Martin Byrkjeland
Atypisk arbeidstid
Forprosjekt for LO Industri
Fafo-notat 1998:13
Martin Byrkjeland
Atypisk arbeidstid
Forprosjekt for LO Industri
© Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo 1998 ISSN 0804-5135
Innhold
Føreord...5
Den nye arbeidstida...6
Årsaker ...8
Arbeidsløyse...8
Forlenga driftstid ...9
Varierande ordremengde ...10
Kombinere arbeid og omsorg ...10
Individuelle preferansar for meir fritid...11
Norsk arbeidstidsregulering...11
Kortare arbeidstid...13
Deltid ...17
Tidssparing, avspasering og gjennomsnitts- berekningar ...22
Skift- og forskyvd arbeidstid ...24
Forlenga arbeidsdager og -veker ...26
Nye arbeidstidsordningar som kunnskapsutfordring ...28
Litteratur og databasar...30
Føreord
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Den nye arbeidstida
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Eg nyttar begrepet arbeidspolitikk om det samla settet av reguleringar og bestemmingar som har med vilkår for betalt arbeid å gjere, enten dei er eit resultat av prosessar innanfor statsapparatet i streng meining, organisasjonane i arbeidslivet, eller finn stad innanfor dei enkelte bedriftene. Eg nyt- tar vidare begrepet arbeidslivsrelasjonar, på same måte som eller tilsvarande det engelske «industrial relations».
Dette er for så vidt ikkje til hinder for at arbeidstida kan vere atypisk. Intervallet er 12 timar, og tillet mange ulike måtar å organisere økta på.
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Årsaker
Arbeidsløyse
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Figur 1 Arbeidsløysa i EU og Noreg 1. kvartal 98 (prosent)
Kjelde: OECD 1997, Standardised unemployment rates
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Forlenga driftstid
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Varierande ordremengde
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Kombinere arbeid og omsorg
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Eg gjorde for nokre år sidan eit forsøk på å fornorske begrepet til «i rett tid» (IRT), men det ser ikkje ut til å ha slått gjennom.
I følgje meiningsmålingar er 67 prosent uvillige til å byte lønnsreduksjon mot meir tid til barna.
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Individuelle preferansar for meir fritid
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Figur 2 Ønske for komande tariffoppgjer (prosent)
*) spørsmålet er presisert til å ikkje omfatte omsorgspermisjonar
Kjelde: Opinion: Landsomfattende undersøkelse blant yrkesaktive 25.05.–5.06.1998
Norsk arbeidstidsregulering
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Kortare arbeidstid
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Det er omtvista kva som skal reknast som arbeidsplass; heile byggeplassen/anleggsområdet, eller mindre einingar innanfor den/det.
Nergaard (1998) drøftar kor nøyaktig survey-undersøkingar av typen SLU måler tariffavtaledekninga, og hevdar at arbeidstakarar tenderer til å overvurdere om dei er del av tariffavtale. Den er derfor sannsynleg at det er fleire i privat sektor som ikkje har tariffavtale, enn det som kjem fram i SLU 1996.
Undersøkinga spør ikkje om situasjonen i offentleg sektor. Men der er tariffavtaledekninga venteleg henimot 100 prosent.
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Figur 3 Vekesarbeidstid i Noreg – prosent av arbeidsstyrken
Kjelde: SSB AKU 1995
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Figur 4 Arbeidstid i Noreg og EU – prosent av arbeidsstyrken
Kjelde: European Foundation 1997 & SSB AKU 1995
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Det skjedde ved at Göran Persson og leiaren for Metall, Göran Johnsson, skreiv eit lesarinnlegg i lag i Aftonbladet.
Det ser ut til at ein del sentrale tariffområde fekk innvilga mindre arbeidstidsforkortingar. Metall fekk innvilga ½ times reduksjon i veka, som skal fordelast over dei tre neste åra (Sanne 1998).
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Truleg er det store mørketal når det gjeld arbeidstakarar med kort arbeidstid i mange EU-land. I Danmark t.d. er arbeidstakarar «uden nærmere angivelse» haldne utanfor arbeidsmarknadsstatistik- ken. Dette dreier seg om anslagsvis om 150 000 til 200 000 personar, der dei fleste sannsynlegvis arbeider svært korte arbeidsveker.
Figur 5 Deltid blant kvinner og menn
Kjelde: SSB AKU 1995
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Tabell 1 Typar deltidsarbeid – prosent av verksemder
Type Blir praktisert Er vanlegaste ordning
Faste timar kvar morgon 72 55
Faste timar kvar ettermiddag 40 7
Faste timar midt på dagen 26 13
Fådagars veke 30 12
Heil veke fri 3 0
Fleksibel arbeidstid som blir bestemt få dagar i førevegen 15 6
Andre typar 6 4
Kjelde: European Foundation 1994: tabell 12 s 68
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Kjelde: European Foundation 1994: 118–119
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Figur 7 Årsaker til at bedrifter innfører deltid
Kjelde: European Foundation 1994, tabell 15
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Figur 8 Arbeidstidsordningar i Noreg 1996
Kjeld: SSB: Samordna arbeids- og levekårsundersøking 1996
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2. europeiske arbeidslivsundersøkinga definerer regulær arbeidstid som det ikkje å ha skiftarbeid, eller irregulære arbeidstimar.
Figur 9 Irregulær arbeidstid i Noreg og EU
Kjelde: European Foundation 1997
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Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo
Borggata 2B/Postboks 2947 Tøyen N-0608 Oslo
Fafo-notat 1998:13 Bestillingsnr.: 608
