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© Geir Nyborg, 2008
Doktoravhandlinger forsvart ved
Det utdanningsvitenskapelige fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo.
No. 95
ISSN 1501-8962
Det må ikke kopieres fra denne boka i strid med åndsverkloven eller med avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk.
Omslag: Inger Sandved Anfinsen.
Trykk og innbinding: AiT e-dit AS, Oslo, 2008.
Produsert i samarbeid med Unipub AS, Oslo.
Avhandlingen blir kun produsert av Unipub AS i forbindelse med disputas.
Alle henvendelser vedrørende avhandlingen skal rettes til rettighetshaver eller enheten der doktorgrad er forsvart.
Unipub AS er et heleid datterselskap av
Akademika AS, som eies av Studentsamskipnaden i Oslo.
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