse, som Styret for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå har sammenkalt i Genève, og som har trådt sammen til sin 84. sesjon den 8. oktober 1996, og som merker seg bestemmelsene i konvensjonen om minstestandarder for handelsskip, 1976, og tilhørende protokoll av 1996; og konvensjonen om arbeidstilsyn for sjøfolk, 1996, og
som minner om de relevante bestemmelsene i følgende IMO instrumenter: den internasjonale konvensjonen om sikkerhet for menneskeliv til sjøs, 1974, med endringer; den internasjonale konvensjonen om normer for opplæring, sertifikater og vakthold for sjøfolk, 1978, med endringer av 1995; IMO-resolusjon A 481 (XII) (1981) om prinsipper for sikker bemanning; IMO-resolusjon A 741 (18) (1993) om internasjonale normer for sikkerhetsstyring for drift av skip og hindring av forurensning (ISM-koden); og IMO-resolusjon A 772 (18) (1993) om tretthetsfaktorer med innvirkning på bemanning og sikkerhet, og
som minner om ikrafttredelsen av FNs havrettskonvensjon, 1982, den 16. november 1994, og som har besluttet å vedta visse forslag om revisjon av konvensjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning (revidert), 1958, og rekommandasjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning, 1958, punkt 2 på dagsorden for sesjonen, og
som har bestemt at disse forslag skal gis form av en internasjonal konvensjon;
vedtar i dag, den 22. oktober 1996, følgende konvensjon som kan kalles konvensjonen om sjøfolks arbeidstid og bemanning av skip, 1996:
Del I
Anvendelsesområde og definisjoner Artikkel 1
1. Denne konvensjonen gjelder ethvert sjøgående skip, enten det er offentlig- eller privateid, som er registrert i territoriet til en medlemsstat der konvensjonen er i kraft og som vanligvis brukes i kommersiell maritim virksomhet. Etter denne konvensjonen, ansees et skip som står oppført i registeret til to medlemsstater for å være registrert i territoriet til den medlemsstaten hvis flagg det seiler under.
2. I den grad den finner det gjennomførlig, etter å ha konsultert de representative organisasjonene av fiskebåtrederier og fiskere, skal den kompetente myndighet gjennomføre bestemmelsene i denne konvensjonen for kommersielt maritimt fiske.
3. I tilfelle tvil om skip skal eller ikke skal ansees for å være beskjeftiget med kommersiell maritim virksomhet eller kommersielt maritimt fiske etter denne konvensjonen, skal spørsmålet avgjøres av
den kompetente myndigheten etter å ha rådført seg med berørte rederiers, sjøfolks og fiskeres organisasjoner.
4. Denne konvensjonen gjelder ikke fartøy av tre bygget på tradisjonelt vis såsom dhower og djunker.
Artikkel 2 Etter denne konvensjonen:
a. betyr uttrykket «kompetent myndighet» statsråden, departementet eller annen myndighet med fullmakt til å fastsette forskrifter, pålegg eller annen instruks med lovs kraft angående sjøfolks arbeids- eller hviletid eller bemanning av skip;
b. betyr uttrykket «arbeidstid» den tiden hvor en sjømann skal utføre arbeid for skipet;
c. betyr uttrykket «hviletid» tid utenom arbeidstid; dette ordet omfatter ikke korte pauser;
d. betyr uttrykket «sjøfolk» enhver person som er definert i nasjonal lovgivning eller kollektive avtaler og som er ansatt eller tilsatt i enhver stilling ombord på et sjøgående skip som kommer inn under konvensjonen.
e. betyr ordet «rederi» eieren av skipet eller enhver annen organisasjon eller person, den som driver skipet eller totalbefrakter, som har påtatt seg ansvaret for driften av skipet etter rederen og som ved overtakelse av slikt ansvar har samtykket i å overta enhver medfølgende plikt og ansvar.
Del II
Sjøfolks arbeidstid og hviletid Artikkel 3
Innen grensene som er gitt i artikkel 5, skal det fastsettes enten et maksimum antall arbeidstimer som ikke skal overstiges i løpet av en gitt tidsperiode, eller et minimum antall hviletimer som skal gis i løpet av en gitt tidsperiode.
Artikkel 4
En medlemsstat som ratifiserer denne konvensjonen erkjenner at normen for sjøfolks normale arbeidstid skal, på samme måte som for andre arbeidstakere, baseres på en åttetimers dag med én dags hvil per uke og hvile på offentlige fridager. Dette skal dog ikke hindre medlemsstaten i å ha prosedyrer til å godkjenne eller registrere en kollektive avtale som bestemmer sjøfolks normale arbeidstid på et grunnlag som ikke er mindre gunstig enn denne normen.
Artikkel 5 1. Grensene for arbeids- og hviletid skal være som følger:
a. maksimumsarbeidstiden skal ikke overstige:
i. 14 timer i noen 24-timers periode; og ii. 72 timer i noen syv-dagers periode; eller b. minimumshviletiden skal ikke være mindre enn:
i. 10 timer i noen 24-timers periode; og ii. 77 timer i noen syv-dagers periode.
2. Hviletiden kan deles i maksimalt to perioder, hvorav én skal være minst seks timer lang, og intervallet mellom fortløpende hvileperioder skal ikke overstige 14 timer.
3. Mønstringer, brann- og livbåtøvelser, og øvelser forskrevet i nasjonale lover og forskrifter og i internasjonale instrumenter, skal utføres på en måte som reduserer forstyrrelse av hvileperioder til et minimum og ikke forårsaker tretthet.
4. Når det gjelder situasjoner hvor sjøfolk er i beredskap, f.eks. når et maskinrom er ubemannet, skal de ha en tilfredsstillende hvileperiode til erstatning dersom den normale hvileperioden blir forstyrret av utkallinger i sammenheng med arbeidet.
5. Der det ikke finnes noen kollektiv avtale eller voldgiftskjennelse eller der den kompetente myndighet finner at bestemmelsene i avtalen eller kjennelse i forhold til punkt 3 eller 4 ikke er fyllestgjørende, skal den kompetente myndighet fastsette slike bestemmelser for å sikre at vedkommende sjøfolk får tilstrekkelig hvile.
6. Intet i punktene 1 og 2 skal hindre medlemsstaten i å ha nasjonale lover eller forskrifter eller en prosedyre som gjør at den kompetente myndighet kan godkjenne eller registrere kollektive avtaler som tillater unntak fra de fastsatte grensene. Slike unntak skal, så langt som mulig, følge de fastsatte normene, men kan ta hensyn til hyppigere eller lengre fritidsperioder eller til erstatningsfritid for sjøfolk som er på vakt eller sjøfolk som arbeider ombord på skip på korte sjøreiser.
7. Medlemsstaten skal kreve oppslag, på et lett tilgjengelig sted, av en liste med arbeidsordninger ombord på skipet, som for hver stilling skal inneholde minst:
a. planen for tjeneste til sjøs og tjeneste i havn; og
b. maksimumsarbeidstid eller minimumshviletid som kreves i lover, forskrifter eller kollektive avtaler som er i kraft i flaggstaten.
8. Den listen som omtalt i punkt 7 skal utformes i standardisert format på skipets arbeidsspråk og på engelsk.
Artikkel 6
Ingen sjøfolk under 18 år skal arbeide om natten. I denne artikkelen betyr «natt» en periode på minst ni fortløpende timer, herunder intervallet fra midnatt til kl. 05.00. Denne bestemmelsen behøver ikke gjennomføres når det ville forringe effektiviteten i opplæringen som unge sjøfolk i alderen 16 til 18 år får i henhold til fastsatte programmer og planer.
Artikkel 7
1. Intet i denne konvensjonen skal ansees for å svekke adgangen som en skipsfører har til å kreve at sjøfolk skal arbeide så mange timer som er nødvendig for direkte å trygge skipets sikkerhet, personer ombord eller last, eller for å yte hjelp til andre skip eller personer i nød på havet.
2. I henhold til punkt 1, kan skipsføreren suspendere arbeidstids- eller hviletidsplanen og kreve at sjøfolk skal arbeide så mange timer som er nødvendig inntil situasjonen er normalisert.
3. Så snart som praktisk mulig etter at situasjonen er normalisert, skal skipsføreren sikre at sjøfolk som har utført arbeid under en fastsatt hvileperiode får en tilstrekkelig hvileperiode.
Artikkel 8
1. Medlemsstaten skal kreve at det blir ført oppgaver over sjøfolks daglige arbeidstid eller daglige hviletid for å muliggjøre kontroll med overholdelsen av bestemmelsene i artikkel 5. Sjøfolkene skal motta kopi av de fortegnelser som gjelder ham eller henne. De skal undertegnes av skipsføreren, eller den som skipsføreren bemyndiger, og av sjøfolkene selv.
2. Den kompetente myndighet skal fastsette prosedyrene for føring av slike fortegnelser ombord, herunder intervallene for innføring av opplysningene. Den kompetente myndighet skal fastsette formatet for oppgavene over sjøfolks arbeids- eller hviletid og skal ta hensyn til retningslinjer som eventuelt foreligger fra Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen eller den skal bruke et standardformat som organisasjonen eventuelt har utarbeidet. Formatet skal fastsettes på det språk eller språkene som fastsatt i artikkel 5, punkt 8.
3. En kopi av de relevante bestemmelsene i den nasjonale lovgivningen som gjelder denne konvensjonen og de relevante kollektive avtaler skal oppbevares ombord og være lett tilgjengelige for mannskapet.
Artikkel 9
Den kompetente myndigheten skal gjennomgå og undertegne fortegnelsene som er omtalt i artikkel 8, med passende mellomrom, for å kontrollere at bestemmelsene som gjelder arbeids- eller hviletid og som gjelder gjennomføringen av denne konvensjonen, blir overholdt.
Artikkel 10
Dersom oppgavene eller andre forhold tyder på brudd på bestemmelser som gjelder arbeids- eller hviletid, skal den kompetente myndighet kreve at det treffes tiltak, herunder om nødvendig revurdering av skipets bemanning, for å unngå fremtidige brudd.
Del III Bemanning av skip
Artikkel 11
1. Ethvert skip som denne konvensjonen gjelder for skal være tilstrekkelig, sikkert og effektivt bemannet, i samsvar med dokumentet for sikkerhetsbemanning eller tilsvarende dokument utstedt av den kompetente myndighet.
2. Når den fastsetter, godkjenner eller revurderer bemanningsnivåer, skal den kompetente myndighet ta hensyn til:
a. behovet for å unngå eller redusere til et minimum, så langt det er gjennomførlig, urimelig lang arbeidstid, for å sikre tilstrekkelig hvile og begrense trøtthet; og
b. de internasjonale instrumentene som er påpekt i innledningen til konvensjonen.
Artikkel 12 Ingen person under 16 år skal arbeide på skip.
Del IV
Rederiets og skipførers ansvar Artikkel 13
Rederiet skal sørge for at skipsføreren får de nødvendige ressurser for å overholde forpliktelsene etter denne konvensjonen, herunder dem som gjelder hensiktsmessig bemanning av skipet. Skipsføreren skal treffe alle nødvendige tiltak for å sikre at kravene vedrørende sjøfolks arbeids- og hviletid som følger av denne konvensjonen, blir overholdt.
Del V Gjennomføring
Artikkel 14
Den medlemsstat som ratifiserer denne konvensjonen skal ha ansvar for gjennomføringen av dens bestemmelser gjennom lover eller forskrifter, unntatt der gjennomføring finner sted gjennom kollektive avtaler, voldgiftskjennelser eller domstolsavgjørelser.
Artikkel 15 Medlemsstaten skal:
a. treffe alle nødvendige tiltak, herunder fastsette hensiktsmessige sanksjoner og korrigerende tiltak, for å sikre effektiv håndhevelse av bestemmelsene i denne konvensjonen;
b. ha hensiktsmessige inspeksjonstjenester til å føre tilsyn med gjennomføring av de tiltak som blir gjort for å iverksette denne konvensjonen og skaffe dem de nødvendige ressurser til dette formålet;
og
c. etter å ha rådført seg med rederiers og sjøfolks organisasjoner, ha prosedyrer for å undersøke klager vedrørende ethvert forhold som er nevnt i denne konvensjonen.
Del VI Sluttbestemmelser
Artikkel 16
Denne konvensjonen reviderer konvensjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning (revidert), 1958;
konvensjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning (revidert), 1949; konvensjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning (revidert), 1946; og konvensjonen om hyrer, arbeidstid og bemanning (revidert), 1936. Fra det tidspunktet denne konvensjonen har trådt i kraft, skal ovenstående konvensjoner ikke lenger være åpne for ratifisering.
Artikkel 17
De formelle ratifikasjoner av denne konvensjonen skal oversendes Generaldirektøren for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrået til registrering.
Artikkel 18
1. Denne konvensjoner skal binde bare for de medlemsstatene i Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen som har fått sine ratifikasjoner hos Generaldirektøren.
2. Denne konvensjonen skal tre i kraft seks måneder etter den dag da fem medlemsstaters ratifikasjoner, hvorav tre av hver for seg har skip tilsvarende minst én million bruttotonn, er blitt registrert hos Generaldirektøren for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå.
3. Deretter skal denne konvensjonen tre i kraft for enhver medlemsstat seks måneder etter dag da dens ratifikasjon ble registrert.
Artikkel 19
1. Enhver medlemsstat som har ratifisert denne konvensjonen kan si den opp når 10 år er gått fra den dag da konvensjonene trådte i kraft, ved å sende melding om dette til registrering hos Generaldirektøren for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå. Slik oppsigelse trer ikke i kraft før ett år etter at den er blitt registrert.
2. Enhver medlemsstat som har ratifisert denne konvensjonen, og som ikke gjør bruk av den oppsigelsesrett som er fastsatt i denne artikkel innen ett år etter utgangen av den 10-årsperioden som er nevnt i foregående punkt, er bundet for ytterligere 10 år, og kan deretter si opp denne konvensjonen ved utgangen av hver 10-årsperiode på de vilkår som er fastsatt i denne artikkel.
Artikkel 20
1. Generaldirektøren for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå skal underrette alle medlemsstater av Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjon om registrering av alle ratifikasjoner og oppsigelser som er sendt ham av organisasjonenes medlemsstater.
2. Når vilkårene, fastsatt i artikkel 18, pkt. 2, er oppfylt, skal Generaldirektøren gjøre medlemsstatene oppmerksom på hvilken dato konvensjonen vil tre i kraft.
Artikkel 21
Generaldirektøren for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå skal sende Generalsekretæren for De forente nasjoner fullstendige opplysninger om all ratifikasjoner og oppsigelser som registreres av ham etter reglene i de foregående artikler, for registrering i samsvar med artikkel 102 i De forente nasjoners pakt.
Artikkel 22
Styret for Det internasjonale arbeidsbyrå skal, når det finner det nødvendig, legge fram for Arbeidskonferansen en melding om hvordan denne konvensjonen har virket og undersøke om det er ønskelig å sette spørsmålet om hel eller delvis revisjon av konvensjonen på konferansens dagsorden.
Artikkel 23
1. Dersom Arbeidskonferansen vedtar en ny konvensjon som helt eller delvis endrer denne konvensjonen og intet annet er bestemt i den nye konvensjonen, skal:
a. en medlemsstats ratifikasjon av den nye reviderte konvensjonen ipso jure innebære en øyeblikkelig oppsigelse av denne konvensjonen uten hensyn til reglene i artikkel 19 ovenfor, forutsatt at den nye, reviderte konvensjonen er trådt i kraft;
b. denne konvensjonen ikke lenger kunne ratifiseres av medlemsstatene fra den dag da den nye, reviderte konvensjonen trer i kraft.
2. Denne konvensjonen skal i alle tilfelle fortsatt være i kraft i sin nåværende form og med sitt nåværende innhold for de medlemsstater som har ratifisert den, men som ikke har ratifisert den reviderte konvensjonen.
Artikkel 24
De engelske og franske versjoner av teksten i denne konvensjonen har lik gyldighet.
30. nov. 1999 nr. 2
Protokoll til konvensjonen om langtransportert grensekryssande luftureining av 1979 om reduksjon av forsuring, overgjødsling og bakkenært ozon
av 13. november 1979 nr. 1
I henhold til kgl.res. av 19. november 1999 ble avtalen undertegnet 1. desember 1999. Avtalen ble ratifisert 30. januar 2002 og trådte i kraft 17. mai 2005. Det vises til St.prp.nr.87 (1999–2000), Innst.S.nr.88 (2000–2001) og Stortingsvedtak 18. desember 2001.
Opprinnelig test publisert i NT V s. 535, Overenskomster 1983 s. 540.
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Groundlevel Ozone
The Parties,
Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,
Aware that nitrogen oxides, sulphur, volatile organic compounds and reduced nitrogen compounds have been associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment,
Concerned that critical loads of acidification, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for human health and vegetation are still exceeded in many areas of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region,
Concerned also that emitted nitrogen oxides, sulphur and volatile organic compounds, as well as secondary pollutants such as ozone and the reaction products of ammonia, are transported in the atmosphere over long distances and may have adverse transboundary effects,
Recognizing that emissions from Parties within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region contribute to air pollution on the hemispheric and global scales, and recognizing the potential for transport between continents and the need for further study with regard to that potential,
Recognizing also that Canada and the United States of America are bilaterally negotiating reductions of emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds to address the transboundary ozone effect,
Recognizing furthermore that Canada will undertake further reductions of emissions of sulphur by 2010 through the implementation of the Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000, and that the United States is committed to the implementation of a nitrogen oxides reduction programme in the eastern United States and to the reduction in emissions necessary to meet its national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter,
Resolved to apply a multi-effect, multi-pollutant approach to preventing or minimizing the exceedances of critical loads and levels,
Taking into account the emissions from certain existing activities and installations responsible for present air pollution levels and the development of future activities and installations,
Aware that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of these substances,
Resolved to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize emissions of these substances, taking into account the application of the precautionary approach as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
Reaffirming that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,
Conscious of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution that takes account of the variations in effects and abatement costs between countries,
Noting the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated with these substances and available abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere,
Bearing in mind that measures taken to reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competition and trade,
Taking into consideration best available scientific and technical knowledge and data on emissions, atmospheric processes and effects on human health and the environment of these substances, as well as on abatement costs, and acknowledging the need to improve this knowledge and to continue scientific and technical cooperation to further understanding of these issues,
Noting that under the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Sofia on 31 October 1988, and the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Geneva on 18November 1991, there is already provision to control emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and that the technical annexes to both those Protocols already contain technical guidance for reducing these emissions,
Noting also that under the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, adopted at Oslo on 14 June 1994, there is already provision to reduce sulphur emissions in order to contribute to the abatement of acid deposition by diminishing the exceedances of critical sulphur depositions, which have been derived from critical loads of acidity according to the contribution of oxidized sulphur compounds to the total acid deposition in 1990,
Noting furthermore that this Protocol is the first agreement under the Convention to deal specifically with reduced nitrogen compounds,
Bearing in mind that reducing the emissions of these substances may provide additional benefits for the control of other pollutants, including in particular transboundary secondary particulate aerosols, which contribute to human health effects associated with exposure to airborne particulates,
Bearing in mind also the need to avoid, in so far as possible, taking measures for the achievement of the objectives of this Protocol that aggravate other health and environment-related problems,
Noting that measures taken to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia should involve consideration of the full biogeochemical nitrogen cycle and, so far as possible, not increase emissions of reactive nitrogen including nitrous oxide which could aggravate other nitrogen-related problems,
Aware that methane and carbon monoxide emitted by human activities contribute, in the presence of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and
Aware also of the commitments that Parties have assumed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1 Definitions For the purposes of the present Protocol,
1. «Convention» means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted at Geneva on 13 November 1979;
2. «EMEP» means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe;
3. «Executive Body» means the Executive Body for the Convention constituted under article 10, paragraph 1, of the Convention;
4. «Commission» means the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;
5. «Parties» means, unless the context otherwise requires, the Parties to the present Protocol;
6. «Geographical scope of EMEP» means the area defined in article 1, paragraph 4, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted at Geneva on 28 September 1984;
7. «Emission» means the release of a substance from a point or diffuse source into the atmosphere;
8. «Nitrogen oxides» means nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2 );
9. «Reduced nitrogen compounds» means ammonia and its reaction products;
10. «Sulphur» means all sulphur compounds, expressed as sulphur dioxide (SO2 );
11. «Volatile organic compounds», or «VOCs», means, unless otherwise specified, all organic compounds of an anthropogenic nature, other than methane, that are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight;
12. «Critical load» means a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur, according to present knowledge;
13. «Critical levels» means concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on receptors, such as human beings, plants, ecosystems or materials, may occur, according to present knowledge;
14. «Pollutant emissions management area», or «PEMA», means an area designated in annex III under the conditions laid down in article 3, paragraph 9;
15. «Stationary source» means any fixed building, structure, facility, installation or equipment that emits or may emit sulphur, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds or ammonia directly or indirectly into the atmosphere;
16. «New stationary source» means any stationary source of which the construction or substantial modification is commenced after the expiry of one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol. It shall be a matter for the competent national authorities to decide whether a modification is substantial or not, taking into account such factors as the environmental benefits of the modification.
Article 2 Objective
The objective of the present Protocol is to control and reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds that are caused by anthropogenic activities and are likely to cause adverse effects on human health, natural ecosystems, materials and crops, due to acidification, eutrophication or ground-level ozone as a result of long-range transboundary atmospheric transport, and to ensure, as far as possible, that in the long term and in a stepwise approach, taking into account advances in scientific knowledge, atmospheric depositions or concentrations do not exceed:
a. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP and Canada, the critical loads of acidity, as described in annex I;
b. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical loads of nutrient nitrogen, as described in annex I; and
c. For ozone:
i. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical levels of ozone, as given in annex I;
ii. For Canada, the Canada-wide Standard for ozone; and
iii. For the United States of America, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone.
Article 3 Basic obligations
1. Each Party having an emission ceiling in any table in annex II shall reduce and maintain the reduction in its annual emissions in accordance with that ceiling and the timescales specified in that annex. Each Party shall, as a minimum, control its annual emissions of polluting compounds in accordance with the obligations in annex II.
2. Each Party shall apply the limit values specified in annexes IV, V and VI to each new stationary source within a stationary source category as identified in those annexes, no later than the timescales specified in annex VII. As an alternative, a Party may apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels for all source categories together.
3. Each Party shall, in so far as it is technically and economically feasible and taking into consideration the costs and advantages, apply the limit values specified in annexes IV, V and VI to each existing stationary source within a stationary source category as identified in those annexes, no later than the timescales specified in annex VII. As an alternative, a Party may apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels for all source categories together or, for Parties outside the geographical scope of EMEP, that are necessary to achieve national or regional goals for acidification abatement and to meet national air quality standards.
4. Limit values for new and existing boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth and new heavy-duty vehicles shall be evaluated by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body with a view to amending annexes IV, V and VIII no later than two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol.
5. Each Party shall apply the limit values for the fuels and new mobile sources identified in annex VIII, no later than the timescales specified in annex VII.
6. Each Party should apply best available techniques to mobile sources and to each new or existing stationary source, taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto.
7. Each Party shall take appropriate measures based, inter alia, on scientific and economic criteria to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds associated with the use of products not included in annex VI or VIII. The Parties shall, no later than at the second session of the Executive Body after the entry into force of the present Protocol, consider with a view to adopting an annex on products, including criteria for the selection of such products, limit values for the volatile organic compound content of products not included in annex VI or VIII, as well as timescales for the application of the limit values.
8. Each Party shall, subject to paragraph 10:
a. Apply, as a minimum, the ammonia control measures specified in annex IX; and
b. Apply, where it considers it appropriate, best available techniques for preventing and reducing ammonia emissions, as listed in guidance document V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto.
9. Paragraph 10 shall apply to any Party:
a. Whose total land area is greater than 2 million square kilometres;
b. Whose annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and/or volatile organic compounds contributing to acidification, eutrophication or ozone formation in areas under the jurisdiction of one or more other Parties originate predominantly from within an area under its jurisdiction that is listed as a PEMA in annex III, and which has presented documentation in accordance with subparagraph c to this effect;
c. Which has submitted upon signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol a description of the geographical scope of one or more PEMAs for one or more pollutants, with supporting documentation, for inclusion in annex III; and
d. Which has specified upon signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol its intention to act in accordance with this paragraph.
10. A Party to which this paragraph applies shall:
a. If within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required to comply with the provisions of this article and annex II only within the relevant PEMA for each pollutant for which a PEMA within its jurisdiction is included in annex III; or
b. If not within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required to comply with the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 and annex II, only within the relevant PEMA for each pollutant (nitrogen oxides, sulphur and/or volatile organic compounds) for which a PEMA within its
jurisdiction is included in annex III, and shall not be required to comply with paragraph 8 anywhere within its jurisdiction.
11. Canada and the United States of America shall, upon their ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, submit to the Executive Body their respective emission reduction commitments with respect to sulphur, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds for automatic incorporation into annex II.
12. The Parties shall, subject to the outcome of the first review provided for under article 10, paragraph 2, and no later than one year after completion of that review, commence negotiations on further obligations to reduce emissions.
Article 4
Exchange of information and technology
1. Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws, regulations and practices and in accordance with its obligations in the present Protocol, create favourable conditions to facilitate the exchange of information, technologies and techniques, with the aim of reducing emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds by promoting inter alia:
a. The development and updating of databases on best available techniques, including those that increase energy efficiency, low-emission burners and good environmental practice in agriculture;
b. The exchange of information and experience in the development of less polluting transport systems;
c. Direct industrial contacts and cooperation, including joint ventures; and d. The provision of technical assistance.
2. In promoting the activities specified in paragraph 1, each Party shall create favourable conditions for the facilitation of contacts and cooperation among appropriate organizations and individuals in the private and public sectors that are capable of providing technology, design and engineering services, equipment or finance.
Article 5 Public awareness
1. Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws, regulations and practices, promote the provision of information to the general public, including information on:
a. National annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds and progress towards compliance with the national emission ceilings or other obligations referred to in article 3;
b. Depositions and concentrations of the relevant pollutants and, where applicable, these depositions and concentrations in relation to critical loads and levels referred to in article 2;
c. Levels of tropospheric ozone; and
d. Strategies and measures applied or to be applied to reduce air pollution problems dealt with in the present Protocol and set out in article 6.
2. Furthermore, each Party may make information widely available to the public with a view to minimizing emissions, including information on:
a. Less polluting fuels, renewable energy and energy efficiency, including their use in transport;
b. Volatile organic compounds in products, including labelling;
c. Management options for wastes containing volatile organic compounds that are generated by the public;
d. Good agricultural practices to reduce emissions of ammonia;
e. Health and environmental effects associated with the pollutants covered by the present Protocol; and
f. Steps which individuals and industries may take to help reduce emissions of the pollutants covered by the present Protocol.
Article 6
Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and information
1. Each Party shall, as necessary and on the basis of sound scientific and economic criteria, in order to facilitate the implementation of its obligations under article 3:
a. Adopt supporting strategies, policies and programmes without undue delay after the present Protocol enters into force for it;
b. Apply measures to control and reduce its emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds;
c. Apply measures to encourage the increase of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy;
d. Apply measures to decrease the use of polluting fuels;
e. Develop and introduce less polluting transport systems and promote traffic management systems to reduce overall emissions from road traffic;
f. Apply measures to encourage the development and introduction of low-polluting processes and products, taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto;
g. Encourage the implementation of management programmes to reduce emissions, including voluntary programmes, and the use of economic instruments, taking into account guidance document VI adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto;
h. Implement and further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as the progressive reduction or phasing-out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all sectors that emit sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds which run counter to the objective of the Protocol, and apply market instruments; and
i. Apply measures, where cost-effective, to reduce emissions from waste products containing volatile organic compounds.
2. Each Party shall collect and maintain information on:
a. Actual levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds, and of ambient concentrations and depositions of these compounds and ozone, taking into account, for those Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the work plan of EMEP;
and
b. The effects of ambient concentrations and of the deposition of sulphur, nitrogen compounds, volatile organic compounds and ozone on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and materials.
3. Any Party may take more stringent measures than those required by the present Protocol.
Article 7 Reporting
1. Subject to its laws and regulations and in accordance with its obligations under the present Protocol:
a. Each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis as determined by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, information on the measures that it has taken to implement the present Protocol. Moreover:
i. Where a Party applies different emission reduction strategies under article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, it shall document the strategies applied and its compliance with the requirements of those paragraphs;
ii. Where a Party judges certain limit values, as specified in accordance with article 3, paragraph 3, not to be technically and economically feasible, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, it shall report and justify this;
b. Each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, the following information:
i. Levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds using, as a minimum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP;
ii. Levels of emissions of each substance in the reference year (1990) using the same methodologies and temporal and spatial resolution;
iii. Data on projected emissions and current reduction plans; and
iv. Where it deems it appropriate, any exceptional circumstances justifying emissions that are temporarily higher than the ceilings established for it for one or more pollutants;
and
c. Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available information similar to that specified in subparagraph b, if requested to do so by the Executive Body.
2. The information to be reported in accordance with paragraph 1a shall be in conformity with a decision regarding format and content to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive
Body. The terms of this decision shall be reviewed as necessary to identify any additional elements regarding the format or the content of the information that is to be included in the reports.
3. In good time before each annual session of the Executive Body, EMEP shall provide information on:
a. Ambient concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds as well as, where available, ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and ozone; and b. Calculations of sulphur and oxidized and reduced nitrogen budgets and relevant information
on the long-range transport of ozone and its precursors.
Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information if requested to do so by the Executive Body.
4. The Executive Body shall, in accordance with article 10, paragraph 2b, of the Convention, arrange for the preparation of information on the effects of depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and concentrations of ozone.
5. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, arrange for the preparation, at regular intervals, of revised information on calculated and internationally optimized allocations of emission reductions for the States within the geographical scope of EMEP, using integrated assessment models, including atmospheric transport models, with a view to reducing further, for the purposes of article 3, paragraph 1, the difference between actual depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and critical load values as well as the difference between actual ozone concentrations and the critical levels of ozone specified in annex I, or such alternative assessment methods as approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body.
Article 8
Research, development and monitoring
The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation related to:
a. The international harmonization of methods for the calculation and assessment of the adverse effects associated with the substances addressed by the present Protocol for use in establishing critical loads and critical levels and, as appropriate, the elaboration of procedures for such harmonization;
b. The improvement of emission databases, in particular those on ammonia and volatile organic compounds;
c. The improvement of monitoring techniques and systems and of the modelling of transport, concentrations and depositions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds, as well as of the formation of ozone and secondary particulate matter;
d. The improvement of the scientific understanding of the long-term fate of emissions and their impact on the hemispheric background concentrations of sulphur, nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particulate matter, focusing, in particular, on the chemistry of the free troposphere and the potential for intercontinental flow of pollutants;
e. The further elaboration of an overall strategy to reduce the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including synergisms and combined effects;
f. Strategies for the further reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds based on critical loads and critical levels as well as on technical developments, and the improvement of integrated assessment modelling to calculate internationally optimized allocations of emission reductions taking into account the need to avoid excessive costs for any Party. Special emphasis should be given to emissions from agriculture and transport;
g. The identification of trends over time and the scientific understanding of the wider effects of sulphur, nitrogen and volatile organic compounds and photochemical pollution on human health, including their contribution to concentrations of particulate matter, the environment, in particular acidification and eutrophication, and materials, especially historic and cultural monuments, taking into account the relationship between sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and tropospheric ozone;
h. Emission abatement technologies, and technologies and techniques to improve energy efficiency, energy conservation and the use of renewable energy;
i. The efficacy of ammonia control techniques for farms and their impact on local and regional deposition;
j. The management of transport demand and the development and promotion of less polluting modes of transport;
k. The quantification and, where possible, economic evaluation of benefits for the environment and human health resulting from the reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds; and
l. The development of tools for making the methods and results of this work widely applicable and available.
Article 9 Compliance
Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly.
The Implementation Committee established by decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body at its fifteenth session shall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties at a session of the Executive Body in accordance with the terms of the annex to that decision, including any amendments thereto.
Article 10
Reviews by the parties at sessions of the executive body
1. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, pursuant to article 10, paragraph 2a, of the Convention, review the information supplied by the Parties, EMEP and subsidiary bodies of the Executive Body, the data on the effects of concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and of photochemical pollution as well as the reports of the Implementation Committee referred to in article 9 above.
2.
a. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep under review the obligations set out in the present Protocol, including:
i. Their obligations in relation to their calculated and internationally optimized allocations of emission reductions referred to in article 7, paragraph 5, above; and
ii. The adequacy of the obligations and the progress made towards the achievement of the objective of the present Protocol;
b. Reviews shall take into account the best available scientific information on the effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including assessments of all relevant health effects, critical levels and loads, the development and refinement of integrated assessment models, technological developments, changing economic conditions, progress made on the databases on emissions and abatement techniques, especially related to ammonia and volatile organic compounds, and the fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels;
c. The procedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such review shall commence no later than one year after the present Protocol enters into force.
Article 11 Settlement of disputes
1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Protocol, the parties concerned shall seek a settlement of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice. The parties to the dispute shall inform the Executive Body of their dispute.
2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the present Protocol, or at any time thereafter, a Party which is not a regional economic integration organization may declare in a written instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect of any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Protocol, it recognizes one or both of the following means of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same obligation:
a. Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice;
b. Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.
A Party which is a regional economic integration organization may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph b.
3. A declaration made under paragraph 2 shall remain in force until it expires in accordance with its terms or until three months after written notice of its revocation has been deposited with the Depositary.
4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration shall not in any way affect proceedings pending before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.
5. Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have accepted the same means of dispute settlement under paragraph 2, if after twelve months following notification by one party to another that a dispute exists between them, the parties concerned have not been able to settle their dispute