• No results found

“Creating the Contours of Grammar”

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "“Creating the Contours of Grammar” "

Copied!
16
0
0

Laster.... (Se fulltekst nå)

Fulltekst

(1)

Journal of Slavic Linguistics 21(1): 1–16, 2013.

From the Guest Editor:

“Creating the Contours of Grammar”

Laura A. Janda

8 8 !8 "8 !"88

8!88!8!!#88"8 /8#!"87

"8'8# 8.8.8 8%8 8!88"8 ! 8 !#"!88

"881"$8#!"!08 8 !8"8#!!28 #8"8"8$ !"'88 !(88# 8 " !.8!8 ! 8

%!8!! 8'88 "8 8"8 %8! 8#8 88 "8""85"8 !/8 !!'8"!688'88 "8 8

"8" 8 8$8"#'8"8"8 %8'888 8"" !8 88 "8""858!808!#!8 !8 8!#!8"!6.*8

88"8" #"!8"8"!8!8!!#88"8 8 8"!8 "8"8"8" 8 !""8 8$#"88 /8 "# '8%"8 !"8"8$ !88" 8

" "".88"!8 "88%8!"#"8"!8% !8%"8 !"8"8 $"8 ! 8 8 "8 8 8 "$8 !!!8 8 !" #"# 8 8 1#!8 +)),/8 # 8 8 # 8 +))+8 8 +))-/8 8+)),88+))-2/888"8" 8!" #"# 88!"8 1 "8+)*+2.8

!8#8!/8%8"8"8"88 "'8!8!"87

"$'8 ! "8 8 # !$!8 ""8 !8 $ 8 "8 # 8 "#8 7

!88$"'8! "8#"!.8%$ /8" 8!88$8

""8"!8!88$88"8$%.8!"8&" 8#"8!8 7

!!888" "$8!8""8 "!8!" #"# 8'8%"8!8 5#"8" 6.8!8#!81+)),28"!8#"/8$!8!88&"8&7 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

*8 8 "8 #"8 "8 8 #8 8 8 #8 "8http://uit.no/publikum/

prosjekter/prosjekt?p_document_id=220486/88 8 "8#"8# 8 "8"8"8

" 8 8$8"#'8!8$8"8http://www.cas.uio.no/research/1112timeisspace/

index.php.88

(2)

7 7 7 "7 .7 7 7 7 #7 7 7 "7 7 !7 7 /7 777 7/77#7"7 7"!7! .7 7#77 7$7777 7"!775

!7!7777# 7#!77.777! 7

"!7! 77! 7(''6*''77! 7('7 77! /7

! 7#74 7 7%7 ! %7 77 7 7 7 7%7!7.777 77!7 7

!7 7 7 7 #7 !7 !7 $7 7 "/7 7

#7!77 77%7 7/777 7/7

#7"777 7 7 7" 7 ! .7!7 7!7777%7 7 ! "7 !77"/7

#77 $ 5 "777 7 7#7! 775

! 7!7 777 /7"# 7/77 ! .77

!7 7 %7 $ 5 "7 7 ! ".7 !5 77 !72)'')77)'',37 77 777#75 "77!77 !7 7777 7 ! 777.7 7!7777! 7 7 777 7! 7 .7 /7!7#7 7 $ 77 7!7777.77

!%/7 !7 7 !7 7 ""7 7 7 &7 77 "7#%/7"7 7#7 ! !77777

! 77 "7.777 7 07 7 "7

".7 "7 7 7 7 7 7 $ 7 "%17 7 7 7 "%7 7 7 "7 " /7 7 7

!7! 777 7 ! 7!7 775 7 #%.7 7 7 /7 #7 7 7 7 7 7 7# 7 %77 !7#77"77 7 74 7$ /7 77 7!77/7! !/77! !7 72!7 7 !7)'')07 7((3.777"77! 7 5 7 777 77/7!7772#7"777 37 ".7 7 2#7 "7 7 !%7 17 7 )'',07

*-3.7

!7 2)''+37 7 7 7 7 7 #7 7 !5 %7 ! "7 7 7 "7 7 7 !7 7 7

%7 .7 %7%7%7!7 77!75 77 " %/77#7 7"77%7"7!77

!7%7 7 7 7 7 /7%7 #777 7 7 ! !%.7 7 " %7 7 7 7 7 7 7 !77! 7# 7 $ 77!7#77

(3)

2 INTRODUCTION 3

222222*2 #2221 222222##*2

222222 2222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +2 +2 22+22!222 *22 22 2 222#22#221 2 2 2 2 *2 2 2 2 2 2 #2 2

#2 #2 #2 +2 2 2 2 2 2 2 222#222212 1

#+22202.&$%&/222*222222 2 "2 2 2 2 +2 #2 2 2 2 2222222022!2 2*2222222221 222*222#2+221 2222!222#222222,2 +2+2#+2+22 *22

1. Creating the Contours of Time

222.&$$'/2222222#2 222222"*22"22 22 222(+2!+2+2!+2-2)2 22222222 22+2!222 22222#222*222 22222 2*2

2 !2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #2 "2

*2 2 2 +2 !2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22#2222222.2 1 22 2 /*22+2221 222+22222+22222 2#22 2*222222 2 2 2 2 2 #2 2 2 2 #2

! 222222222*22

"+22!222"22!2"22222"2 2 2 "+2 !2 2 2 #2 !2 2 !2 2 2

"2 2222222!2*2221 2!#2!222+2!22 22 22+2#22!2*2 #22

(4)

444444"444 444 4*404 4 4 4 4 4 4 04 -&$$'.4 4 4 4444 4"44*4 4 4 4 4 4 +4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 "4 "4 4 4 4 4 4

*4 444!4 44 44444 4"444444*443 444444*44!444 444"4 4-4&$$',4%%(.*44444 +4444444444"4443 +444"43"44444"+444 4 4 " 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 +4 4 4 4 4 "*4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 "4 4 3444444 443 444*444444"44443 +4 4 4 +4 +4*4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 +4 4 4 4

"444*441"244443 4 4 4 4 4 4 04 4 +4 4 4 444*444444"43 444"4444+444444!3 444+44"44"44*4

4 4 4 4 4 04 4 +4 "4 4 4 +4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 04 -&$%&,44&.4444"*444444 444 4 4,44)44-44#4

!.444)444-444!+4 44 44 4.*444%4 4444 4 4 4 4 /4 4 04 4 3 4"4,444 4444 4444+44 44 444+444444 444 4*44444444#44+4 44444444444444 44444+44444443

#44*4 4

(5)

/ INTRODUCTION 5

////(/#!"#'/$!)//

// +/ &/ / / / / / / . // //&/ /////.

// //%//// / &/ / . // / / ///// //&/

/ / / / / / / / / / / / //// / %// &//.

// / / / //

// //// ///%///.

// / %// / //(")&//*.

+// / // &/ /// / ///"%///(#)&// /// ////

/#&/// / / / ///( /)&/ / / / / / / / ( / )&/ / / . / / / / / / ( / )&/ / /( /)&/ / / / /////

/ ( / )%/ / / / / / / / / &/ / / / / ,/ -/ / , / -%//

/

(6)

;!";; "";#!9!;; !;1!;+)*+0;,+2;

;;

; 1*2; #;%;#.;#;;#&!;#;#.;

(;'"!6/;;;!' .;;

; ; 3; #.;(&;#' !;1+))*24;

; ; 5#;;.;;#;;!;;"! .;;

;;;!!/;"!;;" .6;

;; 1+2; ;!";"#;;!;;/;;!6 ;;

!. 3!; !6#.;! ;1*---2;99;7#&;8/;+)))4;

; ; 7!;!; ;;!;#;;!;;!;# !;" /;;;

;;";!; ! .8;

!;!!;!;!!!;;!;!#!&;; !;"! ;;;

! ;!$: ;;1!;''; !2; ;!/; ;

!; ;!; " !;;$#;;;!;!$;!$;!;

!! ;;!;; /;$; ;!;&;!; .; !;$;

#;;!#!&;!!; ;!; &;;!;;;; !!;1:

!";;!; ;;;"";#!;!; ;";$!;;;

!;; " ";; !!2.;;$; " !;;# ;;! ;!;;!;

;;;$;1 ;";,;;&;!%!2.;

(7)

* INTRODUCTION 7

*** ***** ***)

* * #* * * * * * * * * * * * "** * *** * ***)

* **' *% &(#** ** ****

* **' *% &(#** ** * "**

*

*****%*$*!&**

*

*

*** *%*$*!&*

(8)

7'7!77777!7#7777 777 #7777#70$$71,776 7#777! 7777777 2! 70#13,77(77!7777-776 7777777777777777 7 7 ,7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777! 7777772! 7013-77!7 777777,77

77 77!737-77#777 7 !7 7 7 37 #7 7 7 7 -7!7777!7#7 77 ,7 7 7 -7 7 7 7 !7 7 .7 #-7 -7 6 #-7 7 7,7 #77777#7#76

#7 7 -7 7 7 7 ! 7 7 #7 7 7 7 #7 7 ! ,7 7 7 7 7 7 -7 7 ! 7 7 7 #7 -7 7 ,7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ! 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 707#7177777,777 7

!7!7777-777-777! ,777

#7 "7 7 7 7 7 7 7 !7 !7 7 7-7 7777777,7 77727777!377#77 7 !7 7 7 #7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 #,7 727773776,7727 77377#7 77777 777 7777,77 777!76 7 7 #7 7 -7 7 7 7 27 73,7-777777-7-77 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 $7 7 7 ,7 #7 7 7 7 7 7 4#7 6 5,7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 #7 7 .7777777##7777777 7-777#7,7-7377776

$7 7 7 !7 #7 7 7 ,7 77777!7 77(7777),777 7)7777#3770&%%%.7*+1/77!7$7 4"57 7777777#7776

(9)

' INTRODUCTION 9

''$'%' '''''''''' ''!''''''''' ''''''''&'&

' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' '' "' ' ''' '#!'

'

''''''

'

' ''''''

(10)

4444 44 44 4 4 *44 4 4 +4 4 4 +4 44 /0+4 4 4 444 4 444&+4444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 +4 4 444 444444 *4 +4444444 4444 4 44 444 44)134 +44 4 4 +44 444 4/04 444 44 4 44+44 444 4 444 4

*404 44 44 4 4 42 4 -44 / 0.4 4 4 4 4 4-44/44440.+4 4 4 444 4444 444 *4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 !4 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 44444 4*4 4 4 444 4 4+4 444/4 440+444 4 44 4444 +444 44+4 4 44'*44

44

44 4-4$"#$,4%(.4 4 4

(11)

1 INTRODUCTION 11

"1*111!1!11.1 1/*11 1 1 1 *1 1 "1 1 *1 1 1 1 0 11 1"111$)1 11111 1 #1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1!1 11!"*1111011 11!"111"11)11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 )1111"1111111110 1 1 1 1 *1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111"1111)111"1*11 1 1 1 1 $*1 %*1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 1 11111+1 11111 11111111,111-)1"1

*11&11(11111 1 11 1111111111)11

*1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "1 *1 1"111*1 11111

"1!1)1 1111110 1"1 11 1111111 111111)1

2. Evolution of the Contours of Grammar

/1 "1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1. /11 1./111"11 111*111111!10 111111111"11"11 11111)1 111110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11111)1

1 11111"1111 1111111*111110 1"111111)1 1

"11111!11111 111111111 111101)11!*1100 11 1. /1111111010 1 1 ,&-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(12)

3 3 3 3 -3 3 3 3 23 3 3 .(/3

"3333333333,33333

$3 3 3 .)/3 3 3 3 3 ."/3 "3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 .""/3 "3 3 3 3 .3#333!/,33

33 .'/3 $13 3#,3

3 3 0!33"3"3 ,13 33 .(/3 $13$3!3 ,3

3 3 0 33333,13 33 .)/3 3$33!3,3

3 3 03"3"3"333"",13

33 3330"1333 33$3 -3 3 3 .*/-3 3 $3 3 3 3 3 3 !3 ."3 3 3 /-333.+/,3

33 .*/3 3$33!3,3

3 3 03"3 333 ,13 33 .+/3 33 $-3$3%$3& ,3

3 3 033$33"3$33 ,13

3 3 013 3 "3 3 -3 3 3 3 3 33323 -33"333-3 333#3!3 3,30331-3"3 30 3313."3333330"3 1/,3!3"333 333 3 3 333333 33."33 /33333./-3 333333 3 333 3$332

3 ,333 3333332

3333330"133301-33332

$3333-3$3#33332

(13)

1 INTRODUCTION 13

1 1 1 1 1 )1 1 1 1

"1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "1 1 1

*111 111111"111 1

"1 1 1 1 )1 1 !1 1 ˛ ˛1./*1 111111111"111

"1 1 1 1 1 01 1 )1 1111111111 111 ˛!*1111111 111

"11!11)11111 1 1 1 "1 1 1 "1 1 0

#111111111111!0 )11111#11"1111

!*1111 1 111"11%%1"1111 111"111 11"0 1, 111 1 1 . 1 /-*1 1 1 1 1 "1 1 1 1 ,11 1./11 1./-1 1111%&1 1%'1*1111%(1"11111, 1 .1 /-1 )1 1 1 "1 1 1 1 1

"1 1 *1 "1 1 1 1 0 111,1 .1/-)111111 11 11111111 11"1#111111 10 1")1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !1 "1 111")1111!1111 1 1111)111*11

"11"11*111 1110 1 1 1 1 "1 1 1 1 11!1111 1)111111

*11111111111 110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *1 1 1 1 1 !1 "1 1 )1 /1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11!1111+1111110

#111"1111111

*1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 1 1&$%'-)1

(14)

$55 555 $555555 #$555 5 5 5 5 5 %)5 5 5 5 !5 5 .5 !5 /5 5 "5 5 $5 5 5 !5 3 *5 5 5 5 !5 5 5 5 5 5555555%55)55 *5 5#*5555$555 #$5"555 55*5"55%555555 55 5555 #$5$55555)5 55 5%5555555 #55

$555 *55555%55"5!5

"5 #55 #55555)5$5 5 5 5 5 5 #$5 5 &'4&(5 *5 5

"5 5 5 "5 5 5 #5 5 5 5 5 5 #5 5 5 ,5 5 5 5 5 3 5555-)55"55 53 5 !5 5 5 $5 5 5 5 "5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 )555!555555$555 5 *5"55#$5 !555555 5)555555 5015!)55 555#55$55$5!55 55525555!55 553 +5$55$501)5555555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 !5 5 5 5 *5 5 5 5 5 5 !5 5 5 5 *5 5 5 03 15 55555!555 5)5 55"*5555!55 $5553 555"5 55555)55 555 5#555$*5$55 5!555*5"5"5!55!5 555"5555! 555%)5

555$5"5$/55/5 53 555555"5051)5 555555555 5 5 ,5 5 5 5 5 !5 5 #5 !)5 #555555%-*55553 5555,55555 553

"555-)55

(15)

B INTRODUCTION 15

3. Concluding Remarks

B$&%B B&%B%"B%%'BB"!$& &B! &$'&! %B&!B! @

&"!$$+B '%&%B!&B B&$%B!B&!$+B B B&$%B!B%$"@

&(B&5BB!' &B!B&B"$% &B+BB!"!$&%B)B)&B )&B %B !) B !'&B &"!$B & B B $B ! &(B

%&$&%6B )B & B &!B %,B '"! B !""!$&' &%B !$B && B %@

$&B $ %B B !$B '% B &B %B "! &%B !B $$ 5B =%B

!B!B&B%B)%B!"&B)&B"$!"!%%B+B $B B '! $B B'$ $5B$!&=%B!B!B%"&'B! &!'$%B"$!(%BB ('B %B&!B(%',B&B$&! %"B&) B%"&B B&6B '&B %B !B $#'$%B %!B $(%! B B !$$B &!B $"$% &B %@

&(%B B &$B $&! %"B &!B +B :!! !'%;B B &$! @

!'%B &(&%5B &B !'$B $(%! %6B $!&=%B $%B B B '%B &!B

"&'$B%"&'B%& &! %B (!B+B $% 6B+6B B%@

%&6B&!'B&$B$ B%%'%B!B"$!&!&+"&+B B$ B&&B

$B $B &!B &$&B &!B $!&=%B !5B '$B ! &$'&!$%B %!)B &&B

%&!$B %B$B !&B$+B!%%%B B !(&! %6B'&B!"*B

$&%B !B " ! B )&B ($!'%B !&(%6B ' 7B !$"!@

!B! %6B%B B&B%B!B%+ $&B*%BB: $% ;B B&B˛B 4B%'*B :%%&;8B B % &B ! %6B %B B &B %B !B &B %@

&(B B :%%&;B B &B B !B '$$ &B $( B :+;5B B&B(!" &B!B&"!$B'%%B)B%!B%B%+ &@

&B !&(%B B &! B &!B % &B ! %B :!!!(;5B B &!&$6B

&%B! &$'&! %B"! &B&!)$B 'B%BB$! !'%BB!"*B

%+%&B B)B&B%B%&$&%B""+B$!%%B($!'%B" ! 6B

$& B&B! &!'$%B!B$$5B B

References

!'%! 6B 5B :/--3;B >! %&$'& B ?5B B /.7B/12A335B

$!&6B5B:/-./;B B*!$7B*!$B ($%&+B$%%5B

!6B B5B B'$B5B 5B:/-.09;B>$&B"$!%B B%"&B BB'$B(! ?5B B5B

(16)

"2< < < < "1< 4*((*5< 1< $<

3< < 1<

< < 1< 4*((/5< 8!< !91< &< 2< 1<

1<$<3<<# !&<

2<,,;--1<<

2< < 1< 4*((-5< 8 < !< !"" < !< "!< :

! 91< <).3<)(.;,)1<

< < 1<4*((/5< %3< %<

# !&< 1<

<<

<!!<<"<<" ! <

# !&<< '<

:0(+.< '<

$&<

laura.janda@uit.no

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

In that course, I created a photography piece, “Bluff City Merger.” Through the creation of this project my view of who I was as a researcher and as a person began to shift and

That I goes is indeed used as a multi-turn quotative is suggested by the fact that the average number of presented turns in the sample is 3.4.. Although in a number of contexts only

In the corpus-based Longman grammar of spoken and written English (Biber et al. 1999) and the more recent Cambridge grammar of English (Carter and McCarthy 2006) the uniqueness

• , NoCrowding, DepT), AllT Left, HdMaxtoH &gt;&gt; HtoHd, Align H* R, DelPeakH*. Changes in

For many people grammar is synonymous with learning the grammatical forms, and it is often associated with rules, drills, red ink, and boredom (Larsen-Freeman, 2003; Summer, 2011). In

On the other hand, the second big problem of current reconstruction algorithms, the huge number of resulting triangles, is solved with a new fast simplification algorithm that

(e) the synthesis of random contours from convex combinations of contours from the library; and (f) methods for transferring color and opacity values from one or more source

Figure 6a shows one example of such isocontour rendering where the red contours show the regions obtained from Eulerian scalar NO 3 data, and the blue contours reflect regions