'2,KWWSG[GRLRUJLGV
'HVFULSWLRQRIDWPRVSKHULFIUHH]HGU\LQJRIEURZQVHDZHHGV 6DFFKHULQD/DWLVVLPDZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHUPDOSURSHUWLHVDQG
SKDVHWUDQVLWLRQV
7ROVWRUHEURY,D(LNHYLN70D3HWURYD,D%DQWOH0E
D'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\DQG3URFHVV(QJLQHHULQJ1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\
127URQGKHLP1RUZD\7HO
E6LQWHI(QHUJ\5HVHDUFK7URQGKHLP1RUZD\
(PDLORIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRULJQDWWROVWRUHEURY#QWQXQR
Abstract
Thermal properties of brown seaweeds (Saccharina latissima) were determined using DSC technique in the temperature range between -150.0 and 50.0 °C. The following phase transitions were detected: glass transitions, incipient point of ice melting and freezing point. The ice content and amount of unfrozen water was detected by analysis of the melting peak. The ice content reduction in the product was predicted for different moisture contents and temperatures for atmospheric freeze-drying process.
Keywords: brown seaweeds, ice fraction, freeze-drying, glass transition
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0RVWRIWKHVHDZHHGVZKLFKDUHXVHGIRUIRRGSXUSRVHLQ1RUZD\EHORQJWRDTXDFXOWXUH SURGXFWVZKHQKDWFKLQJJURZWKDQGKDUYHVWLQJLVFRQWUROOHGFRQWLQXRXVO\7KHKDUYHVWLQJ VHDVRQRFFXSLHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ZHHNVWRSURYLGHWKHEHVWTXDOLW\RIWKHVHDZHHG¶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¶V PXFXV DQG WKHLU LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH DWPRVSKHULF IUHH]HGU\LQJ SURFHVV 7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI VHDZHHGV PXFXV ZDV LQWURGXFHG GXH WR KLJK DPRXQW WKLV VXEVWDQFH RQ WKH EODGHV ZKLFK SURYLGH VWLFNQHVV RI WKH SDUWLFOHV EODGHV GXULQJ DWPRVSKHULFIUHH]HGU\LQJ
0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIUDZPDWHULDO
7KHEURZQDOJDHSaccharina latissimaZKLFKLVFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGDVNHOS6XJDUNHOSRU NRPEX ZDV XVHG IRU WKH H[SHULPHQWV 7KH VHDZHHGV ZDV FXOWLYDWHG IRU RQH \HDU LQ DQ DTXDFXOWXUHIDUPZKLFKLVVLWXDWHGLQ6¡U7U¡QGHODJ1RUZD\+DUYHVWLQJVHDVRQZDV GD\VLQ0D\WRPDLQWDLQWKHEHVWTXDOLW\RIWKHVHDZHHGVDQGDYRLGKLJKDPRXQWRI ELRIRXOLQJ7KHVHDZHHGZDVKDUYHVWHGLQWRQHWVNJ7KHQHWVZHUHEXIIHUHGLQWKH VHDZDWHU DW WKH IDUP ZKHUH WKH\ ZHUH NHSW LQ UHIULJHUDWHG VHDZDWHU & IRU ZHHN EHIRUHIUHH]LQJ7KHQWKHVHDZHHGZDVZHLJKHGRXWDQGSDFNHGLQVLGHYDFXXPEDJVZLWK KLJKEDUULHUSURSHUWLHVNJHDFK)UHH]LQJZDVDW±&XQWLOWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHFHQWHU RIWKHEDJUHDFKHG&$IWHUIUHH]LQJWKHEDJVZHUHSDFNHGLQFDUGERDUGER[HVSXW RQSDOOHWVDQGSODFHGLQIUHH]HVWRUDJHDW&7KHNHOSZDVGHOLYHUHGLQDIUR]HQVWDWHE\
WKHVXSSOLHU-XQH&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHDTXDFXOWXUHVHDZHHGVLVJLYHQLQWKH 7DEOH 3URWHLQ FRQWHQWRI WKH VHDZHHGVZDVGHWHUPLQHG DW GE ZKLFKZDVLQ D FRPPRQUDQJHIRUEURZQVHDZHHGVEHWZHHQDQG>@7KHDTXDFXOWXUHVHDZHHGV IRUP 'DPDULVFRWWD ED\ 86$ KDG D SURWHLQ FRQWHQW RI GE>@ ZKLFK ZDV LQ WKH UDQJHEHWZHHQDQGGERIWKHSUHYLRXVO\REWDLQHGUHVXOWVIRUZLOGVXJDUNHOS IRUP6FRWODQG,VOHRI6HLO>@
Table 1. Chemical composition of Saccharina latissima at harvesting season (analysis performed by accredited analytical laboratory Kystlab preBIO, Frøya, Norway).
&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ %, d.b. Minerals , mg/kg d.b.
3URWHLQV 3RWDVVLXP
)DWV 6RGLXP
&DUERK\GUDWHV &DOFLXP
,QFO'LHWDU\ILEHU 0DJQHVLXP
$VK 6XOIXU
,QFO6DOW1D&O ,RGLQH
:DWHU 3KRVSKUXV
'6&DQDO\VLV
7KH'6&DQDO\VLVZDVGRQHZLWKD'6&47$LQVWUXPHQWV86$HTXLSSHGZLWKD /LTXLG1LWURJHQ&RROLQJ6\VWHP7KHKHDWFDSDFLW\ZDVFDOLEUDWHGZLWKDVDSSKLUHLQWKH UDQJH EHWZHHQ ± DQG & +HOLXP ZDV FKRVHQ DV D SXUJH JDV DW P/PLQ DFFRUGLQJ WR 7$¶V LQVWUXPHQW UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 7KH UHIHUHQFH VDPSOH ZDV DQ HPSW\
KHUPHWLFDOO\VHDOHGDOXPLQXPSDQ
,QWKLVVWXG\WKHVPDOOSDUWLFOHVRIVHDZHHGEODGHVZHUHXVHGIRU'6&7KHVDPSOHVZLWK PDVVHVEHWZHHQPJDQGPJZHUHSODFHGLQWRDOXPLQXPSDQVZLWKKHUPHWLFOLGV 7KHSDQVZHUH VHDOHG ZLWK D 7]HUR'6&6DPSOH (QFDSVXODWLRQ 3UHVV7$ ,QVWUXPHQWV 86$ 7KHSDQVZHUHSODFHGE\ DQ DXWRVDPSOHU LQWR WKH '6& FHOO 6DPSOHV ZHUH FRROHG DQG HTXLOLEUDWHG IRU PLQXWHV DW ± & WKH FRROLQJ UDWH ZDV &PLQ 7KH DQQHDOLQJSURFHGXUHZDVDSSOLHGDW±&7KLVZDVGRQHWRDYRLGFROGFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ GXULQJ VFDQQLQJ 7KHQ WKH VDPSOHV ZHUH KHDWHG XS WR & DSSOLFDWLRQ RI KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUHVZDVQRWHIIHFWLYHGXHWRHYDSRUDWLRQRIPRLVWXUHZLWKWKHKHDWLQJUDWHRI
&PLQ
'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIJODVVWUDQVLWLRQ
7KH JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ ZDV GHWHUPLQHG ZLWK 7$ 8QLYHUVDO $QDO\VLV YHUVLRQ $ VRIWZDUH7$ LQVWUXPHQWV 86$ 7KH JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HGZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ SDUDPHWHUVWKHRQVHWHQGDQGLQIOHFWLRQSRLQWV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHJODVVWUDQVLWLRQ LQVHDZHHGVZLWKKLJKPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLVUHODWLYHO\ZHDN7KXVWKHLQIOHFWLRQSRLQWZDV GHWHUPLQHGDVDQHJDWLYHSHDNRIWKHGHULYHGKHDWIORZFXUYH>@
'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIHQGRIIUHH]LQJDQGLQLWLDOIUHH]LQJSRLQW
7KHRQVHWRILFHPHOWLQJRUHQGRIIUHH]LQJSRLQWZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\DQDO\]LQJWKH'6&
KHDWLQJ FXUYH 7KH IUHH]LQJ SRLQW ZDV HVWLPDWHG DV D PLQLPXP YDOXH RI WKH LFH PHOWLQJ HQGRWKHUPLFSHDNRQWKH'6&KHDWIORZFXUYH
'HWHUPLQDWLRQRILFHIUDFWLRQDQGXQIUHH]DEOHZDWHU
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
6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV
7KH DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH $129$ VLQJOH WHVW DQG WZRIDFWRU WHVW ZLWK UHSOLFDWLRQ ZDV DSSOLHGWRDQDO\]HWKHREWDLQHGGDWD7KHGLIIHUHQFHZDVFRQVLGHUHGVLJQLILFDQWDWS
$OO WKH H[SHULPHQWDO SRLQWV ZHUH GRQH LQ VL[ SDUDOOHOV H[FHSW RI GHVRUSWLRQ LVRWKHUP GHWHUPLQDWLRQZKHUHHDFKSRLQWUHSUHVHQWVDVLQJOHH[SHULPHQW
$ UHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV ZDV GRQH ZLWK D VRIWZDUH 'DWD)LW SURJUDP 2DNGDOH (QJLQHHULQJ7KHTXDOLW\RIWKHUHJUHVVLRQZDVHYDOXDWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV) 5DWLR 3URE) DQG 5 )5DWLR LV WKH UDWLR RI WKH PHDQ UHJUHVVLRQ VXP RI WKH VTXDUHV GLYLGHG E\ WKH PHDQ HUURU VXP RI WKH VTXDUHV 3URE) LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH QXOO K\SRWKHVLVLVWUXH5LVWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIPXOWLSOHGHWHUPLQDWLRQV7KHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLV LQWURGXFHGLQWKHEUDFNHWVDIWHUWKHYDOXHVJLYHQLQWKHWH[W
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
*ODVVWUDQVLWLRQSKHQRPHQDLQUDZVHDZHHGVDQGVHDZHHGPXFXV
7ZRW\SHRIPDWHULDOZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGVHDZHHG¶VEODGHVDQGVHDZHHGVPXFXV7KH'6&
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ UHYHDOHG WZR JODVV WUDQVLWLRQV DW WKH XOWUDORZ WHPSHUDWXUH UHJLRQ DW DQG&IRUVHDZHHG¶VEODGHVDQGDWDQG
&IRUPXFXV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHJODVVWUDQVLWLRQSKHQRPHQDZDVZHDNGXHWRKLJK DPRXQWRIZDWHUIUDFWLRQLQWKHSURGXFWKRZHYHUWKHQHJDWLYHSHDNZDVFOHDUO\REVHUYHG RQ WKH GHULYHG KHDW IORZ FXUYH ,Q SUHYLRXV VWXG\ RI 6DSSDWL HW DO>@ RQO\ RQH JODVV WUDQVLWLRQHYHQWZDVGHWHUPLQHG
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
JODVVWUDQVLWLRQVKRZHYHULWLVQRWDVWULFWUXOH>@$VDFRQFOXVLRQRQHFDQVWDWHWKDWWKH VHFRQGRUGHUSKDVHWUDQVLWLRQZLOOQRWLQIOXHQFHRQWKH
(QGRIIUHH]LQJDQGPHOWLQJSHDNVRIUDZVHDZHHGVDQGVHDZHHGPXFXV
7KH VRFDOOHG ³HQG RI IUHH]LQJ´ LV DQ HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH LQFLSLHQW SRLQW RI LFH PHOWLQJ RQ '6&KHDWIORZFXUYHFRQVLGHULQJHTXLOLEULXPIUHH]LQJSURFHVV7KLVSRLQWFDQEHIRXQGRQ KHDW IORZ FXUYH GHULYHG E\ WLPH 7KH GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH PHWKRG DYDLODEOH LQ 7ROVWRUHEURYHWDO>@6HDZHHGVEODGHVDQGPXFXVVKRZHGGLIIHUHQWHQGRIIUHH]LQJSRLQW DQG&7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQZDVXVHGIRUGHULYDWLRQRIPHOWLQJSHDN IRUREWDLQLQJPHOWLQJHQHUJ\
7KHPHOWLQJHQGRWKHUPFRQVLVWHGRIWZRSHDNVIRUERWKVHDZHHGEODGHVDQGPXFXV)LJ 7KH ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH QDUURZ PHOWLQJ SHDN UHIOHFWV FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ RI VDOWV PRVWO\
NaCLWKHSHDNZDVLQWHJUDWHGLQWKHPHOWLQJSHDNRILFHZKLFKRFFXSLHGWKHWHPSHUDWXUH GLDSDVRQ EHWZHHQ HQG RI IUHH]LQJ DQG LQLWLDO IUHH]LQJ SRLQW ,QLWLDO IUHH]LQJ SRLQW ZDV GHWHUPLQHG DV H[WUHPXP RI WKH LFH PHOWLQJ SHDN DQG & IRU VHDZHHGEODGHVDQGPXFXVUHVSHFWLYHO\
Fig. 1. Thermal transitions in seaweed’s blade: heat flow curve and derived by temperature heat flow curve.
$QDO\VLVRIWKHPHOWLQJSHDNUHYHDOHGWKDWVLJQLILFDQWSDUWRIPRLVWXUHZDVLQDFU\VWDOOLQH IRUP DW IUHH]LQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV 7KH YDOXH RI PHOWLQJ HQHUJ\ ZDV IRXQG DW DQG IRUVHDZHHGVEODGHVDQGPXFXVUHVSHFWLYHO\,WLVUHPDUNDEOHWKDWWKHKLJKHVW DPRXQW RI LFH ZDV IRUPHG LQ VHDZHHG¶V EODGHV ZKLOH WKH KLJKHVW PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW ZDV GHWHUPLQHGIRUPXFXVYVZE5HODWLYHO\KLJKLQLWLDOIUHH]LQJSRLQW DQGLFHFRQWHQWFUHDWHJRRGFRQGLWLRQVIRUDWPRVSKHULFIUHH]HGU\LQJSURFHVV
,FHFRQWHQWDQGXQIUHH]DEOHZDWHULQVHDZHHG¶VEODGHVDQGPXFXV
6HDZHHG EODGHV VKRZHG ZE RI XQIUHH]DEOH ZDWHU ZKLOH WKH YDOXH RI ZEZDVGHWHUPLQHGIRUPXFXV7KHYDOXHRIXQIUHH]DEOHZDWHULQPXFXVLV
UHODWLYHO\KLJKZKHQFRPSDUHVZLWKRWKHUIRRGV7KLVZLOOUHVXOWLQDORZFRQWHQWRIVROLGV LQ WKH PD[LPDO IUHH]H FRQFHQWUDWLRQ VROXWLRQ ZKLFK LV IRUPHG GXULQJ WUDQVLWLRQ RI ZDWHU LQWR LFH $W WKH HQG SRLQW RI IUHH]LQJ WKH IUHH]H FRQVWHUQDWLRQ ZDV DW DQG ZEIRUVHDZHHG¶VEODGHVDQGPXFXVUHVSHFWLYHO\
%RWKW\SHVRIVDPSOHVVKRZHGDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVLQJRILFHFRQWHQWLQYLFLQLW\RILQLWLDO IUHH]LQJSRLQW)LJZKLFKLVW\SLFDOIRUVHDIRRGSURGXFWVRIDKLJKPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW 7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI LFH UHDFKHG DQG ZE DW & DQG DQG DW & IRU VHDZHHG EODGHV DQG PXFXV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHVH WHPSHUDWXUH GLDSDVRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ IRU DWPRVSKHULF IUHH]HGU\LQJ SURFHVV DSSOLFDWLRQ>@ 7KH PRGHO RI 6FKZDUW]EHUJ>@ ZDV XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH SURFHVV RI LFH IRUPDWLRQ
7KHPRGHODFFXUDF\ZHUHZHDNIRUVHDZHHGEODGHVGXHWRWKHLQIOXHQFHRIPXFXVZKLOHWKH TXDOLW\RIWKHPRGHOIRUPXFXVZDVUHODWLYHO\JRRG5!)5DWLRQ!3URE)
Fig.2. Ice fraction in seaweeds (left) and mucus(right) with respect to temperature. The diagrams introduces experimental data and models.
2QHFDQQRWLFHWKDWWKHYDOXHVRILFHFRQWHQWDUHQRWVRGLIIHUHQWLQWKHVHDZHHGEODGHDQG PXFXVIRUWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWHUYDOV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVROLGV NJNJZELVORZDQGYDULHVVLJQLILFDQWO\EHWZHHQWKHVDPSOHVZKLFKLQIOXHQFHRQWKHLFH GHYHORSPHQW GXULQJ WKH DWPRVSKHULF IUHH]HGU\LQJ SURFHVV 7KH GDWD REWDLQHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHULVHVVHQWLDOIRUSUHGLFWLRQRILFHFRQWHQWGXULQJWKHIUHH]GU\LQJSURFHVV
'HYHORSPHQWRILFHFRQWHQWZLWKUHVSHFWWRWRWDOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW
7KH LFH FRQWHQW LQ D SURGXFW LV LQ HTXLOLEULXP ZLWK IUHH]H FRQFHQWUDWHG VROXWLRQ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH GHFUHDVLQJ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH UHVXOWV LQ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ RI LFH FRQWHQW ZKLOH LQFUHDVLQJ RI VROLGV LQ D IUHH]H FRQFHQWUDWHG VROXWLRQ SURYRNH WKH LFH PHOWLQJ &ODVVLFDO H[SODQDWLRQRIDWPRVSKHULFIUHH]HGU\LQJSURFHVVLQFOXGHVVXEOLPDWLRQRILFHDQGIRUPDWLRQ RIGU\IURQWLQWKHSURGXFW+RZHYHUWKLVVLWXDWLRQZLOOQRWRFFXULQWKHFDVHRIVHDZHHGV
DV VRRQ DV LFH FU\VWDOV ZLOO EH FRYHUHG E\ WKH OD\HU RI XQIUR]HQ EULQH ZKLFK LQFOXGH GLVVROYHG VDOW LRQ FDUERK\GUDWHV PDQQLWRO DQG SURWHLQV 2EYLRXVO\ HYDSRUDWLRQ RI XQIUR]HQ EULQH ZLOO EH SUHGRPLQDQW 7KLV ZLOO LQFUHDVH WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VROLGV LQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWHGVROXWLRQDQGWKHLFHFU\VWDOVZLOOPHOW
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
Fig. 3. Equilibrium ice fraction in seaweeds(left) and mucus(right) for different atmospheric-freeze
drying temperatures (with respect to total water content)
'LDJUDP RQ WKH ILJXUH FDQ EH XVHG IRU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WKH GHVLUHG IUHH]HGU\LQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHDOFRQWHQWRILFHZLOOEHDIXQFWLRQRIZHLJKW UDWLREODGHZHLJKWWRPXFXVZHLJW
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KHWZRJODVVWUDQVLWLRQSKHQRPHQDZDVGHWHFWHGDWWKHXOWUDORZWHPSHUDWXUHUHJLRQDW DQG&IRUVHDZHHG¶VEODGHVDQGDWDQG IRUPXFXV6HDZHHGVEODGHVDQGPXFXVVKRZHGGLIIHUHQWHQGRIIUHH]LQJSRLQW DQG&7KHXQIUHH]DEOHZDWHUFRQWHQWLQVHDZHHGEODGHVZDVDW ZE ZKLOH WKH YDOXH RI ZE ZDV GHWHUPLQHG IRU PXFXV 'XH WR WKLV WKH PD[LPDO IUHH]H FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZDV DW DQG VROLGV ZE IRU VHDZHHG¶V EODGHV DQG PXFXV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH DSOXFDWLRQ RI DWPRVSKHULF IUHH]HGU\LQJ SURFHVVLVOLPLWHGE\WKHVHVYDOXHVIXOOLFHPHOWLQJZKHQWKHWRWDOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLVVWLOO KLJKGXULQJGU\LQJSURFHVV
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
0RELOLW\ RI WKH VFLHQWLVWV IURP 0XUPDQVN 6WDWH 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ ZDV SURYLGHG E\
ILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRI6,8+LJK1RUWK3URJUDPPH+13 5HIHUHQFHV
>@ )RUVWHU - 5DGXORYLFK 5 &KDSWHU 6HDZHHG DQG IRRG VHFXULW\ ,Q 6HDZHHG 6XVWDLQDELOLW\'-7UR\(GV$FDGHPLF3UHVV6DQ'LHJR
>@ 3KDQJ +. &KX &0 .XPDUHVDQ 6 5DKPDQ 00 <DVLU 60 3UHOLPLQDU\
VWXG\RIVHDZHHGGU\LQJXQGHUDVKDGHDQGLQDQDWXUDOGUDIWVRODUGU\HU,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ /HPXV5$3pUH]0$QGUpV$5RFR77HOOR&09HJD$.LQHWLFVWXG\RI GHK\GUDWLRQDQGGHVRUSWLRQLVRWKHUPVRIUHGDOJD*UDFLODULD/:7)RRG6FLHQFHDQG 7HFKQRORJ\
>@ )XGKROL $ 2WKPDQ 0< 5XVODQ 0+ <DK\D 0 =DKDULP $ 6RSLDQ . 'HVLJQ DQG WHVWLQJ RI VRODU GU\HU IRU GU\LQJ NLQHWLFV RI VHDZHHG LQ 0DOD\VLD ,Q 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK:6($6LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ(QHUJ\DQG'HYHORSPHQW (QYLURQPHQWDQG%LRPHGLFLQH&RUIX,VODQG*UHHFH$XJXVW
>@ )OHXUHQFH-6HDZHHGSURWHLQV7UHQGVLQ)RRG6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\
>@ 6DSSDWL3.1D\DN%YDQ:DOVXP*3(IIHFWRIJODVVWUDQVLWLRQRQWKHVKULQNDJH RIVXJDUNHOS6DFFKDULQDODWLVVLPDGXULQJKRWDLUFRQYHFWLYHGU\LQJ-RXUQDORI)RRG (QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 6FKLHQHU 3 %ODFN .' 6WDQOH\ 06 *UHHQ '+ 7KH VHDVRQDO YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQRI WKH NHOS VSHFLHV/DPLQDULD GLJLWDWD /DPLQDULD K\SHUERUHD 6DFFKDULQDODWLVVLPDDQG$ODULDHVFXOHQWD-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3K\FRORJ\
>@ 7ROVWRUHEURY , (LNHYLN 70 %DQWOH 0 7KHUPDO 3KDVH 7UDQVLWLRQV DQG 0HFKDQLFDO &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI $WODQWLF &RG 0XVFOHV DW /RZ DQG 8OWUDORZ 7HPSHUDWXUHV-RXUQDORI)RRG(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 5LHGHO / (LQH IRUPHO ]XU EHUHFKQXQJ GHU HQWKDOSLH IHWWDUPHU OHEHQVPLWWHO LQ DEKDÛQJLJNHLW YRQ ZDVVHUJHKDOW XQG WHPSHUDWXU %XUHDX RI 6WDQGDUGV -RXUQDO RI 5HVHDUFK
>@ )LJXHURD<*XHYDUD03HUH]$&RYD$6DQGRYDO$-0XOOHU$-(IIHFWRI VXJDU DGGLWLRQ RQ JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUHV RI FDVVDYD VWDUFK ZLWK ORZ WR LQWHUPHGLDWHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWV&DUERK\GUDWH3RO\PHUV
>@ *DLNZDG $1 :RRG (5 1JDL 7 /RGJH 73 7ZR &DORULPHWULF *ODVV 7UDQVLWLRQV LQ 0LVFLEOH %OHQGV &RQWDLQLQJ 3RO\HWK\OHQH R[LGH 0DFURPROHFXOHV
>@ 7ROVWRUHEURY,(LNHYLN70%DQWOH0$'6&VWXG\RISKDVHWUDQVLWLRQLQPXVFOH DQGRLORIWKHPDLQFRPPHUFLDOILVKVSHFLHVIURPWKH1RUWK$WODQWLF)RRG5HVHDUFK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
>@ &ODXVVHQ,&8VWDG766WU¡PPHQ,:DOGH30$WPRVSKHULF)UHH]H'U\LQJ²
$5HYLHZ'U\LQJ7HFKQRORJ\
>@ 6FKZDUW]EHUJ +* (IIHFWLYH KHDW FDSDFLWLHV IRU WKH IUHH]LQJ DQG WKDZLQJ RI IRRG -RXUQDORI)RRG6FLHQFH
